Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Agriculture
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Text Book Questions
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Indian agriculture is known as:
(a) Farmer’s Farming
(b) Gamble of Monsoon
(c) Labour Farming
(d) Commercial cultivation
Answer:
(b) Gamble of Monsoon
Question 2.
The first full organic farming state is:
(a) Sikkim
(b) Bihar
(c) Assam
(d) Rajasthan
Answer:
(a) Sikkim
Question 3.
In India, the largest spices producing state is:
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Karnataka
(c) Gujarat
(d) Maharashtra
Answer:
(c) Gujarat
Question 4.
Which state has the first place in wheat production?
(a) Punjab
(b) Haryana
(c) Gujarat
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer:
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Question 5.
Which district of Tamil Nadu is leading in rice production?
(a) Thanjavur
(b) Madurai
(c) Ramnathupuram
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(a) Thanjavur
Question 6.
How much of percentage of cotton does Gujarat produce?
(a) 20%
(b) 34%
(c) 38%
(d) 40%
Answer:
(b) 34%
Question 7.
Which state is the first in sugarcane production?
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Punjab
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer:
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Question 8.
Position of India in tea export is:
(a) 1st
(b) 2nd
(c) 3rd
(d) 4th
Answer:
(b) 2nd
Question 9.
How much percentage of tea does Assam produce?
(a) 50%
(b) 60%
(c) 54%
(d) 45%
Answer:
(c) 54%
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 10.
In which occupation is most of Indian population employed?
Answer:
Most of Indian population (54.6%) is employed in agricultural occupation.
Question 11.
By which name is shifting agriculture known in Rajasthan?
Answer:
Shifting agriculture in South Eastern part of Rajasthan is known as Valra.
Question 12.
Which state in India has 1st place in vegetable production?
Answer:
West Bengal has the 1st place in production of vegetables in India.
Question 13.
What is the place of Assam in India in tea production?
Answer:
In tea production, Assam is at the 1st place in India.
Question 14.
Which state has the pride of being the first state to practice fully organic farming in India?
Answer:
Sikkim has proud status of being the first and only fully organic farming practicing state in India.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 15.
Describe characteristics of Truck Farming?
Answer:
Truck farming is a form of plantation agriculture. In big cities, due to lack of land and increasing population, growing vegetable and fruits, in distant areas with suitable climate and soil, and sending these to big cities by trucks and vehicles containing freezer is called truck farming.
Following are the characteristics of truck farming agriculture:
- Small – sized fields.
- Intensive farming (production of three and four vegetable crops in a year).
- Excess labour.
- Management of fields through scientific methods.
- Excess use of fertilizers.
- Excess of capital.
- Arrangement of trucks and vehicles with freezers.
Question 16.
Why is Indian economy called the gamble of monsoon?
Answer:
Indian economy is agriculture based economy. In India, almost 2/3 part of total agricultural land depends on monsoon for crop production. The chief characteristic of Indian monsoon is its irregularity and uncertainty. The rain, which is caused by south – west monsoon, is less and uncertain in some parts of the country.
While in some areas, it is non – stop, more than average and it creates floods while other regions experience drought. These situations change each year. This affects the Indian economy. Favorable monsoon status gives positive results, while unfavorable status gives negative result. Thus, ups and downs in economy are seen. So, Indian economy is called the gamble of monsoon.
Question 17.
Write any four characteristics of Indian agriculture.
Answer:
In the beginning in India, traditional and food grains agriculture was being done. In last decades, due to green revolution, changes took place in agricultural methods. Following are the characteristics:
- Priority of food grain crops.
- Small – sized land holdings.
- Dependence on monsoon.
- Less production per hectare.
Question 18.
Write down the names of sugarcane producing states.
Answer:
India has the pride of being the birth place of sugarcane. Almost 35% of total agricultural area of sugarcane of the world is found in India. 60% of total sugarcane production of India is received from north India. Following are the chief sugarcane producing states:
- Uttar Pradesh – 38.56% of total production of the country (2013 – 14).
- Maharashtra – 22.89% of total production of the country (2013 – 14).
- Tamil Nadu – 10.68% of total production of the country.
- Other states – Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 19.
Describing the organic agriculture in India, differentiate between organic and chemical agriculture.
Answer:
In India, agriculture started with organic farming. So, organic manure (compost, green manure, cow urine, vermicompost, decomposition of vegetable remains) are traditional inputs which are used in agriculture known as organic agriculture. Due to being environment friendly, it is also called natural agriculture.
In India, this farming is being done on 7.23 lakh hectare area. The states – Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan etc. are coming forward to adopt organic agriculture.
Sikkim is the first state of the country exclusively doing organic agriculture. This was declared on January, 18, 2016 in Gangtok in ‘Durable agriculture conference’. Here organic agriculture was started in 2003. Here, use of chemical fertilizers is banned with environment security point of view.
Difference between Organic and Chemical Agriculture:
On the basis of nature, production method, harmony with nature, following differences are seen between organic and chemical agriculture:
Organic Agriculture | Chemical Agriculture |
1. Agriculture done by organic manure and with traditional methods is called organic agriculture. | 1. Agriculture done by chemical fertilizers and pesticides is called chemical agriculture. |
2. Organic manure is prepared from compost, Cow urine, Neem Cake, plants leaves, and remains of animals. | 2. In chemical manures, phosphate, nitrogen, ammonia, are used which cause negative effect on land. |
3. Manure used is prepared from bio – materials. | 3. Chemical manures and pesticides are used. |
4. No negative effect is seen on bio-diversity. | 4. Negative effect is seen on bio-diversity. |
5. This agriculture, while keeping harmony with nature, can increase agricultural production. | 5. In chemical agriculture without thinking about profit/loss to the environment, agricultural production can be increased. |
6. Organic manure is prepared at home and farm. | 6. It is prepared at industrial centers. |
7. Organic manure helps in increasing soil fertility. | 7. it spoils fertility of soil. |
8. Food grains produced by organic manure have favourable effects on man. | 8. Its effects are unfavourable on the health of man and animals. |
9. By organic farming, both fertility of land and production increase slowly. | 9. By this farming, fertility of the land remains for short term. And later on, the fertility diminishes. |
10. In organic agriculture, water is needed. | 10. In chemical agriculture, more water is needed. |
11. Organic agriculture has no adverse effect on underground water. | 11. Chemicals used in this agriculture have adverse effect on underground water. |
12. The products obtained from organic agriculture are beneficial for health and their demand is more. | 12. The products obtained from this agriculture are less beneficial for health and the probability of diseases increases. . |
13. Organic agriculture is nature based. Most of the required inputs are obtained from nature and human labour. | 13. This is fully based on market. Seeds, manure, medicines, tools, techniques all are obtained from the market. |
14. Organic agriculture is human labour – based agriculture. | 14. This is technique – based agriculture. |
15. Per hectare production is less but quality is good. | 15. Per hectare production is more but quality is inferior. |
Question 20.
Clarifying importance of Indian agriculture, describe briefly the types of agriculture.
Answer:
India is an agricultural country. Here, about 54.6% population is directly dependent on agriculture. Its importance can be clarified in following ways:
- It is the main source of sustaining livelihood.
- Many industries directly or indirectly depend on agriculture.
- Many people have gained employment in agriculture-based industries.
- In India, the contribution of agriculture sector in net domestic product was 17.5% in 2014 – 15.
- Almost 12.7% of total export value is received from agricultural products.
- Agriculture is the main basis of Indian economy, society and culture.
Types of Agriculture:
On the basis of natural conditions, climate, soil diversity, several types of agriculture is practiced in India. Indian agriculture can be divided into the following types:
1. Subsistence Agriculture:
(a) Old Subsistence Agriculture:
This agriculture is chiefly livelihood-based in which priority is given to food grains. In olden days, farming was done by tribes by burning small portion of the forests in which fields are transferred or shifted frequently. Due to growing population, shifting agriculture changed into permanent (sedentary) agriculture.
(b) Intensive Subsistence Agriculture:
This agriculture is done in the areas where population is more and land is less. In it more labour is needed. It again can be classified into two parts
- Rice based Intensive agriculture.
- Wheat based Intensive agriculture.
2. Wet and Dry Agriculture:
(a) Wet Agriculture:
Areas of 100 to 200 cm rainfall, especially central Ganga valley, Northern and Eastern parts of peninsular India are the areas where this type of agriculture is done.
(b) Dry Agriculture:
Areas where rainfall is 50 cm or less, wheat, barley, sorghum and millet are grown.
3. Intensive and Subsistence Agriculture:
(a) In it, target of more production from less land is found. Its main cause is dense population and land shortage. This agriculture is done in most of the Northern parts of India.
(b) Extensive Agriculture:
This is mechanical agriculture. This agriculture is being done in Punjab, Haryana, and some parts of Uttar Pradesh.
4. Plantation Agriculture:
This is commercial agriculture. It is done on small scale. It has six sub – types:
- Vegetable production near market
- Truck farming
- Greenhouse farming
- Floral farming
- Plant nursery
- Commercial fruit production.
In it, vegetable production, truck farming and commercial fruit production are more important.
5. Organic Agriculture:
This agriculture has been done since ancient time. This is environment – friendly agriculture. In India, it is done on 7.23 lakh hectares of land. Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan are adopting this agriculture. Sikkim is the first state of India doing agriculture on the basis of this method exclusively.
Question 21.
Describe essential geographical conditions for wheat production In India and also discuss its production and distribution.
Answer:
Wheat is a temperate crop. In India, wheat is the second most important food crop after rice. Wheat has been grown in India since ancient time. India produces about 12% of total wheat production of the world. Wheat is grown on about 14% of total cultivated land.
Necessary Geographical Conditions:
Following are the conditions:
1. Temperature:
Wheat is a temperate plant. At sowing time, 10°C, at seedling time, 15°C and at the time of harvesting 20°-28°C temperature is needed.
2. Rainfall:
50 cm to 75 cm of annual rainfall is needed for wheat farming. Excess rain is harmful but in less rain it needs irrigation.
3. Soil:
This crop can be grown in different kinds of soil, but alluvial, sandy loamy and black soils are ideal.
4. Land:
For its farming, plain area and proper drainage system is necessary.
5. Labour:
It needs more labour. At present, increasing use of mechanical equipment has reduced the importance of human labour.
Production and Distribution:
In India, almost 12% of wheat of the world is produced. Due to being a temperate crop, it is grown in winter season as Rabi crop. Being a Rabi crop, wheat is chiefly grown in areas rich in irrigational sources. But in high mountainous areas of Himalayas, Malwa plateau of M.P, the crop totally depends on rain.
Chief Wheat – producing areas of India:
From the production point of view, Sutlej, Yamuna plain of upper Ganga are the most important areas. 68% wheat of India is produced in these areas. Short description of wheat producing states and areas of India is given below:
1. Uttar Pradesh:
It is foremost wheat producing state of India. In this state, Ganga – yamuna, Ganga – Ghaghara doab region is the most important. Here, 75% wheat of the state is produced. Main producing districts are Saharanpur, Muzzafarnagar, Meerut, Moradabad, Rampur, Badaun and Bulandshahar, etc. In the year 2014-2015 record production of 25.2 million tons was done.
2. Punjab:
This is second largest wheat producing state. Due to green revolution, wheat production in Punjab has increased manifold. Here, wheat is grown on 30% of total cultivated land. Due to irrigation facilities, fertile land, advanced seeds and fertilizers, average production is 5017 kg/hectare, which is the highest in the country. In 2014-15, 15.8 million tons of wheat was produced. Its most productive districts are – Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Kapoorthala, Firozpur, Bhatinda, Patiala, and Sangrur.
3. Haryana:
From the area point of view, small, but due to excellent irrigation facilities, by producing 13.5% wheat, Haryana has become a major wheat-producing state. Here Rohtak, Hissar, Jind, ICurukshetra, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Ambala, Gurgaon, Faridabad districts produce 8% wheat of the country.
4. Madhya Pradesh:
In plains and in Malwa plateau areas, wheat is produced with the help of irrigation. In the year 2014 – 15, 14.2 million tonnes of wheat was produced in this state. It is third largest wheat producing state. Its major producing districts are Guna, Bhind, Gwalior, Ujjain, Sagar, Indore and Jabalpur etc.
5. Rajasthan:
In this state, due to lack of rain, wheat crop is grown using irrigation. On 18% part of total cultivated land, wheat is grown. After construction of Indira Gandhi Canal, wheat production has increased. Here 7 – 9 per cent of total wheat of the country is grown. Its famous wheat producing districts are Sriganganagar, Bharatpur, Kota, Alwar, Baran, Jaipur, Bhilwara, Sawai Madhopur and Banswara etc.
6. Bihar:
Wheat is produced in the Northern plains of Bihar. The state produces 6% of total wheat of the country. Champaran, Shahabad, Darbhanga, Gaya, Muzzafarpur and Patna, etc. are main wheat producing districts.
Other Wheat Producing States:
West Bengal, (Murshidabad, Nadia, Birbhum, Dinajpur), Himachal Pradesh (Kangra, Mandi, Shimla), Karnataka (Bijapur, Dharwar, Belgaum), Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh lag behind by producing 500 kg of wheat per hectare.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Additional Questions with Answers
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
In India how much per cent of population depends directly on agriculture?
(a) 40.6%
(b) 54.6%
(c) 60.0%
(d) 62.3%
Answer:
(b) 54.6%
Question 2.
For agriculture, favorable geographical condition is:
(a) Plain land
(b) Sufficient Water supply
(c) Fertile land
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these
Question 3.
Which of the following is an agricultural problem?
(a) Priority to food grains
(b) Crops diversity
(c) Shortage of Fodder crops
(d) Increasing pressure of population on land
Answer:
(d) Increasing pressure of population on land
Question 4.
Green revolution is associated with:
(a) Fisheries development
(b) Dairy development
(c) Agricultural development
(d) All these
Answer:
(c) Agricultural development
Question 5.
Which state has the first place in fruit production?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Bihar
(d) Rajasthan
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra
Question 6.
Which of the following is a group of Rabi crops?
(a) Rice, Sorghum, Millets, Maize and Fodder
(b) Cucumber, melon, Watermelon, fodder
(c) Wheat, barley, gram, mustard, pea
(d) Millets, maize, cotton, cucumber, fodder.
Answer:
(c) Wheat, barley, gram, mustard, pea
Question 7.
Which state occupies the first place in potato production?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Bihar
(d) Rajasthan
Answer:
(a) Uttar Pradesh
Question 8.
Which of the following is a characteristic of organic agriculture:
(a) Negative effect on bio – diversity
(b) More production
(c) Agricultural production beneficial for health
(d) Use of chemical manure
Answer:
(c) Agricultural production beneficial for health
Question 9.
Which of the following is not a food grain crop?
(a) Rice
(b) Millet
(c) Pulses
(d) Jute
Answer:
(d) Jute
Question 10.
Which state has the first place in sugar production in India?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Karnataka
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra
Question 11.
In India, which state has first place in tea. production?
(a) Assam
(b) West Bengal
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Kerala
Answer:
(a) Assam
Question 12.
Position of India in world in context to vegetable production is:
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) Fourth
Answer:
(b) Second
Match the Following
A. Match the options given in column A with correct options given in column B:
Column (A) Name of State/Area | Column (B) Name of Shifting Agriculture |
(i) Madhya Pradesh | (a) Ponam |
(ii) Andhra Pradesh | (b) Valra |
(iii) Kerala | (c) Kheel |
(iv) Rajasthan | (d) Baiver |
(v) Kumaun Himalayas | (e) Podu |
Answer:
(i) – (d), (ii) – (e), (iii) – (a), (iv) – (b), (v) – (c).
B. Match the options given in column A with correct options given in column B:
Column (A) Name of crop | Column (B) Major producing state |
(i) Wheat | (a) West Bengal |
(ii) Rice | (b) Assam |
(iii) Cotton | (c) Uttar Pradesh |
(iv) Tea | (d) Gujarat |
Answer:
(i) – (c), (ii) – (a), (iii) – (d), (iv) – (b)
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Which Russian scholar considered India as the center of origin of agriculture?
Answer:
Russian Scholar Vavilov.
Question 2.
Agriculture is the base of Indian culture and society. How?
Answer:
Indian culture is rich with agriculture and our several festivals are related with agriculture. Thus, it is clear that our society and culture is agriculture based.
Question 3.
How has nature made India special in agricultural sector?
Answer:
Nature has imparted India excellent geographical conditions, plain land, fertile soil, sufficient water supply and monsoon climate which has made India special in agriculture sector.
Question 4.
What percentage of total area of India is under agricultural cultivation?
Answer:
40.5% total area of India.
Question 5.
Why is Indian agriculture given much importance?
Answer:
Indian agriculture plays important role in providing food grains, raw material to industries, source to national income, earning of foreign currency, production of nutritious products and development in transportation. So Indian agriculture is given much importance.
Question 6.
Why is the size of agriculture holdings in India getting smaller?
Answer:
Due to population growth, and growing trend of individual family land is divided (from generation to generation), consequently the size of agricultural holdings is getting smaller.
Question 7.
What are the types of Indian agriculture?
Answer:
Main types of Indian agriculture are – Primitive intensive agriculture, wet and dry agriculture, intensive and extensive agriculture, commercial agriculture and organic agriculture.
Question 8.
Write two features of subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
Following are its features:
- It has been a traditional agricultural method.
- Small sized holdings and ploughing by bullocks is its chief features.
Question 9.
In different parts of India, by which names, is shifting agriculture known?
Answer:
In north – east part, it is known as Jhooming, Baiver in M. P. and Chhattisgarh, Podu in Andhra Pradesh, Ponam in Kerala, Deppa in south India (by Gond tribes), Painda and Kumari in Western Ghats, Kheel in the Himalayas, and in south – east Rajasthan, it is known as Valra.
Question 10.
Write two areas of permanent primitive subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
The two main areas are:
- Central Himalayas.
- North – Eastern part of peninsular India.
Question 11.
Write two main areas of intensive subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
The two areas are:
- Northern plains.
- Coastal areas.
Question 12.
Describe modernization which has been done in intensive subsistence agriculture?
Answer:
Following modernization is being done:
- Use of machinery is increasing.
- Crop rotation is being used.
Question 13.
Describe the key areas of rice dominated intensive subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
The key areas are West Bengal, Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Madhya Pradesh and Coastal areas.
Question 14.
Describe the key areas of wheat dominated intensive subsistence agriculture?
Answer:
The key areas are Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Western Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Western parts of Peninsular plateau.
Question 15.
Write two features of commercial agriculture.
Answer:
Following are the features:
- Additional production is done with export point of view.
- In place of many crops, preference is given to a single crop favorable to geographical situations.
Question 16.
What is wet farming?
Answer:
The farming in which more rainfall is received than the crops needed is called wet farming.
Question 17.
What is dry farming?
Answer:
The agriculture done in the areas where annual rainfall is less than 50 cm is called dry farming.
Question 18.
Mention main areas of dry farming.
Answer:
These areas include Western Uttar Pradesh, Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh etc. which are areas of less rainfall.
Question 19.
In India, where is the office of Dry Agriculture Research located?
Answer:
It is located in Ranchi.
Question 20.
What is the main function of Dry Agriculture Research office?
Answer:
Its main function is to select climate of dry areas, natural conditions and proper selection of seeds and to make plan for dry area farming.
Question 21.
What is extensive agriculture?
Answer:
In countries, where land is much more in amount than population, farming is done by machines and equipment on big fields. For it, much capital is needed. This is called extensive agriculture.
Question 22.
What are the aims of consolidation of holdings?
Answer:
Its aim is to make agricultural land bigger by integrating the scattered holdings. Thus, it is easy to irrigate and to look after the fields.
Question 23.
Mention any two advantages of consolidation of holdings?
Answer:
Following are the advantages:
- By providing big extent of land for agriculture, it is easy to look after it.
- In such land, proper arrangement of irrigation can be done.
Question 24.
In which states of India has consolidation of holdings been done?
Answer:
In three states of India:
Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, consolidation of holdings has been done.
Question 25.
Describe major categories of garden farming?
Answer:
Following are the categories:
- Vegetable production near market.
- Truck farming.
- Greenhouse farming.
- Floral farming.
- Plants nursery.
- Commercial fruit production agriculture.
Question 26.
Which state comes first in flower production?
Answer:
Tamil Nadu.
Question 27.
Why did people move towards non-organic or chemical farming?
Answer:
Due to increasing population, nutrition and food grain crises, attention of people moved towards chemical farming in the sixties.
Question 28.
On how much area of the world is organic agriculture being done?
Answer:
At present, in the world, this farming is being done on almost 3.7 crore hectare land, which is 9% of total agricultural land of the world.
Question 29.
In which Indian states is the trend of organic agriculture increasing?
Answer:
In India, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan are the states where this trend is increasing.
Question 30.
Which crops come under Kharif crop?
Answer:
Rice, Sorghum, Millet, Maize, Cotton, Jute, Groundnut, Oil seeds, Sugarcane, Urad, Moong, dry Ginger, etc. are the Kharif crops.
Question 31.
Write the names of Rabi crops.
Answer:
Wheat, barley, gram, mustard, pea, arhar, masoor, etc. are Rabi crops.
Question 32.
What do you mean by Zaid crops?
Answer:
The crops which are grown between the intervening periods of Rabi and Kharif are called Zaid crops:
cucumber, watermelon, melon, fodder and vegetables are included in it.
Question 33.
What do you understand by organic agriculture?
Answer:
Farming by using organic manure and traditional ways is called organic agriculture.
Question 34.
What is chemical agriculture?
Answer:
The agriculture which is done with the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is called chemical agriculture.
Question 35.
Into how many parts can crops be divided on the basis of their use?
Answer:
On the basis of their use, the crops can be divided into four parts – food grains, horticulture, fibre and cash crops.
Question 36.
Why is temperature conditions required for wheat?
Answer:
Wheat is a temperate crop. At sowing time, it needs 10°C, at growing time 15°C, and at the time of ripening and harvesting, the temperature should be from 20°C to 28°C. For its growth, 100 days should be frost less.
Question 37.
What is Russian Scholar Vavilov’s statement regarding rice agriculture in India?
Answer:
According to him, the birth place of rice is India. From here, it spread towards China in 3000 B.C. Remains of rice are found in Mohenjo – daro, Flarrappan and contemporary civilization. In Vedic period, rice was used in religious and cultural functions.
Question 38.
Name major rice producing districts of U.P.?
Answer:
Major rice producing districts of U.R are Saharanpur, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Lucknow, Bahraich, Gonda, Balia, Faizabad, Basti, Raebareli and Pilibhit, etc.
Question 39.
Which state got first rank in per hectare rice production in 2014 – 15?
Answer:
Punjab got first rank in per hectare rice production. It was 3952 kg per hectare.
Question 40.
What is Chhattisgarh’s position in rice production?
Answer:
Chhattisgarh’s plain area is called ‘the bowl of rice’. The main districts in production are – Bilaspur, Bastar, Sarguja, Raigarh, Dantewara and Narayanpur.
Question 41.
Where is Indian Rice Research Institute located?
Answer:
It is located in Cuttack, Odisha.
Question 42.
Write the names of two cash crops in India.
Answer:
- Tea
- Cotton are the two main cash crops.
Question 43.
Write the names of two fibre crops.
Answer:
- Cotton
- Jute.
Question 44.
What is the rank of Haryana in per hectare cotton production?
Answer:
Haryana has second place.
Question 45.
In which Indian state per hectare cotton production is the highest?
Answer:
It is Punjab.
Question 46.
What are ideal conditions for cotton production?
Answer:
21°C – 25°C temperature, 50 – 100 cm rainfall and black soil are suitable for its production.
Question 47.
Name the major cotton producing districts of Gujarat.
Answer:
70% cotton in Gujarat is produced in Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Surat, Bharuch, Sabarmati, Panch Mahal and Surendra Nagar.
Question 48.
Name major cotton producing districts of Maharashtra.
Answer:
The districts are:
Nagpur, Akola, Amravati, Wardha, Nanded, Jalgaon and Buldhana.
Question 49.
In which Indian state per hectare cotton production is the highest?
Answer:
It is in Punjab.
Question 50.
Name two major cotton producing districts of Haryana.
Answer:
Hissar and Sirsa produce 80% cotton of total cotton production in Haryana.
Question 51.
Which district is advanced in Rajasthan in cotton production.
Answer:
Hanumangarh district is advanced in Rajasthan which produces 30% cotton of the state.
Question 52.
Describe two major cotton producing regions of Karnataka.
Answer:
Following regions of Karnataka produce 50% cotton of the state:
- Regions of black soil – Salhate, Bellary, Shimoga, Chikmaglur and Chittaldurg districts.
- Regions of red soil – Daurhatti – Raichur and Dharwar districts.
Question 53.
Which are necessary ideal geographical conditions for sugarcane production?
Answer:
For it, 20°C – 30°C temperature, 100 – 200 cm rainfall and clayey loamy and black soil are suitable.
Question 54.
Where is sugarcane produced in Maharashtra?
Answer:
It is produced in Ahmadnagar, Nashik, Pune, Sholapur and Ratnagiri.
Question 55.
Where is National Sugar Cane Research Institute situated?
Answer:
It is situated in Coimbatore.
Question 56.
Which are major sugarcane producing districts of Rajasthan?
Answer:
These are – Bundi, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Sriganganagar, Chittorgarh and Kota, etc.
Question 57.
In India which district occupies first place in per hectare tea production?
Answer:
With tea production point of view, Thrissur district of Kerala occupies first place by producing 3145 kg tea per hectare.
Question 58.
Name major tea producing districts of Assam.
Answer:
These are Shivsagar, Lakhimpur, Darang, Goalpara, Naugaon etc.
Question 59.
Which districts of West Bengal produce tea?
Answer:
These are Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, Purulia etc. Darjeeling, tea is excellent and has good flavor and its demand in foreign countries is more and more.
Question 60.
From where did truck farming start first?
Answer:
It started first in California (U.S.A) and afterwards it began in North West Europe’s Britain, Belgium, Germany and Denmark of North West Europe.
Question 61.
What is the rank of India in the world in the production of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Rank of India in the world is second in the production of fruits and vegetables.
Question 62.
Which fruits are produced in the Himalayan mountain temperate zone?
Answer:
In mountainous temperate zone, valleys of Srinagar, Kullu, Mountains of Kumaun, Himachal Pradesh, etc. all are included. Here, Apple, Grapes, Pear, Lichi, Fig, Plum, Almond, Walnut, Peach, Apricot, Strawberry etc. fruits are produced.
Question 63.
Which state has first place in the production of fruits in India?
Answer:
In India; Maharashtra has first place in the production of fruits.
Question 64.
Which state has first place in the production of vegetables in India?
Answer:
In India, West Bengal has first place in the production of vegetables.
Question 65.
Describe the names of major fruit producing states of Southern region and the fruits they produce.
Answer:
Fruits producing major states in Southern region are Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Mango, Orange, Banana, Lemon, Pomegranate, Dates, Grapes, Berries, Papaya, Guava, Fig, etc. are produced.
Question 66.
Which fruits are produced in coastal regions of India?
Answer:
In coastal regions of peninsular India, Coconut, Banana, Mango, Papaya, Orange, etc. fruits are produced.
Question 67.
Which fruits are produced in North-Eastern wet states?
Answer:
In the North – Eastern states, West Bengal, Jharkand, Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha etc. states are included. Here, Mango, Banana, Guava, Lichi, Pear, Pineapple, Chiku, Papaya, etc. fruits are grown.
Question 68.
Which rank does India has in the production of Peas?
Answer:
In Pea production, India is at first place in the world.
Question 69.
In the production of vegetables which rank does India has in the world?
Answer:
In the production of vegetables, India has second place after China.
Question 70.
In the production of Brinjal and Cauliflower, which place does India has in the world?
Answer:
In production of Brinjal and Cauliflower, India has second place in the world.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)
Question 1.
Describe importance of Indian agriculture.
Answer:
Agriculture is the basis of Indian economy. Its importance can be clarified in the following ways:
- Providing most sources of employment.
- Major source of raw material for industries.
- Major source of national income.
- Providing foreign currency.
- Major source of nutritive substances.
- Development of transportation etc.
Question 2.
Describe briefly the characteristics of Indian agriculture.
Answer:
The initial or traditional form of Indian agriculture has been mainly food grains production. At present, changes are taking place in agricultural techniques. Following are main features of Indian agriculture:
- Dependence of population.
- Dependence on monsoon.
- Insufficient irrigation sources.
- Less production per hectare.
- Priority to food grains and crop diversity.
- Small size of agricultural holdings.
- Shortage of fodder crops.
Question 3.
At present, what are major problems of Indian agriculture?
Answer:
Following are the problems:
- Dependence on uncertain and irregular monsoon.
- Low productivity.
- Drawback in land reforms.
- Small size of Agricultural holdings.
- Short – term unemployment on large scale in un – irrigated areas.
- Lack of commercialization.
- Degradation of agricultural land.
- Constraints of Financial resources and credit insufficiency.
- Lack of proper distribution facilities, etc.
Question 4.
Differentiate between rice dominated intensive subsistence agriculture and wheat dominated intensive subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
Rice dominated Intensive subsistence agriculture | Wheat dominated intensive subsistence agriculture |
1. This agriculture is done in the areas where rainfall is more than 100 cm. | 1. It is done in less rainfall areas. |
2. Here, more irrigation is not needed. | 2. Here, irrigation sources are needed. |
3. Rice is the main crop grown here. | 3. Wheat is the main crop grown here. |
4. Two or three rice crops are grown here in a year. | 4. Single crop of wheat is grown here. |
5. This agriculture is done in West Bengal, Bihar, Eastern U. P., Eastern M. P. and coastal areas. | 5. This agriculture is done in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Western parts of peninsular plateau. |
Question 5.
Describe characteristics of commercial agriculture.
Answer:
Following are the characteristics:
- With exports point of view, in commercial agriculture, emphasis is given to additional production.
- This agriculture is dependent upon transportation and means of communication.
- According to geographical situation, preference is given to a single crop.
- The trend of commercial agriculture is increasing in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Kerala.
Question 6.
What are differences between dry and wet agriculture?
Answer:
Following are the differences:
Dry Agriculture | Wet Agriculture |
1. This is done in the areas where rainfall is less than 50 cm. | 1. It is done in the areas where rainfall is from 100-200 cm. |
2. In this agriculture, water resources are much used. | 2. Due to sufficient water no additional resources are used. |
3. Those crops are grown here which needs less water. | 3. Those crops are grown here which need more water. |
4. Wheat, barley, sorghum, millets, gram, cotton are major crops. | 4. Rice is the main crop in this type of agriculture. Two or three crops are grown here in a year. |
5. This agriculture is done in Western U. P., West of Aravalli in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, etc. | 5. This agriculture is done in the central valley of Ganga, North – eastern parts of peninsular India, Coastal wet areas and from Eastern parts of up to Arunachal Pradesh. |
Question 7.
Describe characteristics of wet land agriculture in India.
Answer:
Following are the characteristics:
- Wet land agriculture in done in the areas of high rainfall.
- Due to much rainfall, these areas have to face soil erosion and flood.
- In this agriculture, chiefly rice, sugarcane, and jute are produced.
- In such agricultural areas, during rain, surplus water remains available for crops.
Question 8.
Describe characteristics of dry land agriculture in India.
Answer:
Following are the characteristics:
- Before rainfall, fields are ploughed to maintain softness.
- Deep ploughing is done after each rainfall so that rain water may enter into the soil.
- To control rainwater, by making boundaries and dividing the fields, useless flow of water is stopped.
- To maintain humidity of ploughed land, a layer of dry soil is spread.
- Unwanted vegetation is rooted out to stop water misuse.
- In this type of agriculture, those crops are grown which Can bear dryness.
Question 9.
Describe characteristics of intensive agriculture.
Answer:
Following are the characteristics:
- In such areas, land is lesser in amount than population.
- The number of labourers is more per hectare land.
- More than one crop is grown in a year.
- Crop rotation is adopted.
- Due to population pressure on land, more production is obtained from limited land.
- Human labour is given priority as compared to capital investment and use of machinery.
Question 10.
What do you understand by extensive agriculture?
Answer:
This agriculture is done in the areas where land is more in quantity than population. Following are the characteristics of this agriculture:
- The holdings of the land are bigger.
- Big machines and instruments are used.
- Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used in large quantities.
- More capital is needed.
Question 11.
Describe characteristics of plantation agriculture.
Answer:
This is a type of commercial agriculture. This is such an intensive agriculture in which there is specialization on large scale and which is mostly done on small scale. The development of this agriculture has been possible due to demand of fruits and vegetables from the cities. In this agricultural method, a big amount of produce is obtained from a small area.
Question 12.
Sikkim is first state of India to practice full organic agriculture. Discuss.
Answer:
On January 18, 2016, in an agriculture conference held in Gangtok, Sikkim was declared first Indian state of organic farming. It was started in 2003. Here, 75000 hectare land was converted into organic agriculture to make it durable for farming. Chemical fertilizers are fully banned for environmental protection. In 2016, Sikkim, was selected as the cleanest state of the country.
Question 13.
Differentiate between Rabi and Kharif crops.
Answer:
Rabi Crops | Kharif Crops |
1. After rainy season, crops grown in October and November are called Rabi Crops. | 1. At the arrival of South-West monsoon, the crops grown during that time are called Kharif crops. |
2. Tropical and subtropical crops such as wheat, gram and mustard are grown. | 2. In it, chiefly tropical crops such as – rice, sorghum, cotton, jute, millet and arhar etc. are grown. |
3. These crops are ready to be harvested in summer by March – April. | 3. These crops are ready to be harvested before winter. |
Question 14.
Describe the importance of classification of food grain crops.
Answer:
On the basis of structure of grain, food grain is classified into grain and pulse. In Indian agricultural economy, food grain crops have much importance. On 2/3nd part of total sown area, this farming is done. Food grain crops have important place whether it is for livelihood or it is based on economic system of agriculture. India produces 11% grains and almost 20% of pulses of the world.
Question 15.
Write major varieties of rice.
Answer:
In India, almost 200 varieties of rice are found. They can be classified broadly into two parts:
1. Low land rice:
This is very delicious rice and per hectare production is also more. Most of the rice in India is grown in marshy or low land.
2. High land rice:
In this, the rice plant is small, its grain is small and it has red color. It is grown in the areas where rainfall is less. It is hard and less delicious.
Question 16.
Inspite of low rain in Punjab and Haryana, rice is grown here. Why?
Answer:
Punjab and Haryana are not rice producing states traditionally. Under green revolution, rice farming was started in 1920 in irrigated areas of Punjab and Haryana. High variety seeds, more manure, pesticides use, etc. supported production of rice. Besides, sufficient irrigation facilities have increased rice production.
Question 17.
India is the birth place of cotton. Clarify this.
Answer:
India is considered as the birth place of cotton. In Rigveda and Manusmriti the description of cotton thread is found. This is evident from the remains of cotton clothes in the excavation of Indus river valley that cotton clothes were used 5000 to 8000 years ago. Memories and records of Greek geographer Herodotus and Marco Polo mention the use and production of cotton in India.
Question 18.
Describe major cotton producing areas in India.
Answer:
Following are the major cotton-producing areas of India:
- In North West India Punjab, Haryana, and Northern Rajasthan.
- In West India, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
- In South India, Andhra Pradesh Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
In it Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Punjab and Haryana are the major cotton producing states. In Maharashtra, per hectare production is less in the areas which are dependent on rain. While in Punjab, Haryana and Northern Rajasthan, cotton production is more in irrigated areas.
Question 19.
Describe sugarcane producing areas of Uttar Pradesh.
Answer:
In the year 2013 – 14, Uttar Pradesh remained first in sugarcane production. In Uttar Pradesh, two areas of sugarcane production are as follows:
1. Low land areas:
Its extent is from Rampur to Bareilly, Pilibhit, Sitapur, ICheri, Moradabad, Faizabad, Azamgarh, Jounpur and from Gorakhpur to Champaran district of Bihar.
2. Doab Ajreas:
In this, doab area of Ganga, Yamuna is included. This is extended from Meerut to Allahabad. Sugarcane of Meerut is of high quality. It is used here for making gur (jaggery).
Question 20.
Describe sugarcane producing areas of India.
Answer:
Sugarcane is a tropical crop. In India, its farming is mostly done on irrigated areas. In sugarcane producing countries of the world, India comes at second place after Brazil. In India, 23% sugarcane of the world is produced. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, north east part of Telangana, Gujarat and Karnataka are the major states of sugarcane production in India. Uttar Pradesh produces around 40% of sugarcane of the country. In comparison to north India, per hectare production of sugarcane is much higher in the states of south India.
Question 21.
Why is tea farming done on the lower slopes of hills?
Answer:
Tea is a tropical plantation crop. It is a beverage crop. Its farming is done on the slopes of the hills because water deposition near the roots is harmful to its growth. On hills slopes, water drainage system is good and it does not accumulate near the roots. That is why, tea farming is done on lower slopes of the hills.
Question 22.
Describe major fruit-producing areas.
Answer:
In context to the fruits producing areas of India, it can be divided into the following regions:
- Himalayan mountainous temperate area.
- Northern – Eastern wet region.
- Arid and semi – arid region.
- Southern region.
- Coastal region.
Question 23.
Describe characteristics of plantation agriculture.
Answer:
Following are the characteristics:
- More use of fertilizers.
- Most intensive agriculture.
- Need of expert labour.
- Need of much irrigation.
- Use of chemical pesticides and insecticides and medicines to protect crops from pests.
- Proper arrangement of packaging.
- Need of quick transportation.
- More profitable agriculture.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)
Question 1.
What Is the difference between shifting agriculture and permanent agriculture?
Answer:
Following is the difference:
Shifting Agriculture | Permanent Agriculture |
1. This is done using primitive methods by forest dwellers. | 1. This agriculture is done in tribal areas where population pressure increases on agricultural land. |
2. Agricultural land is changed frequently. | 2. Agricultural land is permanent. |
3. To maintain soil fertility, forests are burnt to obtain manure. | 3. To maintain soil fertility, manure is obtained from animals. |
4. This agriculture is done in India in M. P. Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Western Ghats and South-Eastern Rajasthan. | 4. This agriculture is done in central Himalayas and north – eastern part of peninsular India. |
Question 2.
Mention seven demerits of chemical agriculture.
Answer:
On account of more production, chemical farming is given preference. But its bad consequences are coming forward. These are the following:
- Chemical agriculture has contaminated food grains, milk, vegetables and fruits whose harmful effects are seen on humans.
- The dangerous impact of chemical agriculture is seen on animals and birds through food chain.
- It is destroying bio – diversity rapidly.
- Quality of soil decreases.
- Species of many animals, birds and insects have become extinct.
- Underground water level is decreasing due to increasing water demand for agriculture.
- Rapid loss of soil fertility.
Question 3.
What are different crop seasons in India? Give details of each.
Or
Describe briefly Kharif, Rabi and Zaid crop seasons.
Or
Describing Indian agriculture, write about its features.
Answer:
In India there are three major crop seasons, which are given below:
1. Kharif:
Kharif season comes along with the beginning of south-west monsoon. The major crops of this season are Rice, Cotton, jute, Sorghum, Millet and Arhar etc. The period of Kharif season is considered from June to September. The crops grown in this season need more temperature and relatively more humidity.
2. Rabi:
With the end of Kharif season, Rabi sowing season starts. The period of this season is considered from October to March. In this season, those crops are grown which need less temperature and less rain. In this season, subtropical and temperate crops are grown. Among these crops wheat, gram and mustard are the main.
3. Zaid:
It is a short – term summer crop season. This crop is grown just after harvesting Rabi crops. The chief crops are rice, vegetables, fruits, melon, watermelon, cucumber and fodder, etc. During this crop season, different crops are grown on irrigated land.
Question 4.
Write a short note on B. T. Cotton/G.M crops.
Answer:
Under G. M crop, the poison producing bacteria bavellus thoregiosis, such B. T. cotton has been developed by implanting its gene in cotton by which cotton develops a partial strength to kill that insect. Due to this, per hectare cotton production increased greatly in Punjab and other states. But in recent years, Doda insect is enhancing such a super strain which can tolerate the poison on B.T. cotton. Now, in Punjab, on the same B. T. cotton, the outbreak of the super pest white fly has proven to be much fatal.
Question 5.
What are the major problems of sugarcane production in India?
Answer:
India has been the birth place of sugarcane and from here its cultivation has spread in other countries of the world. This is the major cash crop. 35% sugarcane area of the world is present in India. But now in India, sugarcane farming has been facing the following problems:
- For sugarcane production, the ideal geographical conditions are found in coastal areas of south India. But it is also produced in northern India. But, in this area due to long, hot season, the quantity of sugarcane produced is less.
- In this farming, advanced technology has not been used.
- The farmers do not get price of their crop in time.
- Problem of sugarcane weighing.
- Negative effect of weather.
- No determination of fair value of sugarcane crop, etc.
Question 6.
Describe chief features of truck farming agriculture.
Answer:
Far from metropolitan cities, in ideal geographical areas, the farming of vegetables and fruits and the activity to send these products to metropolitan cities by vehicles having freezers is called truck farming agriculture. Its chief features are given below:
- Small – sized agricultural land holdings.
- Growing two or three crops in a year under intensive agriculture.
- Labour based agriculture.
- Use of scientific methods in agriculture.
- More use of manure and fertilizers for more production.
- Quick transportation through vehicles having freezer.
- Capital – based agriculture, etc.
Question 7.
Write a note on vegetable cultivation in India.
Answer:
In vegetable production, India is at second place after China. Here, vegetable consumption is 357 gm/person. In pea production, India has the first place, it has-second place in Brinjal and Cauliflower and third place in Potato and Tomato production. Various types of vegetables are grown in India due to natural diversity. Almost all types of vegetables – ladies’ finger, Pumpkin, Radish, Carrot, bottle gourd, Cabbage, Mint, Tomato, Pea, Spinach, beet, Fenu greek, Sorghum, Yam, Jamikand, beans, bitter gourd coriander are grown everywhere. From there, these are sent to cities by trucks and other transportation modes.
Question 8.
Describe fruit producing regions of India.
Or
With fruit production point of view into how many parts is India divided?
Answer:
Following are the fruit producing regions of India:
- Himalayan Mountainous temperate regions
- North East wet region
- Arid and semi – arid regions.
- Southern coastal regions.
Description of all these fruit producing regions of India are given below:
1. Himalayan Mountainous Temperate Region:
Srinagar valley, Kullu, Kangra, Kumaun hills and Himachal Pradesh, etc. are included. Apple, Grapes, Pear, lichi, Plum, Strawberry etc. are main fruits.
2. North – Eastern Wet Regions:
In this region, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Eastern U. P Chhattisgarh, Odisha etc. are included. Mango, Banana, Guava, Pear, Lichi, Chiku, Papaya, Custard apple etc. are included in fruits and are grown here.
3. Arid and Semi – Arid Regions:
In this, Punjab, Rajasthan, Western U. P., M. P. are included. Mango, Blackberry, Malta, Banana, Lemon, Pomegranate, Dates, Guava, and Fig etc. are the fruits produced.
4. Southern Regions:
In it, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, etc. are included. Mango, Orange, Banana, Guava, Grapes, Pineapple, Cashew-nut etc. are grown here.
5. Coastal Regions:
In this, coastal parts of India are included. Here, Mango, coconut, banana, papaya, and oranges are mainly produced.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Describing necessary ideal conditions for rice production in India, mention its production and distribution also.
Answer:
Rice is an important crop of India. Rice is the staple food of most of the population of the country. Indian rank is second after China in rice producing countries of the world. India produces 22% rice of the world. Rice is grown on about one – fourth of the total sown area of the country.
Necessary geographical conditions:
Rice is a tropical wet climate crop. It has more than 3000 varieties which are grown in different climatic regions. Following are the ideal geographical conditions for its cultivation:
1. Temperature:
For its cultivation, at least 20° centigrade temperature is essential at the time of planting and 27° centigrade temperature is needed at the time of ripening.
2. Rainfall:
More water is needed for rice farming. Generally, its farming is done in the areas where annual rainfall is 100 – 200 cm. With the help of irrigation, its farming can be done in the areas where rainfall is less than 100 cm.
3. Soil:
More fertile land is needed for its farming and clayey loamy soil is suitable for it because this soil can hold the moisture for a long time. The alluvium brought by floods is best for its growth.
4. Land:
Plain areas are suitable for it so that rain water or irrigation water can remain in the field for a long time. In mountainous regions, its farming can be done by making terraced farms.
5. Labour:
Machines are not used in its cultivation. Its farming needs more labour.
Production and Distribution:
In India, its farming is done on 200 meters high land from sea level. From wet land of East India to arid but irrigated areas of land in Punjab, Haryana, Western U. P. and in Northern Rajasthan its farming is being done successfully.
In India, in 2015 – 16, 103.36 million tons of rice was produced, which was 40.97% of total food grain production. The percentage of rice production in various states of India is given below:
1. West Bengal:
14 percent area of rice production of the country is present here. On the basis of year 2014-15, by producing 14.32% rice, it remained at the first position. The chief producing areas are CoochBehar, Jalpaiguri, Bankura, Midnapur and Darjeeling. Here, Os, Aman and Boro crops are grown, manure is less needed due to fertile land of flood plains.
2. Uttar Pradesh:
After green revolution, production increased manifold. Here, rice production grew by 12% of the total rice production of the country. In major producing districts, Saharanpur, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Lucknow, Bahraich, Gonda, Balia, Raebareli and Pilibhit are included. In 2014-15, the production was 12.2 million tons, which was 11.7% of total production of the country.
3. Andhra Pradesh:
This state, in 2014 – 15, on the production basis, remained at the 3rd position by producing 11% rice of the country.
4. Punjab:
Traditionally a wheat producing state, punjab progressed significantly in rice production total after green revolution. In 2011 – 12, in Punjab, 108.3 lakh tons rice was produced which was 11.29% of total production of the country. Major producing districts are Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Roopnagar, Ludhiana, Kapoorthala etc. In 2014 – 15, by producing 3952 kg per hectare, it remained at first place.
5. Bihar:
In this state, in the season of rice, 2 crops are grown. In total agricultural land, 40% part is used for growing rice. Major producing districts are Saran, Champaran, Gaya, Darbhanga, Munger, Purnia etc. where paddy is grown.
6. Tamil Nadu:
This state has 6-10% contribution in total rice production of the country. Here, in the delta of Kaveri alone, Thanjavur produces 25% rice.
7. Chhattisgarh:
The plains of Chhatisgarh are important for rice cultivation. And it is often called the ‘rice bowl of India’. Bilaspur, Bastar, Surguja, Raigarh, Dantewara, Narayanpur, are the major producing districts.
8. Odisha:
Rice is produced on 58% of the total agricultural land of this state which produces 6 to 8% of the total rice requirement of the country. Balasore, Cuttack, Puri, Mayurbhanj, Kalahandi etc. are the major districts of rice production. Indian Rice Research Institute is in Cuttack.
9. Rajasthan:
Dungarpur, Bundi, Banswara, Hanumangarh, Shriganaganagar are the major rice producing districts. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Assam, Kerala, Meghalaya, Goa, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram etc. are other states which also produce rice.
Question 2.
Describe necessary geographical conditions for cotton.
Answer:
India is called the birth place of cotton. 12% cotton of the world is obtained from here. Cotton is used as a raw material in cotton textile industries.
Essential Geographical Conditions:
1. Temperature:
Cotton is a tropical and sub – tropical plant. For its growth, 21° – 25° centigrade temperature is suitable. But it can be grown up to 40° centigrade temperature. It needs 200 days of frost free sky.
2. Rainfall:
50 to 100 cm of rainfall is sufficient. In lack of rain, it can be grown with the help of irrigation sources.
3. Soil:
It can be grown in all types of soils. But loamy soil and black soil of north India and southern plateau region is most suitable for it.
4. Land:
Land with proper drainage system is suitable for it. Water logging field is harmful for it.
5. Labour:
In its farming, much manual labour is needed for sowing seeds, irrigation, harvesting, etc.
Production and Distribution:
60% of total production in India is received from four states – Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Telengana.
Cotton producing regions of major states are given below:
1. Gujarat:
It is on first place by producing 34.09% of total cotton production of India. The climate and soil of Gujarat is most suitable for it. Here 70% cotton is produced in Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Surat, Bharuch, Sabarmati, Surendra Nagar districts, etc.
2. Maharashtra:
By producing 20.45% cotton of the country, it is on second place. Here, cotton of long fibre is grown. Black lava soil is suitable for cotton farming. Nagpur, Akola, Amrawati, Wardha, Nanded, Jalgaon, Buldhana, etc. are major producice areas.
3. Andhra Pradesh:
It is third largest cotton producer. It produces 13.92% of total output of the country. Here, the major productive areas are – Guntur, Anantpur, Kurnool, Krishna.
4. Punjab:
In last years, the production has increased very much due to fertile land and irrigation sources and thus per hectare production is large. American-Punjab cotton is grown in most of the areas. Firozpur, Bhatinda, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Sangrur are major cotton producing districts.
5. Haryana:
It holds second place in production due to fertile land and irrigation facilities. Here, long fibre cotton is grown. Hissar and Sirsa both districts produce 80% cotton of the state.
6. Rajasthan:
Here, cotton farming is done with the help of irrigation facilities. 6.6% cotton of the country is produced here. Alone Hanumangarh district produces 30% cotton of the state. Other producing districts are Sriganganagar, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Bundi, Tonk, Pali, Kota and Jhalawar.
7. Tamil Nadu:
This state produces only 5% of cotton output of the country. It is famous for long fibre cotton. Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli, Salem, Thanjavur, etc are major cotton producer districts of the state.
8. Karnataka:
Two main areas are there in the state in context to cotton production. First area is of black soil in which Salhati, Bellary, Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Chittal Durg etc. are included, and second area is of red – soil, which is called Daurhatti.
Other Producing Areas:
In Madhya Pradesh, favourable condition in valley of Tapti, Malwa plateau 80% of total cotton production of the state is done here. In some quantity, cotton is also produced in Kerala, Odisha, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, Bihar, etc.
Question 3.
Describe necessary ideal conditions for sugarcane farming in India, and also mention its production and distribution.
Answer:
Sugarcane is a tropical crop. It depends on rain. It is produced in wet and semi – wet climate area.
Following geographical conditions are necessary for the cultivation of sugarcane:
Temperature:
It needs moderately high temperature. Generally 20° centigrade to 25° centigrade temperature is needed. Frost is harmful for it.
Rainfall:
Sufficient rain is needed for sugarcane. Generally 100 to 200 cm rainfall .is ideal for it. In less rainfall, irrigation facilities are needed. In India, its farming is done mainly in irrigated areas.
Soil:
For its cultivation, fertile, moisturised and alluvial soil is needed and lime fraction in soil is highly beneficial.
Labour:
It needs manual labour on high scale because most of the works have to be done by hands such as – sowing to harvesting, carrying sugarcane to mills, etc.
Sugarcane Production and Distribution:
Among sugarcane producing countries of the world, India ranks second after Brazil. In India, 23% sugarcane of the world is produced. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka are major sugarcane producing states. Uttar Pradesh produces 40% of India’s total output. The production per hectare is higher in South Indian states in comparison to North Indian states.
1. Uttar Pradesh:
According to year 2013 – 14, by producing 38.56% sugarcane it remains at first place and with agricultural area point of view it is at first position. There are two major producing areas:
(A) Low land area:
From Rampur to Bareilly, Pilibhit, Sitapur, Kheri, Moradabad, Faizabad, Jaunpur, Gorakhpur extending up to Champaran district of Bihar.
(B) Doab Area:
Doab area of Ganga and Yamuna which is extended from Meerut to Allahabad.
2. Maharashtra:
This is second largest sugarcane producing state. In 2013-14, 818.60 lakh tons of sugarcane was produced, which was 22.89% of the total production of the country. Here, the upper valley of Godavari river is famous for its sugarcane. The region comes first in sugar production. Ahmednagar, Nashik, Pune, Sholapur, Ratnagiri are major producing districts.
3. Tamil Nadu:
This is Third largest producing state of sugarcane 113.41 lakh tons per hectare production makes it one of the largest producing regions. 10.68% production of the total sugarcane production of India is done here. Here, due to coastal climate, sugarcane has much sweetness.
4. Karnataka:
Here, sugarcane farming is done in river valleys. In coastal areas, fertile land, and favourable ocean climate increases the production. It produces 10 to 12% sugarcane of the country. Belgaum, Bellary, Mondana, Kolar, Mysuru, Tumkur, Raichur, are major producing areas.
5. Andhra Pradesh:
Sugarcane producing region is situated in the delta region of Krishna and Kaveri river. Here, 4.67% sugarcane of the country is produced. Major districts are East and West Godavari, Srikakulam, Visakhapattanam and Chittoor, etc.
6. Gujarat:
It produces 3.17% sugarcane of the country. Surat, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Rajkot and Junagarh are major producing areas.
7. Punjab:
Here, 2.21% sugarcane of India is produced. Amritsar, Jalandhar, Firozpur, Gurdaspur are major producing districts.
8. Haryana:
2.04% sugarcane of the country is produced here. Like Punjab, here also the production is increasing due to fertile land and irrigation facilities.
9. Rajasthan:
Bundi, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Sriganganagar, Chittorgarh and Kota are major sugarcane producing districts.
Other Producing Areas:
In Bihar, near low land, Champaran, Gaya, Darbhanga, Saran are major producing districts. In Odisha, Puri, Cuttack, Sambalpur, and in Madhya Pradesh, Morena, Gwalior and Shivpuri, etc.
Question 4.
Describing the ideal geographical conditions of tea production in India, mention its major producing areas.
Answer:
Necessary Geographical Conditions:
1. Temperature:
This is a tropical plant. For it, 25° to 30° centigrade temperature is ideal. Rainfall : 200 to 250 cm rain is necessary. Rain shower is suitable.
2. Soil:
Deep and sulphurous soil is good for it. Land prepared by cleaning the forest is good for it.
3. Land:
Sloping land is necessary for it. Accumulation of water in roots is harmful. Thus, Tea plantations are grown on sloping hills.
In India, tea farming was started first in 1940 in Brahmaputra valley in Assam. At present, this area is most important with tea cultivation point of view. Major tea producing areas are given below:
1. Assam:
Due to favourable geographical conditions here, presence of 50% tea producing areas of the country and 54% tea production of the country both make this state the first position holder. Shivsagar, Lakhimpur, Darang, Golpara, Naogaon etc. are major districts. Due to increasing tea production in other states of India, especially in the south, the importance of tea in Assam is relatively declining.
2. West Bengal:
This is second largest tea producing area. Here, 22.36% tea of the country is produced. Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, CoochBehar, Purulia, etc, are major producing areas. Darjeeling tea is the best which is largely demanded in the country as well as abroad.
3. Tamil Nadu:
if is on third position by producing 12% tea of the country. The hills of Nilgiri and Annamalai produce 46% and 38% tea of the state respectively. This tea is in demand in European countries.
4. Kerala:
Here 8.5% tea of the country is grown and produced. Trichur, Palghat, Kannur, Trivendrum, Kozhikode, Malapuram are major producing areas.
Other Producing States:
Green tea of Kangra Coorg Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, Dehradun in Uttarakhand, Almora in Garhwal, Mysuru, Chikmagalur districts of Karnataka, Manipur, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, also produce tea in small quantity. All these states together produce 1% tea of the country.
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