Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 United Nations Organization: Contribution towards World Peace and Security
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Text book Questions
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Which statement does not match with the aim of UNO?
(a) Maintaining international peace and security
(b) Saving world from the wars.
(c) Maintaining trade between India and Pak
(d) Initiative to solve international problems.
Answer:
(c) Maintaining trade between India and Pak
Question 2.
The number of the members of who founded UNO, were
(a) 193
(b) 51
(c) 15
(d) 05
Answer:
(b) 51
Question 3.
Which of the following countries is the permanent member of security council?
(a) France
(b) India
(c) Japan
(d) Australia
Answer:
(a) France
Question 4.
The agency of UNO which promotes education and. culture at present:
(a) World Bank
(b) WHO
(c) UNESCO
(d) IMF
Answer:
(c) UNESCO
Question 5.
Which Indian judge is serving in international court at present?
(a) Justice Dalveer Bhandari
(b) Justice Dr Nagendra Singh
(c) Justice Virteet Kothari
(d) Justice Dr Amit Singh Godra
Answer:
(a) Justice Dalveer Bhandari
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
When was UNO founded?
Answer:
October 24, 1945.
Question 2.
Where is the headquarters of International Court?
Answer:
It is in ‘Hague’.
Question 3.
What is the number of temporary members in security council?
Answer:
It is 10.
Question 4.
What is the name of special power of the permanent members of UN Security Council?
Answer:
It is ‘Veto Power’.
Question 5.
Who is secretary general of UN at present?
Answer:
Antonio Guterres.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Describe the main aims of United Nations Organization.
Answer:
In the first chapter of the charter of UNO following aims are described in first article :
- In chief aims, the first is to maintain international peace and security with its own and neighbouring countries, so that a proper atmosphere is created for the development of all citizens.
- One of its aims is that all sorts of problems such as economic, political, social, cultural and humanitarian, should be solved through powerful policies or rules so that the problem may be fully and finally solved.
- One aim is to keep respect for the sovereignty and integrity of other countries and to establish suitable and friendly relations.
- One of the important aims is so make proper centers for the execution of important functions so that all the works may be fulfilled without any hindrance.
Question 2.
What are the three main functions of general assembly?
Answer:
Functions of the general assembly :
- Thinking over the problems of world peace and security :
Its main function is to establish world peace and security and to discuss with the countries over the problems associated with it, so that peace may remain in the world. - Passing budget :
The main function is to maintain economic system of organization, passes budget of UNO. - Inspection work :
Its main function is inspection of those areas that are not self-ruled, responsibilities are given to those countries which are ruling over them.
Question 3.
Name the five countries who are the permanent members of security council.
Answer:
Security council is the most powerful organ of UNO. The responsibilities of whole world’s peace and security is given to it. In the fifth chapter in security council, there will be 11 members in which there were five permanent and 6 temporary members, out of which two are elected after every two years. By an amendment in the chapter in 1965, it became, 10 instead of 6 and thus, the numbers became 15 in which five members are permanent and ten members are temporary. The five permanent members are- China, Russia, France, Britain and USA.
Question 4.
What is the function of Trusteeship Council?
Answer:
The Trusteeship Council performs the works under general assembly which are given to it. These are given below :
- It can think over the reports presented by administrative officers. These reports are prepared on the basis of political economic, social and educational development of the people living in that trusteeship areas.
- This council with administrative officers, with certain time, can make a social tour in the related trusteeship areas.
- This council can accept the requests and can check them by discussing them with administrative officers.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Throw light on the main aims, and present importance of the establishment of UNO.
Answer:
Main aims of the UNO :
- To provide freedom from the wars to the coming generations of mankind and to provide permanence to international peace and security.
- Increasing friendly relations among all states, providing equal rights to all big and small states and obeying the principles of self decision.
- Solution to all of economic, cultural and humanitarian problems should be done with the cooperation of states and to provide basic freedom to all without any discrimination.
- UNO should be made such a center which can get success by establishing harmony in all states to attain common aims.
Present Importance of UNO :
Although UNO remained a failure in stopping wars and the crises caused by them, yet every country considers it an important and unavoidable organization. UNO like the former organization League of Nations, did not remain a failure after second world war. Thus, it is compulsory to maintain UNO.
Following points are given in Reference to its importance :
- UNO can arrange talks among USA and other countries of the world over different issues. Through it, small, medium and poor countries can talk with America.
- Upto 2011, 193 countries became the members of UNO. It is an effective stage of the world. Here the discussion is done with open mind over international peace, security, social and economic problems.
- UNO does not have such power which can compel any country, but it can keep a check on their powers whether it may be USA. UNO can express the world’s reaction to USA’s policies.
- Today some countries have nuclear bombs, but due to the influence of its power, UNO has got success in checking the making and use of chemical and biological weapons.
- UNO remained successful in providing loans to poor nations from World Bank, IMF and other help in emergency. That is why, its existence is necessary.
- Today each country understands the need for mutual dependence and as such, it has increased, due to UNO’s is efforts. This is the stage where most of the countries of the world are available. No country is complete in itself, cooperation of others is always needed, whether it is America or England.
This it is clear from the above mentioned causes that the use of UNO should be done with the feeling of human values, universal brotherhood and mutual cooperation. Its existence is quite compulsory for international peace and security.
In 2005, on its 60th anniversary, several steps were taken to make it more important :
- On the formation of peace keeping commission, agreement of all countries should be expressed.
- A decision, of making a democratic fund, was taken.
- All the members with their agreement should strive to establish Human Rights Council.
- All the member countries have emphasized to take hard steps to end terrorism.
Suggestions to make UNO more important :
- The countries which are not the members of UNO yet, should be persuaded to become its members.
- The number of temporary members in security council should be increased.
- The funding of UNO, should be increased, so that it may conduct more functions of development and growth.
Question 2.
Write a note on the organizational structure of UNO.
Answer:
After world war II, to maintain and establish international peace and cooperation, the need of a world organization was felt. With this view on October 24, 1945, UNO was founded. The first, meeting of UN general assembly was held on June 10, 1946 in London. There are 111 articles in the chapter of UNO, in which its organization, powers and functions are described. Organizational structure of UNO. In it, 6 major organs are included, which are described as given below :
i. General Assembly :
It is a top institution of UNO. It is given the name of the “meeting hall of world.” Ideas of all big and small countries are heard here. All the members of UN are the members of general assembly. Any member country cannot send more than five representatives to the General Assembly. Each country has a single vote in general assembly. The general assembly elects its President only for one year. Its meeting is held on third Tuesday of September each year. It discusses affairs related to international peace and security. It passes the budget of UN. It elects the members of UN’s other organs.
ii. Security Council :
It is the executive body of UNO. It is an important party of UNO. It has fifteen members in which five are permanent : USA, China, Russia, France and Britain. Besides, there are ten temporary members, These are elected by general assembly for two years. The five permanent members of security council have special power (Veto). If any permanent member disagrees on any important question, that motion is disapproved. It is a guardian of international peace and security, any country can put its problem before it. It decides the disputes between the countries, and can use power, if necessary. With the cooperation of general assembly, it elects the judges of international court.
iii. International Court :
It is an important part of UNO. Its headquarters is in Hague. It decides the disputes of the different countries of the world according to international laws. The member countries obey the decision. Its judges are elected by general assembly. All the members of UNO are its members. There are 22 judges in this court. They are experts in international law. They are appointed for 9 years and after every three years, 5 judges are retired. The judges can fight the election again. Indian justice Dalveer Bhandari is currently a judge of international court.
The powers and rights of international court can be divided into three parts :
- Optional right
- Compulsory right
- Advisory right.
iv. Trusteeship Council :
It is a subordinate part of UNO. As a helping part of general assembly, it works for inspection of administration in strategic areas as an assistant to the UN political committee. Trusteeship council has done a lot of development in political, economic and social fields. This council also looks after the administration of those areas who are under the control and protection of UN. Besides, it tries to make such areas independent by making them progressive.
v. Secretariat :
It is an important part of UNO. It is the headquarters of UN which administers and coordinates different programs and policies executed by the other organizations or agencies of UN. The head of UN’s secretariate is the secretary general. His election, on the recommendation of general assembly, is done for five years. Following works are performed by secretary general :
- To call meeting of security council, economic and social council.
- To execute the decisions taken by different parts of UN.
- To make aware security council about world threats.
- To provide the report of secretariat’s work to general assembly.
Question 3.
The formation of security council was done for international peace and security, but today it has become only an arena of superpowers. Do you agree with this statement? Critically examine it.
Answer:
Security Council :
It is called the executive body of UN. It is an important part of UN. It consists of 15 member, in which five are permanent USA, Russia, China, France and Britain. It also consists 10 temporary members which are elected for two years by general assembly. The five permanent members have ‘Veto’ power. If any permanent members disagrees an any important question, that proposal is rejected. It is a big guardian of international peace and security. Any country can put its problem before it. It solves the disputes among the countries and can use force against the an aggressor country, if necessary. It selects the judges of international court. Inspite of all these powers, it has really become a tool of superpowers. On its decisions, the interests of permanent members are dominant. I agree with this statement and it can be clarified in the following ways:
- Association of UN’s principle and aims with security council :
Security council is first criticised because being a part of UNO, it is tied with different aims and principles, and consequendy, it cannot work freely. That is why, the critics criticise it for its inefficacy. - Being subordinate to UNO :
Working under UNO, the security council has to conform to regulations of UNO for the fulfillment of each work. It cannot work according to its own wish. - Privilege to permanent members :
If there is an agreement on any decision under security council then the permanent member has privilege to refuse that decision. This causes dissatification among temporary members. - Wide powers :
On the basis of elaborate power, security council is considered the most important and sensitive part of UNO. But it drew criticism, because under the charter of UN, the security council could not fulfill the responsibility handed over to it. Palmar and Parkison rightly said, “security council was imagined as a central agency of UNO but it could not play the desired role.” Thus, on the basis of above description, it becomes apparent that security council is criticised on several bases. But it is also true that it is an important part of UNO, whose main aim is to maintain international peace and security.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Other Important Questions
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
When was the UN founded?
(a) 24 Oct. 1948
(b) 26 Feb. 1956
(c) 24 Oct. 1945
(d) 16 Nov. 1945
Answer:
(c) 24 Oct. 1945
Question 2.
Where was the first meeting of the UN General Assembly held?
(a) France
(b) London
(c) Russia
(d) China
Answer:
(b) London
Question 3.
How many articles are there in the UN Charter?
(a) 111
(b) 112
(c) 112
(d) 114
Answer:
(a) 111
Question 4.
How many members were originally there in the UN?
(a) 49
(b) 50
(c) 51
(d) 52
Answer:
(c) 51
Question 5.
For how many years, the General Assembly chooses its President?
(a) 4 years
(b) 3 years
(c) 2 years
(d) 1 year
Answer:
(d) 1 year
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
How many nations were included in the foundation of UN? Name them.
Answer:
Five nations were included in its founding; these are USA, France, China, Russia and Britain.
Question 2.
Name any two aims of UNO.
Answer:
- Maintaining international peace
- Establishing friendly and respecting relations for equal rights.
Question 3.
Name any two principle of UNO.
Answer:
- To respect the sovereignty of all members.
- Solving disputes peacefully
Question 4.
On what basis membership is given to any country by UNO?
Answer:
It is granted by general assembly on the recommendation of security council.
Question 5.
Which part of UNO is known as he meeting hall of the world?
Answer:
General Assembly.
Question 6.
Write any two powers of general assembly.
Answer:
- Talk over the issues associated with international peace and security.
- Past the UN Budget.
Question 7.
On which basis is the President of general assembly elected?
Answer:
On the basis of personal ability.
Question 8.
Who was the first President of general assembly?
Answer:
Mr Paul Spook of Belgium.
Question 9.
How is the general committee of general assembly formed?
Answer:
By joining 17 vice, presidents and heads of seven permanent committee.
Question 10.
Who is there to help the President of general assembly?
Answer:
Chief Di Cabinet.
Question 11.
What are the conditions for new membership of international court of UN?
Answer:
- Accepting the restrictions regarding constitution of the court.
- Contribution in estimated expenses of general assembly.
Question 12.
Which Indian is a judge in international court at present?
Answer:
Justice Dalveer Bhandari.
Question 13.
Name two special agencies of UNO.
Answer:
- UNESCO
- WHO
Question 14.
Write full name of UNESCO.
Answer:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Question 15.
For world peace and security which two problems were solved by UNO?
Answer:
- Iran problem
- Congo crisis
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
When and why was UNO founded? At present how many countries are its members?
Answer:
Seeing the dangerous situation after world war-II (1939-45), each person of each part of the world thought that if one more such war was fought, the whole world and mankind will be destroyed. So, for international peace, efforts were made for the foundation of such an organization which could be given importance by all countries of the world. Thus, on October 24, 1945, UNO was founded. There were 51 members in its beginning. At present, 193 nations are its members. In 2016, ‘Montenegro’ became its 193rd member.
Question 2.
In the introduction of UNO, which targets are laid down?
Answer:
Following are the targets :
- To save the world from the war.
- To establish fundamental rights of men, equal rights to women and big and small countries.
- To show respect and justice to the treaties inked between nations.
- Social progress to all and providing better life standard to people.
Question 3.
Describe the failures of UNO.
Answer:
It can be clarified in the following ways :
- Remained a failure to stop racial struggle which persisted for a long time in Sri Lanka.
- Was a failure in establishing an agreement of border between Palestine and Israel in West Asia.
- Remained a failure to stop international terrorism.
- Failure in solving the problem of disarmament of Iraq.
- Failure in stopping America’s attack on Iraq.
- On Kashmir’s question, no final decision could be taken between India and Pakistan.
Question 4.
Describe briefly the powers of general assembly.
Answer:
In articles 10 to 17 of UNO charter, the powers of general assembly are described. The powers , are given below :
- To take legal advice from international court on any legal question.
- Discussion on the application of international atomic power committee.
- To select secretary general on the recommendation of security council.
- Selection of 10 temporary members of Security Council, members of Economic and Social Council, and the members of Trusteeship Council.
- Thinking over the proposals which are presented by secretary general, in security council, trusteeship council and other committees.
Question 5.
Describe the organization of general assembly.
Answer:
Organization of general assembly :
It is the biggest part of UNO. It is a sort of world parliament. All the members of UNO are the members of it. All the members have equal voting right. General assembly elects its President for one year only and he is elected on his personal ability. He is elected through secret ballot. Belgium’s Mr. Paul Spook was the first president and he presided over the first meeting held on January 10, 1946. Generally Chief Di-cabinet is there. He is the executive secretary. General assembly represents different areas. There is a general committee made from 17 vice-presidents and 7 permanent speakers of committees.
Question 6.
Describe the formation and functions of security council.
Answer:
Formation of security council :
Security Council is called the executive of UNO. It is an important part of UNO. It consists of 15 members in which five are permanent- USA, Russia, China, France, Britain, besides there are 10 temporary members which are elected for two year by general assembly. The five permanent members have ‘Veto Power’. If any permanent member does not agree with any question, that question is removed.
Functions :
Following are the functions :
- Taking decisions regarding international peace and security.
- Solving the disputes with peaceful methods.
- To select new members, secretary general, and the justices of international court.
Question 7.
Why can the privilege of permanent members of security council not be ended?
Answer:
To maintain peace in the world, according to declaration of UNO, privilege to five permanent members and to grant ‘Veto Power’ and to maintain their permanent membership is necessary. These countries are big powers in the world armed with nuclear weapons. Although the cold-war had ended but socialist or imperialist ideology is not ended yet.
This fact may become a danger to world peace, liberalism globalization, individual and political freedom and to right of property. The world is not yet prepared for a change in such large scale, that all 193 member countries of UNO should be given equal level. This fact also cannot be overlooked that if there is a situation to end veto power, the interest of these powerful countries will not remain in UNO. The UNO, in lack of their association and support, will become ineffective. In such a situation, world security and international peace will face a grave threat.
Question 8.
Write about the trusteeship council?
Answer:
The aims of trusteeship council can be listed in the following way- according to, Article 76 of UN charter.
- Increasing international peace and security.
- Entrust conduct of equality to all the members and citizens of UNO.
- Increasing economic, social, educational standards of the people living in trusteeship areas, and providing development for self government or independence.
- To encourage respect for human rights and basic freedom and give encouragement to the recognition to independence of other people.
Question 9.
Write a short note on economic and social council.
Answer:
Economic and social council :
It is an important part of UNO, It performs economic and social welfare work in the world. According to the charter of UNO, among the different aims of UN, one aim is to get cooperation from the nations for human rights and freedom and creation of respect for this without discrimination on basis of caste, language, sex and religion. For the fulfillment of this aim, economic and social council is formed. It is formed by the elected members of general assembly.
Question 10.
“Secretriat is one of the main organs of UNO. Clarify this.
Answer:
Secretriat :
It is an important part of UNO. It is the headquarters of UN which administers and coordinates programs and policies of the other organs and agencies of UN. In secretriat international staff is appointed to provide services to different UN organs and representatives of member countries. The number of staff is about 50,000 which is appointed at headquarters arid other places. The selection in secretriat shows the representation of each member country. The head of the secretriat is the secretary general, who is elected for five years by general assembly. UN charter, important of powers has been given to secretary general. He brings to the notice of security council any issue that can cause danger to international peace and security. Secretary general can play the role of a mediator between countries with the permission and authority of general assembly.
Question 11.
Which are the special agencies associated with UNO? Name them.
Answer:
Special agencies
- UNESCO : United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
- WHO : World Health Organization
- ITU : International Telecommunication Union
- IAEA : International Atomic Energy Agency
- ICAO : International Civil Aviation Organization
- FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization
- WTO : World Trade Organization
- UNIDO : United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
- WIPO : World Intellectual Property Organization
- WPO : World Postal Union.
- IMO : International Maritime Organization
- IFAD : International Fund for Agricultural Development
Question 12.
Write about any five special agencies of UNO.
Answer:
- UNESCO :
It headquarters is in Paris. It monitors the level of education, all scientific research and application of international importance and cultural heritage maintenance - ILO : International Labour Organization :
Its headquarters is in Geneva. It makes code of conduct for workers as well as owners. - WHO : World Health Organization :
It came into being on April 17,1948. This day is celebrated as World Health Day. Its headquarters is in Geneva. It has eradicated malaria, chicken pox, and polio. For the health of school children, it oversees many programs. - FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization :
Its headquarters is in Rome. It extends the advanced methods of farming, removes food crises, presents the research on the new breeds of crops. - IMF : International Monetary Fund :
Its headquarters is in Washington. Its aim is to encourage cooperation regarding finance, providing trade facilities, providing economic help to nations etc. In 2002, Euro currency was circulated by this institution.
Question 13.
What steps should be taken to make UNO powerful? Give your suggestions.
Answer:
The following steps are necessary to make UNO powerful:
- The countries of the world, which are not the member of UNO, should be persuaded to be its members.
- All the members should have the power to give some opinion and that should be used as personal secret vote. All the decisions of general assembly should be taken on majority bases.
- In security council, the number of permanent members should be 15 in place of 5, and ‘Veto’ right should be ended.
- In today’s changed world, India, Japan, Germany, Canada, Brazil, and South Africa should be given permanent membership of security council.
- The members of UNO should cooperate in the problems like environmental pollution, and terrorism and in denuclearisation.
- In security council the number of temporary members should be increased.
- The fund of UNO should be increased so that more programs of development can be conducted.
Question 14.
Describe the fundamental principles of UNO.
Answer:
In article-2 of charter, the fundamental principle of UNO are given below :
- Sovereignty :
The first fundamental principles of UNO is that the sovereignty of all big and small nations are equal and should be respected. - Description of duties and responsibilities :
The second fundamental principle is that all the nations are expected to obey honestly those duties and responsibilities which are written in the charter of UNO. - Decision of disputes :
The members of UNO will decide the international disputes peacefully, so that world peace and security may remain safe. - Conduct of international relations :
The members of UNO cannot conduct international relations by giving threat to the unity and political freedom of any nation. - Help in work :
All the members of the UNO will help UNO in its works, and will not, help such countries which work against UNO’s order and format. - International peace and security :
UNO will make the nations obey the principles of peace and security, which are not its members. - Interference in internal cases :
UNO will not interfere in any nation’s internal matters.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Describing the establishment of UNO, evaluate it.
Answer:
After world war-II, to save the world from wars, on October 24, 1945, UNO was founded. Its making was not the result of a day. During the war, from ‘London Declaration’ to ‘San Francisco Conference’, its need was felt. In London decleartion, detailed discussion was made for its format and establishment and it was talked about as a permanent power on world level. On October 14, 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt thought intensively over the principles of world peace. And with it in 1942, in the declaration of United Nations, the word ‘United Nations Organization’ was first used. Later, conferences were held in different countries in which 51 countries accepted its charter and finally in 1945, UNO was formed.
Aims :
Following were the aims :
- To establish international peace and security.
- Peaceful solutions of international disputes.
- In social, economic, cultural and humanitarian fields, to encourage and boost international cooperation.
- Encouraging the world peace on the basis of the principles of equality and freedom, encouraging friendly relations among the nations.
Any nation which is peace loving and has faith in the UNO Charter can apply to become member. For it, after the approval of security council, 2/3 majority of general assembly is a must.
Functions and achievements :
The establishment of UNO is based on peace, security. Its aim is also to affect four-sided dimensional development of the countries of the world for the fulfillment of this aim.
For this purpose under the 7 section of the charter, 6 parts are made :
- General Assembly
- Security council
- Economic and social council
- International court
- Trusteeship council
- Secretariat
Besides, some special committees have also been formed. Its main aim is to solve international political disputes and to encourtage mutual unity. Its headquarters is in New York. Secretary general is the main administrative officer of UNO who is appointed by the general assembly on the recommendation of security council. This institution has solved many problems. It has solved the problems of Greek, Russia – Iran, Vietnam, Suez Canal, Iran- Iraq war, Yugoslavia and Indo-Pak conflict. Seeing the achievements of UNO, the other nations are expected to have respect for UNO.
Question 2.
Describe in detail the general assembly of UNO.
Answer:
General assembly of UNO :
It is the supreme representive body of UNO. Each nation of UNO is the member of it. Any member country can send maximun 5 representatives and each country has only one vote. General assembly is a stage to put proposals against injustice and to raise voice against it. It can be described in the following ways :
i. Organization of general assembly :
All the members of UNO are its members. The general assembly elects its President only for one year, that person is elected on the basis of his ability. He is elected by secret vote. Mr. Paul Spook was the first President of general assembly who presided over the first meeting of general assembly on january 10, 1946. Generally, the speaker is taken from a small county, and for the help of President, Chief Di cabinet is there. He is the executive secretary of the officers of general assembly. There are 17 vice-presidents of general assembly and by joining 7 permanent councellors, a general committee is formed.
ii. Session of general assembly :
The meeting of general assembly is held regularly on third Tuesday of September each year. On the request of the majority of members of UN or general assembly or security council, a special session may be called. The President is elected only for one year but if the special session is called, then a President is elected for each session. Under a special process established in 1950, if there is any hindrance in establishment of peace through Veto power, then there may be a special meeting within 24 hours and can take suitable decision for world peace; and security council is bound to follow it.
iii. Powers and functions of general assembly :
Following are the powers and functions
- It discusses issues related to international peace and security.
- It selects 10 temporary members of security council, elects members of economic and social council and elects the secretary general.
- On the recommendation of security council and by 2/3 an majority vote, it can end any nation’s membership.
- All the organs of UNO submit their reports to general assembly. It also thinks over all the declarations.
iv. Evaluation of general assembly :
After adopting the proposal for peace and organization, passed in 1950, big changes took place in the powers and role of general assembly. This proposal is that, if security council fails in maintaining peace and security due to armed aggression and conflicts and then general assembly will take the issue in its hands by discussing it among the members, so that collective efforts may be made. Thus consequent to the collective proposal for peace, the position of general assembly becomes strong.
Evaluating the role of general assembly, Stork said, ‘on the questions of international peace and security, the assembly practically became able to adopt main form. It is unique. If reality is seen, then for the establishment of peace in the general assembly under the collective proposal, hardly any 2/3 majority proposals were passed. In conclusion, it can be said that general assembly with its efforts has been successful to a limit.
Question 3.
Describe the security council in detail.
Answer:
Security Council :
To maintain international peace and security, security council is the powerful part of UNO. The description of security council is given below.
i. Formation of security council :
There are 15 members in security council. The five permanent members are USA, Russia, Britain, France and China. 10 temporary members are elected for two years. They are elected by general assembly. While granting the membership in security council, general assembly keeps in mind the contribution towards peace and security of that country.
ii. Powers and functions of security council :
- It takes decisions regarding international peace and security.
- It decides the disputes and can use force against a country if it thinks it proper.
- It elects the secretary general with the help of the general assembly.
- It thinks over the complaints sent by any country and try to solve its dispose.
iii. Critical assessment :
Security council on the basis of its powers is considered most important and sensitive part of UNO. But after 1950, it became the centre of criticism that under the charter of UNO the role which was given to it to play, it could not do it properly. According to Palmer and Parkins, security council is imagined as a control agency of United Nations, but it could not play the expected role.
In security council, due to the hold of permanent members, its decisions have been stalled several times. The Veto Power of the permanent members should be ended so that they may not reject the decisions. The number of the temporary members should be increased. Thus, the number of members in security council should be increased so that it can be kept free from the criticism and greater regional participation may be ensured.
In conclusion, it can be said that security council is executive committee of United Nations which has the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. On security council lies the final responsibility of implementation of UN charter and the decisions of general assembly. If the general assembly is the directive part then security council is the executing department of UN. G.J. Naigan rightly said, “To stop international war, there is no other powerful organ found in history or in whole world”. In later years, several times security council has proved its utility.
Question 4.
Describe the structure, powers and jurisdiction of international court.
Answer:
International court is a major organ of UNO. Its headquarters is in ‘Hague’, Netherlands The members of United Nations are bound to follow the decisions of international court in subjects that are included in its charter. The structure, powers, and jurisdiction of international court can be presented in following points :
i. Structure of international court :
All the members of UNO are the members of international court. On the recommendations of security council, general assembly on individual merit can allow a country membership of international court even if it is not a member of UNO, according to certified conditions. Following are the conditions for new membership :
- The application country should accept the court’s constitution and other restrictions.
- To give contribution in the estimated expenses incurred by general assembly.
There are 22 justices in international court. They are fully aware about international law or for the selection in court offices. They are persons of high ability and have high moral character. They are elected without thinking of nationality. The person who acquires the majority in security council or general assembly, they are declared the justice of international court.
These judges are elected for nine years and after each 3 years, 5 justices are retired. The justice can fight the election again. Although the nation’s government does field and support the candidates in election, but the justices neither work as the representatives of their countries nor work according to their government’s direction. India’s justice Dalveer Bhandari is a present justice of international court.
ii. Power and jurisdiction of international court:
- Optional :
Regarding the issues of different countries in international court, optional jurisdiction involves such cases which are brought by mutual agreement of both contesting nations. There is no compulsion on any country to bring its .cases to international court. - Compulsory :
According to article-30, following types of case can be considered in its compulsory jurisdiction :- To explain treaties made under the patronage of the UNO.
- Questions regarding international law.
- In case of violation of any international law/treaty.
- Any reality which has been established, becomes the responsibility of international court for adjudication.
- Advisory :
International court has the power to give advice on questions, to special agencies established by general assembly and security council. This advice is obtained on written application through associated institution by international court. This court does not give any advice on its own behalf. Accepting or refusing such advice depends on that institution.
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