Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 India: Population Distribution, Density and Growth
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Text Book Questions
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
In which of the following census decades, the highest decline was recorded in India’s sex ratio?
(a) 1911 – 21
(b) 1921 – 31
(c) 1951 – 61
(d) 1961 – 71
Answer:
(d) 1961 – 71
Question 2.
In the last 10 census years, the minimum sex ratio was In the year:
(a) 1991
(b) 2001
(c) 1901
(d) 1951
Answer:
(a) 1991
Question 3.
Distribution of population in India, is broadly similar with the distribution format of which crop?
(a) Rice
(b) Maize
(c) Wheat
(d) Cotton
Answer:
(a) Rice
Question 4.
According to the census conducted in 2011, which state has the lowest population density?
(a) Kerala
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Nagaland
(d) Goa
Answer:
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
Question 5.
In which year, was the first census conducted in India?
(a) 1945
(b) 1851
(c) 1872
(d) 1951
Answer:
(c) 1872
Question 6.
In terms of population, which year was called “the year of the great mass division”, after which, a continuous and rapid increase in the Indian population has been recorded?
(a) 1911
(b) 1921
(c) 1941
(d) 1951
Answer:
(b) 1921
Question 7.
In which year was the census last conducted in India?
(a) 1981
(b) 1991
(c) 2011
(d) 2004
Answer:
(c) 2011
Question 8.
According to the 2011 census, the average population density (people per sq. km) in India is:
(a) 294
(b) 321
(c) 382
(d) 390
Answer:
(c) 382
Question 9.
The state with the highest population density in India is:
(a) West Bengal
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Bihar
Answer:
(d) Bihar
Question 10.
The state with the highest percentage of population growth in India is:
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Madhya Pradesh
Answer:
(c) Meghalaya
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 11.
How much is total population of India according to the 2011 census?
Answer:
According to the 2011 census, the total population of India is 121.02 crore.
Question 12.
Which state of India has the minimum population density according to the 2011 census?
Answer:
According to the 2011 census, the state with the minimum population density in India was Arunachal Pradesh, in which the population density was 17 people per sq. km.
Question 13.
Which state of India has the highest population according to the 2011 census?
Answer:
According to the 2011 census, Uttar Pradesh is the largest state in terms of population.
Question 14.
Which state has the highest population-growth in India during 2001-2011?
Answer:
In the 2001 – 2011 decade, the population-growth in Meghalaya was 27%, which is the highest in all the states of India.
Question 15.
What was the average population density of India in 2011?
Answer:
In the year 2011, the average population density of India was 382 people per sq. km.
Question 16.
Which place does India hold in the world in terms of population according to the 2011 census?
Answer:
According to the 2011 census, India is at the second place after China in terms of population in the world.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 17.
Which geographical factors affect the population of India?
Answer:
The geographical factors that affect the population distribution and density in India include the following:
- Climate.
- Geographical terrain.
- Availability of water.
- Condition of soil.
Question 18.
Explain the difference between population distribution and population density.
Answer:
Population distribution represents the manner in which the human-beings are distributed in a given place. Thus, population distribution is related to the place, whereas population density is related to the people living in a given place in the area of per square kilometre.
Question 19.
What is Population growth?
Answer:
Change in the number of people living in a particular area between two certain period of time is called population growth. This growth of population can be both positive or negative in nature.
Question 20.
What was the average population growth rate of India in the decade 2001-2011?
Answer:
The average population growth rate of India in the decade 2001-2011 was 17.64%.
Question 21.
Which state of India has the highest population density according to the 2011 census?
Answer:
According to the 2011 census, the state of India that has the highest population density is Bihar (1102 people per sq. km).
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Essay Type Questions
Question 22.
Describe in detail the reasons for the inequality in population distribution of India?
Answer:
In India, the regional differences can also be seen along with inequality in the spatial distribution of population. The distribution of population is controlled by many natural, social, economic and political factors in India. The important factors are the following:
1. Climate:
Climate is the most important factor in influencing the population distribution. Extremely cold, extremely hot and extremely humid areas of India are not favourable for human habitation, and thus, such areas show scarce population density. This is the reason that high cold mountain areas of the Himalayas, dry desert areas of Rajasthan and extremely humid areas of Lowlands are included in scarcely populated areas of India.
2. Geographical terrain:
In wind – swept regions, in the areas with rough and uneven surface terrain in agriculturally infertile tracts, due to inconvenience in agricultural operations, transport problems and isolation, the population remains less.
3. Water – availability:
Water is the fundamental resource for human life and his activities. The density of population in the northern part of India goes down from the east to the west along with the decreasing amount of rainfall. Due to the supply of adequate water through Indira Gandhi Canal in the north-western parts of Rajasthan, the population density is relatively high.
4. Mineral Resources:
The mineral – rich areas of India have adequate potential for industrial and economic development, due to which, there is attraction for human habitation in these areas. Dense population is found in mineral – rich areas like Damodar Valley, Plateau in Chota Nagpur and Kolar fields.
5. Transport Facilities:
As compared to mountains and plateaus, transport facilities are more developed in the plains. This encourages intensive population in the plains.
6. Social – Psychological Factors:
The social, psychological, religious and cultural factors also have an important role in influencing population density and distribution. Among the factors influencing distribution of population directly or indirectly, the remarkable factors include social organisation, social structure, rituals and traditions, religious structure, social values, religious values, ethics, standard of living, food and drink, etc.
7. Political and Economic Factors:
Political factors affecting the regional distribution of the population include political instability, dissatisfaction and insecurity. While the factors like industrialization and urbanisation play an important role as economic factors. For example, in the last few decades, the rate of migration of population has increased due to the increase in terrorist incidents in states like Jammu and Kashmir, Assam and Punjab.
Question 23.
Explain the types of population density.
Answer:
Population density is displayed as an area and its related conditions. The types of population density are as follows:
1. Arithmetical Density:
The number of people residing in per square kilometre area is called Arithmetical Density. It is expressed as a ratio of total population and total area.
2. Functional Density:
Functional density represents the ratio of the population of an area and the agricultural land in that area. This is also called the ratio of human and agricultural land.
3. Agricultural Density:
The agricultural density of a state represents the ratio of the total agricultural population of that state and the total agricultural land. Farmers, agricultural workers and members of their families are included in agricultural population.
4. Economic or Numerical Density:
To compute the economic density of a state, the weighted index of the population is divided by the production capacity index of all the economic resources of that state as a percentage.
5. Nutritional Density:
It represents the ratio of the total population of a state and the area under food crops cultivation of that state.
Question 24.
Explain Population Growth in India.
Answer:
Population growth is a representative of the change in the population of a region in the given time. The growth of population in India is a variable statistic. The data of the population growth and growth – rate in India from 1901 to 2011 is given in the following table:
Table: Decadal Population Growth and Growth Rate of India (1901-2011)
According to the data of population growth given in the table, the population growth in India in the period 1901-2011 has been divided into the following four categories:
1. Slow population growth period (1901 – 21):
In this time-period of 20 years from 1901 to 1921, India’s population increased from 23.85 crore to 25.13 crore (total increase of 1.27 crore). Due to severe famine, epidemic and lack of food grains, from 1911 to 1921, there was high mortality rate, in which the population growth of the country increased negatively in this decade.
2. Stable population growth period (1921 – 51):
After 1921, population increased continuously in India, due to which, the year 1921 has been called the Great Demographic Separator Year. In the time – period of 1921 – 51, India’s population increased from 25.13 crore to 36.11 crore. Thus, the population of India increased just by 11 crore in three decades. Due to decrease in mortality rate and stability in birth – rate in the above – mentioned time – period, the population continued to grow at slow pace.
3. Rapid population growth period (1951 – 81):
Since 1951, India’s population began to grow rapidly. This is why the year 1951 is called the Second Demographic Separator Year. Population of India increased from 36.1 crore to 68.3 crore during the above – mentioned time period. That is, in 30 years from 1951 to 1981, Population growth rate of India was the highest. The highest population growth rate was 24.8% in the decade 1961 – 71. Rapid decline in mortality rate and slow decline in birth rate was largely responsible for the rapid growth of the population in this period.
4. Declining population growth period (1981 – 2011):
After 1981, the decline in population growth rate in India started. The average annual exponential growth of population was 2.14% in 1981 – 91, which declined to 1.95% in 1991 – 2001, and it further declined to 1.64% in 2001 – 2011. The decreasing trend of population growth rate in the country is due to the success of the family planning programs and the increasing trend of small families among common people.
Map Based Questions
Question 25.
Demonstrate population distribution (2011) by proper method on the map of India.
Answer:
The distribution of population on the map of India by the shadow method has been shown as follows:
Question 26.
Demonstrate distribution of population density in India.
Answer:
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Additional Questions with Answers
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
What percentage of the total population of the world was residing in India in 2011?
(a) 14%
(b) 16%
(c) 17.5%
(d) 20.5%
Answer:
(c) 17.5%
Question 2.
Which union territory of India has the highest population density?
(a) Delhi
(b) Chandigarh
(c) Andaman – Nicobar
(d) Puducherry
Answer:
(a) Delhi
Question 3.
In terms of population density, the states of India in descending order are :
(a) west Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala
(b) Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh
(c) Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh
(d) Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala
Answer:
(c) Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh
Question 4.
Which union territory of India has the lowest population density?
(a) Delhi
(b) Andaman – Nicobar
(c) Lakshadweep
(d) Daman – Diu
Answer:
(b) Andaman – Nicobar
Question 5.
In which of the following decades, India had the highest population growth rate?
(a) 1961 – 71
(b) 1971 – 81
(c) 1981 – 91
(d) 1991 – 2001
Answer:
(a) 1961 – 71
Question 6.
In the decade 2001-11, the state with the minimum decadal population growth rate was:
(a) Kerala
(b) Goa
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Nagaland
Answer:
(d) Nagaland
Question 7.
Which census shows the highest population growth rate in India?
(a) 1911
(b) 1961
(c) 1981
(d) 2001
Answer:
(c) 1981
Question 8.
Which period is the rapid population growth in India?
(a) 1901 – 21
(b) 1921 – 51
(c) 1951 – 81
(d) 1981 – 2011
Answer:
(c) 1951 – 81
Question 9.
Which of the following options is responsible for the the current population growth in India?
(a) Increasing birth rate and stable mortality rate
(b) Increasing birth rate and declining mortality rate
(c) Slowly declining birth rate and rapidly declining mortality rate
(d) Slowly declining birth rate and slowly declining mortality rate
Answer:
(d) Slowly declining birth rate and slowly declining mortality rate
Match the Following
Question 1.
Match the options given in column A with right options given in column B:
Column A (Condition) | Column B (Area) |
(i) Area of high density | (a) Desert of Thar |
(ii) Area of moderate density | (b) Ganga – Yamuna plain |
(iii) Area of low density | (c) Plateau area |
Answer:
(i) b, (ii) c, (iii) a.
Question 2.
Match the options given in column A with right options given in column B:
Column A (Growth Condition) | Column B (Time – period) |
(i) Slow growth | (a) 1981 -2011 |
(ii) Stable growth | (b) 1951 – 1981 |
(iii) Rapid growth | (c) 1901 – 1921 |
(iv) Declining growth | (d) 1921 – 1951 |
Answer:
(i) c, (ii) d, (iii) b, (iv) a.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What problems have arisen due to population explosion in India?
Answer:
Unemployment, starvation, lower living standard, lack of housing and increase in environmental pollution, etc. are the problems that have arisen due to population explosion in India.
Question 2.
What are the factors responsible for unequal distribution of population in India?
Answer:
Various natural, social, economic, demographical, political and historical factors are responsible for unequal distribution of population in India. They have a collective effect on the distribution of population.
Question 3.
Name the three most populated states of India along with their population.
Answer:
According to the 2011 census, the three most populated states of India are:
- Uttar Pradesh (Population – 19,96 crore).
- Maharashtra (Population – 11.24 crore).
- Bihar (Population – 10.38 crore).
Question 4.
Name the three most populated union territories of India along with their population, as per 2011 census.
Answer:
According to 2011 census, the three most populated union territories of India are:
- Delhi (Population – 1.68 crore).
- Puducherry (Population – 12.44 lakh).
- Chandigarh (Population – 10.55 lakh).
Question 5.
Name the three states of India with the highest population density in 2011.
Answer:
- Bihar (Population density – 1102).
- West Bengal (Population density – 1029).
- Kerala (Population density – 859).
Question 6.
Name two union territories of India with the highest population density in 2011.
Answer:
- Delhi (Population density – 11297).
- Chandigarh (Population density – 9252).
Question 7.
Name the three states of India with the lowest population density in 2011.
Answer:
- Arunachal Pradesh (Population density -17).
- Mizoram (Population density – 52).
- Sikkim (Population density – 86).
Question 8.
Which factor has played an important role in influencing population density in North – Eastern desert areas of Rajasthan?
Answer:
The adequate water supply by Indira Gandhi Canal has been the most important factor in North – Eastern desert areas of Rajasthan.
Question 9.
Which states of India have been driven to population-migration due to the political unrest and insecurity?
Answer:
Jammu – Kashmir, Punjab and Assam are the main states in this category.
Question 10.
What is Population density?
Or
What is meant by Population density?
Answer:
Population density refers to a certain ratio of population and the earth’s surface, in which the quantity of population deposition is measured. It is expressed as people living per square unit area.
Question 11.
What is Arithmetical Density? Write the formula for finding it?
Answer:
The ratio of the total population and the total geographical area is called the Arithmetical density of the population. It can be found by the following formula:
Question 12.
Describe the growing population density in India from 1951 to 2011.
Answer:
The population density in India was 117 people per sq. km in the year 1951. This increased to 216 people per sq. 1cm in 1981, 325 people per sq. km in 2001 and 382 people per sq. 1cm in 2011.
Question 13.
Name the states of India with the highest and the lowest population density.
Answer:
In the year 2011, the highest population density of India was in Bihar (1102 people) and the lowest population density was in Arunachal Pradesh (17 people).
Question 14.
Name the union territories of India with the highest and the lowest population density.
Answer:
In the union territories of India, the highest population density is in Delhi (11297 people) and the lowest population density is in Andaman-Nicobar (46 people).
Question 15.
Name the social factors that affect the population-density in India?
Answer:
The social organisation, social structure, rituals and traditions, casteism, religious structure, social and religious values are included in the social factors that affect the population density in India.
Question 16.
What is the relation of rainfall to population density in northern India?
Answer:
Due to decreasing amount of rainfall across northern India, population – density decreases from east to west.
Question 17.
Name the three states of India having highest decline in population growth rate in the decade 2001 – 11.
Answer:
- Nagaland (- 65%).
- Sikkim (- 20.7%).
- Haryana (- 8.53%).
Question 18.
What are the harmful consequences of population growth in India?
Answer:
Migration from villages to cities, lack of housing, problem of food, health care, water supply and ecological imbalance are the main harmful consequences of population growth in India.
Question 19.
Which state of India had a negative population growth in the decade 2001 – 11?
Answer:
Nagaland (- 0.47%).
Question 20.
Name the three states of India with the lowest population-growth rate in the decade 2001 – 11.
Answer:
- Nagaland (-0.47%).
- Kerala (4.87%).
- Goa (8.17%).
Question 21.
What is the meaning of areas with moderate population growth?
Answer:
The states or territories in which the decadal population growth rate is between 20% and 30%, are known as areas with moderate population growth. This includes Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu – Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Puducherry.
Question 22.
What was the percentage of urban population in total population of India in 2011?
Answer:
The percentage of urban population in total population of India in 2011 was 31.16%.
Question 23.
What is the minimum age of marriage of the boys and girls in India?
Answer:
In India, the minimum age of marriage of the boys is 21 years and of the girls is 18 years.
Question 24.
How are joint family practices helpful in population growth in India?
Answer:
The responsibility of upbringing of the child born in the joint family is not only on the parents, but on the entire family. Thus, there is no constraint on the birth of children. The joint family practice also encourages the decline in the age of marriage.
Question 25.
Which is the smallest state of India in terms of population – size?
Answer:
Sikkim (population was 6.08 lakh people in the year 2011).
Question 26.
Which is the smallest union territory of India in terms of population-size?
Answer:
Lakshadweep (population is 64,429 people).
Question 27.
Write the measures to control population growth.
Answer:
Population growth can be controlled by increasing the age of marriage, by increasing National production, by promoting family welfare programmes and by spreading education.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)
Question 1.
How many categories are there in India in terms of population distribution? Explain them in brief.
Answer:
There are three categories in India in terms of population distribution:
1. North Plains:
The plains of the north in India are the most populated areas in which about 52 crore population (42.7%) of the country was residing in the year 2011. In the plains of the north, the states of India with the highest population are Uttar Pradesh (19.96 crore), Bihar (10.38 crore), West Bengal (9.13 crore), Rajasthan (6.86 crore), Punjab (2.77 crore) and Haryana (2.54 crore).
2. Plateau Regions of South:
Maharashtra (11.24 crore), Madhya Pradesh (7.26 crore), Karnataka (6.11 crore) and Andhra Pradesh (8.47 lakh) are extensive states on the plateau regions of the South, in which 27.3% population of the country was residing in the year 2011.
3. Coastal, Mountainous and Desert Regions:
Due to the unfavourable natuial and environmental conditions in all the coastal areas of the country, in north – eastern moun – tainous states and in western desert areas of Rajasthan, less population is residing here.
Question 2.
Describe two physical factors that affect population distribution in India.
Answer:
1. Climate:
Climate is the most important factor affecting population distribution in India. High distribution and density of population is found in the areas of favourable climate. While in areas with harsh climate like high mountains of the Himalayas and desert parts of Rajasthan, scarce population distribution and density is found.
2. Surface:
Less population is found in the areas with uneven surface in India. While in the plains, due to availability of agricultural land, adequacy of water resources and proper development of transport routes, large population is found.
Question 3.
Name the factors affecting population – distribution in India.
Answer:
The factors affecting population distribution in India are the following:
- Climate
- Terrain
- Availability of water
- Mineral resources
- Transport facilities
- Social – psychological factors
- Political and economic factors.
Question 4.
Name the states having population density above average density. Also, write their respective population density.
Answer:
In the year 2011, average population density was 382 people per sq. km in India. In 2011, the states having population density above this average density were Bihar (1102), West Bengal (1029), Kerala (859), Uttar Pradesh (828), Haryana (573), Tamil Nadu (555), Punjab (550), Jharkhand (414), Assam (397) and Goa (394).
Question 5.
Name the states having population density below the average density. Also, write their respective population density.
Answer:
In 2011, the states having population density below average density (382 people per sq. km) were Maharashtra (365), Karnataka (319), Andhra Pradesh (308), Gujarat (308), Jharkhand (319), Odisha (269), Madhya Pradesh (236), Rajasthan (201), Uttarakhand (189), Chhattisgarh (189), Nagaland (119), Meghalaya (132), Mizoram (52), Manipur (122), Jammu – Kashmir (124) and Himachal Pradesh (123).
Question 6.
List the areas of high density.
Answer:
The areas having population density more than 500 people per sq. Ion are included in the areas of high density. In such areas, in flat plains, soil fertility and irrigation facilities are available. West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Malabar Coast and high altitude regions of Tamil Nadu are the examples of such areas.
Question 7.
Describe the natural growth rates of population in India from 1911 to 2011?
Answer:
There has been fluctuation in natural growth rates of population in India between 1911 and 2011. The lowest natural growth rate of population in India was 1 % in 1921. While, the highest natural growth rate of population was 23% in 1981. Since 1981, there has been a continuous decline in growth rate of the population of India. This growth rate has declined to 20% in 1991, 17% in 2001 and 16% in 2011.
Question 8.
Name the states of India in descending order, having a decline in growth rate percentage of population in the decade 2001 – 11.
Answer:
In the decade 2001 – 11, the states of India that have experienced decline in the growth rate percentage of population are the following:
Question 9.
Explain the period of steady growth in the context of India.
Answer:
In India, the year 1921 is called a Demographic Separator Year of Indian population development. The time period from 1921 to 1951 is considered to be the period of stable population growth. During this period, population of India increased from 25.13 crore at an average rate of 1.45% to 36.11 crore. Only 11 crore population increase was recorded during this period. The main cause of this stable population growth was famine and epidemic.
Question 10.
Explain the trend of population growth in India between 1981 and 2011. Or Explain the period of declining population growth.
Answer:
In India, during the time period of 30 years between 1981 and 2011, although there was an increase of 52.7 crore people, but, in this period, there has been a continuous slow growth in the birth rate in India. The average annual exponential growth of population in the country in 1981 – 91 was 2.14%, which reduced to 1.95% in 1991 – 2001, and further reduced to 1.64% in 2001 – 11.
On the other hand, in 1.981, infant birth rate was 38 per thousand, which reduced to 26 per thousand by 2001. Similarly, in 1981, infant mortality rate was 15 per thousand, which reduced to 8 per thousand by 2001.
Question 11.
List the areas of less population growth.
Answer:
The regions or states of India having the decadal population growth rate of less than 20%, are included in this category. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Chandigarh, Lakshadweep and Andaman-Nicobar are included in this category.
Question 12.
Evaluate the role of urbanisation in population growth of India.
Answer:
In 2011, 68.8% part of the total population of India lived in rural areas, while 31.2% part lived in urban areas. The birth rate of the population living in urban areas is relatively low, the literacy rate remains high, the average age of marriage is higher and their thinking is progressive. Due to these reasons, population growth in urban areas is lesser than that in rural areas.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)
Question 1.
Explain the period of rapid population growth in India.
Answer:
In India, the period from 1951 to 1981 is considered to be the period of rapid population growth. The year 1951 is called the Second Demographic Separator Year. After this, the rapid growth of the population of India started. Between 1951 and 1981, the population growth rate was 2.2%. During this time – period, the population increased from 36.10 crore to 68.33 crore.
The highest population growth rate of 24.8% was recorded in the decade 1961 – 71. Main reason for this high growth rate was accelerated development work and improvement in healthcare facilities. Rapid decline in mortality rate and low decline in birth rate led to the high population growth.
Question 2.
Define Functional Density and Agricultural Density along with their utility.
Answer:
Regarding population pressure on the total agricultural land, Functional and Agricultural Density are determined for better knowledge of the ratio of human population and land. This is meaningful for a country like India which has a large population and priority for agriculture.
1. Functional Density:
Functional Density represents the ratio of the population of an area and the agricultural land in that area. This is also called the ratio of human and agricultural land.
2. Agricultural Density:
The Agricultural Density of a state represents the ratio of the total agricultural population of that state and the total agricultural land. Farmers, agricultural workers and members of their families are included in the agricultural population.
Question 3.
Why are extreme high population growth rates found on one hand in north-eastern states and on the other hand in some union territories (except Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Andaman-Nicobar Islands)?
Answer:
During 1991 – 2001, in the north – eastern states of India, specifically, in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Manipur, the decadal population growth rate percentage has been 64.53, 30.65, 28.82 and 24.86 respectively. In addition to natural population growth, the illegal intrusion of lakhs of people from Bangladesh to these states has contributed to the extreme high population growth rates in these states.
On the other side, in the union territories like Daman and Diu (55.73%), Dadra – Nagar Haveli (59.22%), Delhi (47.02%) and Chandigarh (40.28%) etc., the international immigration in these regions at large level has significantly contributed to the extreme high population growth rate in these union territories.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
On the basis of variations in population density in India, divide India into major population density belts and analyse them.
Answer:
On the basis of variations in population density, India can be divided into the following three regions:
1. Regions with high population density:
In India, the regions having population of more than 500 people per sq. km are included in the regions with high population density. The states of India with high population density include Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Punjab.
These states of India have an agrarian economy and are rural dominated areas, where flat fertile fields, alluvium soil, irrigation and drinking water facilities are adequately available. Due to these reasons, high population density is found in these states.
2. Regions with moderate population density:
The states of India having population density between 300 and 500 people per sq. 1cm are included in this category. In the year 2011, this category included states like Assam (397), Maharashtra (365), Jharkhand (414), Gujarat (308), Andhra Pradesh (308) and Karnataka (319).
In India, most parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat, Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand, Telangana and the coastal parts of Andhra Pradesh are the major regions with moderate population density. In these regions, due to unevenness of the ground and lack of water for irrigation, agriculture has not developed much.
3. Regions with low population density:
The regions of India having population density of less than 300 people per sq. km are included in this category. Due to harsh climate in western desert of Rajasthan and mountainous terrain in the north – eastern Himalayan regions, less population density is found here.
While, in the plateau and tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha, in eastern parts of Karnataka and in the central parts of Andhra Pradesh, agriculture has not been developed due to surface obstruction, which is responsible for the scarce population in these areas. This form of population density in India is being shown with the help of the following map:
Question 2.
Explain the spatial distribution of population growth in India.
Answer:
In the decade 2001 – 11, the population growth rate in India has been 17.64%. On analysing the data of population growth in various states/union territories during this decade, following three types of regions are found:
1. States/union territories with rapid population growth:
The states/union territories that showed more than 30% population growth rate during the decade 2001 – 11 are included in this category. Only two union territories of India – Dadra – Nagar Haveli (55.5%) and Daman – Diu (53.5%) are included in this category.
2. States/union territories with moderate population growth:
The states/union territories that showed population growth rate between 20% and 30% during the decade 2001 – 11 are included in this category. The states/union territories named Meghalaya (27.8.2%), Puducherry (27.72%), Bihar (25.07%), Jammu – Kashmir (23.7%), Mizoram (22.78%), Chhattisgarh (22.59%), Jharkhand (22.34%), Rajasthan (21.44%), Delhi (20.96%), Madhya Pradesh (20.3%) and Uttar Pradesh (20.09%) are included in this category.
3. States/union territories with low population growth:
The states/union territories that showed less than 20% population growth rate during the decade 2001 – 11 are included in this category. The states/union territories named Haryana (19.9%), Uttarakhand (19.17%), Gujarat (19.17%), Manipur (18.65%), Chandigarh (17.1%), Assam (16.93%), Maharashtra (15.99%), Karnataka (15.67%), Tamil Nadu (15.06%), Tripura (14.75%), Odisha (13.97%), West Bengal (13.93%), Punjab (13.73%), Himachal Pradesh (12.81%), Sikkim (12.36%) and Andhra Pradesh (11.1%) are included in this category. Also, the following states/union territories are included in this category, in which the decadal population growth rate has been less than 10%.
It is clear that Nagaland is the only state in India which has experienced negative population growth in the decade 2001 – 11.
Question 3.
Analyse the reasons of rapid population growth in India.
Answer:
Since 1951, rapid growth of population of India is being experienced. In 1951, the population of India was 36.1 crore, which grew sharply to 121.02 crore by 2011. At present, the population of the country is increasing by about eight crore people per year on the basis of population growth rate of the country. The following are the reasons of rapid population growth in India:
1. Low Literacy:
Low level of literacy is found in India. This is why, about 27% of the population is not literate in India. Female literacy is very low compared to male literacy in India.
2. Conservative Thinking:
A large part of population of India is still shackled in old customs and traditions, due to which such people do not adopt modern measures of birth control, thereby, maintaining a high level of birth rate.
3. Joint Family:
In many areas of India, till today, the trend of joint family practice is seen. The responsibility of upbringing of the child born in joint family is not only on the parents, but on the entire family. Thus, there is no constraint on the birth of children. The joint family practice also encourages the decline in the age of marriage.
4. Priority to Son’s Birth:
Boys’ birth is considered important compared to girls in most of the families of the country. In Hinduism, the son is considered to run the bloodline of the family and also the family gets financial protection from the son. This is the reason that despite having many daughters, the family continues giving birth to children in the desire for son, due to which the size of the family gets bigger.
5. Neglected Status of Women in Society:
Women get less respect in comparison to men in the society. They are considered to be merely the means of giving birth to children, which makes the family larger.
6. Moderate Urbanisation:
About 31.16% of the total population of India resides in the cities. The remaining 68.84% of the country’s population lives in villages, where people do not understand the importance of small family due to being conservative or traditional. This is the reason that the birth rate in rural areas in India is relatively high, which is a major cause of population growth.
Question 4.
Analyse the socio – economic impact of population growth in India.
Answer:
In a developing country like India, the uncontrollably increasing population is adversely affecting the socio – economic status of the country, in which following social and economical effects are remarkable:
1. The human – beings are indiscriminately exploiting natural resources in order to obtain their materialistic needs, by which imbalances in nature are occurring.
2. Pesticides and chemical fertilizers are being widely used in agriculture, which are having adverse effects on human health.
3. Agricultural lands are being used for the construction of houses for the growing population. Due to decreasing agricultural land, problem of food grain production in the country can lead to serious crisis.
4. Excessive exploitation of natural resources has threatened the existence of many animals, birds and wildlife, which play an important role in maintaining environmental balance.
5. Underground water level is continuously decreasing, due to which, in future, humans may have to face severe water crisis.
6. Due to rapidly growing population, almost 70% of available drinking water has been made unusable by human – beings. The remaining 30% water, being highly polluted, is responsible for spread of infectious diseases. About 15 lakh children die every year due to water-borne infections diseases in India.
7. Many medicinal plants are on the verge of extinction due to unnecessary human
tampering with nature.
8. The emissions of carbon dioxide in huge amount in the atmosphere is increasing temperature (Global warming) of the earth. Also, due to increase in the rate of melting of glaciers, the sea level is rising. The unnecessary tampering with nature by humans results in climate change and has adverse effects on the sea creatures.
9. Due to deforestation, incidents of drought, flood and soil erosion have increased.
10. The levels of air pollution and noise pollution have increased due to vehicles, which has adverse effects on human – health.
11. Malnutrition and the number of hungry people have increased.
12. Growth of economic development has slowed down and unemployment has increased.
13. Regionalism, caste-based discrimination and religious discrimination have increased
which has led to the decline of law and order in the society.
14. The risk of infectious diseases like AIDS, measles, chicken pox, dengue, malaria etc. has increased.
Question 5.
Explain the measures to control population growth in India.
Answer:
The measures to control population growth in India are the following:
1. Increase in the Age of Marriage:
According to the Indian Government Law, the minimum age of marriage for boys in the country is 21 years, and for girls it is 18 years. But this law is being violated openly. If this certain age of marriage is increased in India, then, this will increase literacy and there will be control over the reproduction time as well, thereby reducing.population growth.
2. Increase in Production:
Increase in production in the field of agriculture and industry increases the income of the common man, and along with it, the standard of living also increases. As a result, man creates beneficial plans for the future and the individuals are more inclined towards the practice of small family.
3. Expansion of Family Welfare Programmes:
For the control of population growth, it is necessary to spread knowledge to each family regarding the importance of small family by organising public awareness programmes by the government and non – government organizations at the national level. This will provide adequate support in controlling population growth.
4. Spread of Education:
For proper implementation of family welfare programmes, it is very important to make more and more population literate. Also, effective efforts should be made to upgrade the academic level. Educated people strive to elevate their standard of living and also understand the importance of small family. In fact, spread of education can be an effective measure for population control.
India:
Population Statistics Category of States according to Population Size in India (in descending order)
Table 1:
State – Wise Population Size in India (in descending order) Year 2011:
Table 2:
Population Size of Union Territories in India (in descending order) Year 2011:
Table 3:
Population Density in States/Union Territories of India (in descending order):
Table 4:
Decadal Population Growth Percentage in States and Union Territories of India in 2001-11 (in descending order):
Important Facts Related to Population:
- State with highest literacy – Kerala (93.91%)
- State with lowest literacy – Bihar (63.82%)
- State with highest male literacy – Kerala (96.02%)
- State with lowest male literacy – Bihar (73.39%)
- State with highest female literacy – Kerala (91.98%)
- State with lowest female literacy – Rajasthan (52.66%)
- Union Territory with highest literacy – Lakshadweep (92.28%)
- Union Territory with lowest literacy – Dadra and Nagar Haveli (77.65%)
- Union Territory with highest male literacy – Lakshadweep (96.11%)
- Union Territory with lowest male literacy – Dadra and Nagar Haveli (86.46%)
- Union Territory with highest female literacy – Lakshadweep (88.25%)
- Union Territory with lowest female literacy – Dadra and Nagar Haveli (65.93%)
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