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RBSE Class 12 English

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

May 28, 2019 by Prasanna Leave a Comment

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Unseen Passages Note-Making

Unseen Passages Note-Making

(i) Note-making:
Note-making अध्ययन की एक उपयोगी व महत्त्वपूर्ण कला है। कभी-कभी हमारी अध्ययन सामग्री काफी विस्तृत होती है जिस कारण उसे याद रख पाना काफी मुश्किल या कठिन कार्य होता है। अतः passage में से मुख्य बातों को नोट करना काफी महत्त्वपूर्ण होता है। इन मुख्य बातों या main points को उप-भागों (Sub-sections) और फिर उप-उप-भागों (sub-sub-sections) में विभाजित करके लिखा जाता है। जहाँ तक सम्भव हो वहाँ शब्दों को संक्षिप्त रूप (abbreviated form) में प्रस्तुत करना काफी उपयोगी होता है।

अच्छे notes बनाने हेतु कुछ उपयोगी बातें:
1. Notes संक्षिप्त रूप में लिखने चाहिए।
मुख्य बातों (main points) को रेखांकित करना चाहिए।
Notes को ‘Note-form’ में ही लिखना चाहिये।
Note,form के अन्तर्गत सम्पूर्ण वाक्य न लिखकर सिर्फ Phrases में ही मुख्य बातों को लिखा जाता है।

2. (i) अध्ययन सामग्री (Information) को तार्किक ढंग से विभाजित व उप-विभाजित करना चाहिए।
(ii) विभाजन हेतु सामान्यत: निम्न प्रकार की तीन मुख्य विभाजन विधियों का उपयोग किया जाता है:
Main section (मुख्य भाग): 1, 2, 3, आदि या I, II, III.
Sub-section (उपभाग): (i), (ii), (iii) आदि
Sub-sub-Section (उप-उप-भाग): (a), (b), (c) आदि

3. विभाजने की अन्य सुविधाजनक विधि है-दशमलव विधि (decimal system):
Main section (मुख्य भाग): 1, 2, 3, आदि
Sub-section (उप-भाग):1.1, 1.2, 1.3 आदि
Sub-sub-section (उप-उप-भाग): 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 आदि।

4. शब्दों के संक्षिप्त रूप व चिह्नों का स्वतन्त्र उपयोग करना चाहिए।

5. Articles, Prepositions और Conjunctions आदि का प्रयोग कम-से-कम अथवा नहीं करना चाहिए।

6. Notes इस प्रकार लिखे जाने चाहिए कि उन्हें दोबारा पढ़ने पर उनका अर्थ स्पष्ट हो सके।
Symbols used in note-making of unseen passages
< = less than (छोटा)
> = greater than (बड़ा)
= = is equal to (बराबर)
∴ = therefore, so (इसलिए)
∵ = for, since, because (चूँकि)
cc = copy
& = and (तथा)
+ = addition (योग)
– = substraction (घटाना)
÷ = division (भाग)
× = multiplication (गुणा)
/ = slash (विकल्प-सूचक)
. = point (बिंदु)
आदि-आदि प्रतीक (symbols) साधारणतया प्रयोग में लाए जा सकते हैं।

(ii) Summary or Abstraction:
सारांश या सार का अर्थ है दिये गये passage को जितना सम्भव हो सके कम-से-कम शब्दों में पुनः प्रस्तुत करना। सारांश में सभी मुख्य बातों का समावेश होना चाहिये जिससे कि पढ़ने वाला व्यक्ति उस passage को पूर्ण रूप से समझ सके। सारांश लिखने हेतु मुख्य बातें:

  • सम्पूर्ण Passage (अपठित गद्यांश) को ठीक ढंग से पढ़ें तथा. मुख्य विचारों को रेखांकित करें।
  •  हर एक Paragraph का Main sentence ढूँढे।
  •  सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण सूचनाओं की संक्षिप्त टिप्पणियाँ (short notes) बनाएँ।
  •  सारांश अपने स्वयं के शब्दों में लिखें।
  • सारांश को indirect form में लिखना चाहिये।
  • सारांश सामान्यत: मूल passage का लगभग एक-तिहाई (1/3) होना चाहिये।
  • Complex, compound तथा अन्य प्रकार के कठिन वाक्यों को सरल वाक्यों में परिवर्तित करें।
  • One word substitution का प्रयोग भी किया जा सकता है।

(iii) Abbreviations and Symbols:
Abbreviations should be so selected or used as not to create confusion. They should be easily understood.
Abbreviations को निम्नलिखित तरीके से लिख सकते हैं –
(i) Using only capital letters (केवल अंग्रेजी के बड़े अक्षरों का प्रयोग करके) जैसे –

  • PIN = Postal Index Number
  • IAF = Indian Air Force
  • NDA = National Defence Academy
  • CDS = Combined Defence Services
  • VRS = Voluntary Retirement Scheme

(ii) शब्द के प्रारम्भिक व अंतिम अक्षरों को लेकर भी Abbreviations बनाए जा सकते हैं। जैसे –

  • retd = retired
  • ft = feet or foot
  • govt = Government

(iii) कुछ प्रारम्भिक अक्षरों को लेकर भी Abbreviations बनाए जा सकते हैं। जैसे –

  • hon. = honourable
  • kg. = kilogram

Unseen Passage for Practice

Question 1.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Despite all the research every one of us catches a cold and most of us catch it frequently. Our failure to control one of the commonest of all ailments sometimes seems ridiculous. Medical science regularly practises transplant surgery and has rid whole countries of such fatal diseases as Typhus and the Plague. But the problem of the common cold is unusually difficult and much has yet to be done to solve it.

It is known that a cold is caused by one of a number of viral infections that affect the lining of the nose and other passages leading to the lungs but the confusing variety of viruses makes study and remedy very difficult. It was shown in 1960 that many typical colds in adults are caused by one or the other of a family of viruses known as rhinoviruses, yet there still remain many colds for which no virus has as yet been isolated. There is also the difficulty that because they are so much smaller than the bacteria which cause many other infections, viruses cannot be seen with ordinary microscopes.

Nor can they be cultivated easily in the bacteriologist’s laboratory, since they only grow within the living cells of animals or plants. An important recent step forward, however, is the development of the technique of tissue culture, in which bits of animal tissue are enabled to go on living and to multiply independently of the body. This has greatly aided virus research and has led to the discovery of a large number of viruses. Their existence had previously been not only unknown but even unsuspected.

The fact that we can catch a cold repeatedly creates another difficulty. Usually, a virus strikes only once and leaves the victim immune to further attacks. Still, we do not gain immunity from colds. Why? It may possibly be due to the fact that while other viruses get into the bloodstream where anti-bodies can oppose them, the viruses causing cold attack cells only on the surface or it may be that immunity from one of the many different viruses does not guarantee protection from all the others. It seems, therefore, that we are likely to have to suffer colds for some time yet.

(Word Notes: ailment = बीमारी। ridiculous = हास्यास्पद। transplant = प्रत्यारोपण। rid = पीछा छुड़ाना। infection = संक्रमण। lining = अस्तर। passage = रास्ता। isolated = पृथक किये गये। cultivated = पैदा किया। tissue culture = उत्तक संवर्धन। bits = टुकड़े। victim = शिकार । immunity = प्रतिरक्षा। anti-bodies = प्रति – जैविक।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using heading and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Status of various ailments
1.1. Common cold – no cure to control
1.2. Cure available
1.2.1. Typhus
1.2.2 Plague

2. Reasons for no control
2.1. Viral infection – affects the lining
2.2. Caused by the family of viruses – Rhinoviruses
2.3. For certain colds – no viruses have yet been isolated

3. Viruses – a problem in identifying
3.1. Smaller than bacteria – can’t be seen by ordinary microscope
3.2. Can’t be cultivated in laboratory 3.3. Grows only in living cells of
3.3.1. Animals
3.3.2. Plants

4. Tissue culture – a recent step further
4.1. Bits of animal tissue is made to go on living
4.2. They multiply independently off from the body
4.3. Led to the discovery of a large number of viruses
4.4 Previously unknown and unsuspected

5. No immunity from the common cold
5.1. Viruses causing cold attacks
5.1.1. Surface
5.1.2. Not bloodstream
5.2. Cannot be opposed by antibodies
5.3 Immunity from one virus does not guarantee protection from others
5.4 We have to suffer the cold for some more time

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
It is ridiculous that we have the cure of fatal diseases like typhus and plague but medical science doesn’t have the cure for the common cold that is so prevalent and it seems that we are likely to suffer it for some time more. The reason is that it is caused by the family of viruses known as rhinoviruses. They are confusing, very small and cannot be seen with ordinary microscopes. The development of the technique of tissue culture has discovered a number of viruses. But catching a cold once doesn’t create immunity because they attack surface not the bloodstream.
Title – Common Cold – Uncommon Problem

Question 2.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Fasting is said to bring a host of benefits, provided it’s done under medical supervision. Doctors explain how to go about it. Food is to the body what fuel is to a motor vehicle. It provides energy, helps repair and rejuvenation and confers many other benefits. A lot of research has been done and is being done on fasting. When one fasts, the digestive organs get rest and all body mechanisms are cleansed.

While fasting, the natural process of toxin execution continues, while the influx of new toxins is reduced. The energy usually used for digestion is redirected to immune function and cell growth. Fasting helps you heal with greater speed, cleanses your liver, kidneys and colon, purifies your blood, helps you lose excess weight and water, flushes out toxins, clears the eyes and tongue and cleanses the breath.

Another research says fasting, even occasionally, helps in detoxification. Through fasting, we restrict digestive activity and so energy is utilised to cleanse different systems. Fasting improves metabolism, sharpens the senses, calms the mind, helps lose weight, improves general immunity, improves concentration and mental clarity. Fasting, if understood and done under supervision, has tremendous benefits and impacts one at various planes; mental, emotional, physical and spiritual. Specifically, it serves as an aid to effective detoxification, helps in repair and rejuvenation, offers rest to the gastrointestinal system and promotes mobilisation of excess fat.

The crucial point to note is the difference between fasting and starvation. Research suggests there are major health benefits to calorie restriction. Among other things, it slows down the ageing process. According to the US National Academy of Sciences, other benefits include stress resistance, increased insulin sensitivity and increased lifespan. Glucose is the body’s primary fuel source and is essential for the brain’s functioning. When denied glucose for more than 4-8 hours, the body converts glycogen stored in the liver into a usable form of fuel and supplements it with small amounts of protein.

This will last for up to 12 hours before the body turns to glycogen stored in muscles. If glucose is still denied at this point, the body continues to use fat for as long as it is available. If the fast is not broken, starvation occurs, as the body begins to use protein for fuel. Death can occur if fasting is pursued to the point of complete starvation.

(Word Notes: fasting = उपवास। a host of = बहुत सारे। rejuvenation = पुर्नयौवन। confer = प्रदान करना। cleansed = साफ करना। excretion = मल त्याग। colon = बृहदंत्र। flushes out = बाहर बहा देता है। toxin = जीवविष (जहर)। occasionally = कभी कभार। detoxification = विषहरण। restrict = प्रतिबंधित करना। metabolism = उपापचये। immunity = प्रतिरक्षा। tremendous = बहुत अधिक। impact = प्रभाव। crucial = महत्त्वपूर्ण। starvation = भूखे मरना। pursued = जारी रखना।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it by using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Importance of food to the body
1.1. Provides energy
1.2 Helps in
1.2.1. Repair
1.2.2. Rejuvenation
1.3. Confers many other benefits

2. Fasting benefit – under medical supervision – according to one research
2.1. Gives rest to digestive organs
2.2. Cleanses body mechanisms
2.3. Reduces influx of toxins
2.4. Redirects body energy to
2.4.1. Immune system
2.4.2. Cell growth
2.5. Helps heal with greater speed
2.6. Cleanses
2.6.1. Liver
2.6.2. Kidney
2.6.3. Colon
2.6.4. Breath
2.7. Purifies blood
2.8. Help lose extra weight
2.9. Clears
2.9.1.Eyes
2.9.2. Tongue
2.10. Offers rest to gastro-intestinal systems

3. Another research on the benefits of fasting
3.1. Helps in detoxification
3.2. Improves
3.2.1. Metabolism
3.2.2. General immunity
3.2.3. Concentration
3.2.4. Mental clarity
3.3. Sharpens senses
3.4. Calms mind

4. Difference between fasting and starvation
4.1. Slow down the ageing process
4.2. Glucose essential for the brain’s functioning
4.3. If denied for more than 4-8 hours, the body converts glycogen in the liver
4.4. After 12 hours glycogen stored in muscles is used
4.5. If further denied body fat is used
4.6. If fast not broken, the body uses protein for fuel
4.7. Complete starvation can cause death

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Fasting has various benefits if it is done under medical supervision. According to research, it. detoxifies the body, cleanses different systems, improves metabolism and general immunity and: provides benefits at the mental, emotional, physical and spiritual planes. It is wrong to mistake: fasting for starvation. If starvation continues, the body consumes glucose from the liver, muscles and the protein content of the body and ultimately death can occur.
Title – Fast – Don’t Starve

Question 3
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Research has shown that the human mind can process words at the rate of about 500 per minute, whereas a speaker speaks at the rate of about 150 words a minute. The difference between the two at 350 is quite large.So the speaker must make every effort to retain the attention of the audience and the listener should also be careful not to let his mind wander. Good communication calls for good listening skills.

A good speaker must necessarily be a good listener. Listening starts with hearing but goes beyond. Hearing, in other words, is necessary but is not a sufficient condition for listening. Listening involves hearing with attention. Listening is a process that calls for concentration. While listening, one should also be observant. In other words, listening has to do with the ears, as well as with the eyes and the mind. Listening is to be adept at the total process that involves hearing with attention, being observant and making interpretations.

Good communication is essentially an interactive process. It calls for participation and involvement. It is quite often a dialogue rather than a monologue. It is necessary to be interested and also show or make it abundantly clear that one is interested in knowing what the other person has to say. Good listening is an art that can be cultivated. It relates to skills that can be developed. A good listener knows the art of getting much more than what the speaker is trying to convey. He knows how to prompt, persuade, but not to cut off or interrupt what the other person has to say.

At times the speaker may or may not be coherent, articulate and well organised in his thoughts and expressions. He may have it in his mind and yet he may fail to marshal the right words while communicating his thought. Nevertheless, a good listener puts him at ease, helps him articulate and facilitates him to get across the message that he wants to convey.

For listening to be effective, it is also necessary that barriers to listening are removed. Such barriers can be both physical and psychological. Physical barriers generally relate to hindrances to proper hearing whereas psychological barriers are more fundamental and relate to the interpretation and evaluation of the speaker and the message.

(Word Notes: interpretation = व्याख्या। monologue = एकालाप। abundantly = पर्याप्त से अधिक मात्रा में। cultivated = विकसित किया जाना। prompt = प्रेरित करना। persuade = उकसाना। interrupt = व्यवधान डालना। coherent = सुसंगत। articulate = अभिव्यक्त करना। marshal = संवारना। convey = व्यक्त करना। hindrances = अड़चने। evaluation = मूल्यांकन।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using heading and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Research about listening and hearing
1.1. The human mind processes 500 words per minute
1.2. Speaker speaks 150 words per minute
1.3. The large difference – 350 words per minute

2. Essential to be a good speaker and listener
2.1. A speaker should be able to retain the attention of the audience
2.2. The listener should not let his mind wander
2.3. A good speaker must be a good listener also

3. Skills for listener
3.1. Starts with hearing – though not a sufficient condition
3.2. Hear with attention
3.2.1. be observant
3.2.2. Use ears, eyes and mind
3.2.3. Calls for participation and involvement
3.3. It is dialogue, not a monologue

4. Good listening – an art
4.1. Cultivated
4.2. Skill to be developed
4.3. A good listener knows
4.3.1. How to get much more than what the speaker wants to convey
4.3.2. be prompt
4.3.3. Persuade without interruption
4.4. A good listener helps the speaker
4.4.1. Puts him at ease
4.4.2. Helps him articulate
4.4.3. Facilitates him to get across the message he wants to convey

5. Barriers to listening – must be removed
5.1. Psychological
5.2. Physical

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
There is a vast difference between the words the human mind can speak and process. So the speaker must be able to retain the attention of the speaker and be a good listener. Listening depends on attention and concentration. To be observant and use ears, eyes and mind. Good listening needs participation and involvement. It involves dialogue more than a monologue. It is an art to be cultivated. A good listener should prompt and persuade instead of interrupting. He puts the speaker at ease, helps to articulate and get across the message he wants to deliver. Physical and psychological barriers need to be removed for effective listening.
Title – How to Develop the Art of Good Listening and Speaking.

Question 4.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
I remember my childhood as being generally happy and can recall experiencing some of the most carefree times of my life. But I can also remember, even more vividly, moments of being deeply frightened. As a child, I was truly terrified of the dark and getting lost. These fears were very real and caused me some extremely uncomfortable moments.Maybe it was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that scared me so much. there was never total darkness, but a street light or passing car lights made clothes hung over a chair take on the shape of an unknown beast.

Out of the corner of my eye, I saw curtains move when there was no breeze. A tiny creak in the floor would sound a hundred times louder than in the daylight and my imagination would take over, creating burglars and monsters. Darkness always made me feel helpless. My heart would pound and I would lie very still so that ‘the enemy’ wouldn’t discover me. Another childhood fear of mine was that I would get lost, especially on the way home from school. Every morning, I got on the school bus right near my home – that was no problem.

After school, though, when all the buses were lined up along the curve, I was terrified that I would get on the wrong one and be taken to some unfamiliar neighbourhood. I would scan the bus for the faces of my friends, make sure that the bus driver was the same one that had been there in the morning, and even then ask the others over and over again to be sure I was in the right bus. On school or family trips to the amusement park or a museum,

I wouldn’t let the leaders out of my sight. And of course, I was never very adventurous when it came to taking walks or hikes because I would go only where I was sure I would never get lost. Perhaps, one of the worst fears I had as a child was that of not being liked or accepted by others. First of all, I was quite shy. Secondly, I worried constantly about my looks, thinking people wouldn’t like me because I was too fat or wore braces.

I tried to wear the right clothes and had intense arguments with my mother over the importance of wearing flats instead of saddled shoes to school. Being popular was very important to me then and the fear of not being liked was a powerful one. One of the processes of evolving from a child to an adult is being able to recognize and overcome our fears.

I have learnt that darkness does not have to take on a life of its own, that others can help me when I am lost and that friendliness and sincerity will encourage people to like me. Understanding the things that scared us as children help us to cope with our lives as adults.

(Word Notes: vividly = सुस्पष्ट रूप से। scared = भयभीत करना। beast = पशु। creak = चरचराहट। pound = तेजी से धड़कना। shy = शर्मिला। constantly = लगातार। evolving = उविकास। cope with = निभाना।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. My childhood
1.1. Generally happy
1.2. Carefree times
1.3. Terrified of
1.3.1. Dark
1.3.2. Getting lost.
1.4. Fears caused very uncomfortable moments

2. My room at night – scared me
2.1. Things looked and sounded strange
2.2. Never total darkness
2.3. Street light or a passing car light made the shape of an unknown beast
2.4. Curtains moved without breeze
2.5. A tiny creak sounded louder
2.6. Darkness made me feel helpless

3. Another childhood fear
3.1. I would get lost especially on my way home from school
3.2. Terrified – would take a wrong school bus
3.3. To be sure I would
3.3.1. Scan bus for familiar faces
3.3.2. Make sure for the same driver
3.3.3. Ask others for the right bus
3.4. On hikes, walks or trips – would not let leaders out of my sight

4. Worst childhood fear
4.1. Not being liked or accepted by others for I was
4.1.1. Quiet shy
4.1.2. Worried about my looks – too fat or wore braces
4.2. Being popular very important for me

5. Process of evolving from childhood to adult
5.1. Recognize and overcome our fears
5.2. Learnt darkness does not take on its own life
5.3. People will like me if I am
5.3.1. Friendly
5.3.2. Sincere

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
My childhood was generally happy but full of fears of many kinds. I became scared in my familiar room at night in the dark. It made me feel helpless. I had also fear getting lost especially on my way from school to home. The worst fear was that I was not being liked or accepted by others. But in the process of evolving from a child to an adult, I was able to recognize and overcome my fears. I understood that the things that scared us in our childhood would enable us to cope with our lives as adults.
Title – My Childhood Fears

Question 5.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
The outcasts were not allowed to mount the platform surrounding the well, because if they were ever to draw water from it, the Hindus of the three upper castes would consider the water polluted. Nor were they allowed access to the nearby brook as their use of it would contaminate the stream. They had no well of their own because it cost a lot of money to dig a well in a hilly town. Perforce they had to collect at the foot of the upper-caste Hindu well and depend on the bounty of some of their superiors to pour water into their pitchers.

More often than not there was no upper caste Hindu present. Most of them were rich enough to get the water-carriers to supply them with plenty of fresh water every morning for their baths and kitchens, and only those came to the well who were either fond of an open-air bath or too poor to pay for the water-carrier’s services. So the outcasts had to wait for a chance to bring some upper – caste Hindu to the well, for luck to decide that he was kind, for fate to ordain that he had time to get their pitchers filled with water.

They crowded around the well, congested the space below its high brick platform, morning, noon and night, joining their hands in servile humility to every passerby; cursing their fate, and bemoaning their lot, if they were refused the help they wanted; praying, beseeching and blessing, if some generous soul condescended to listen to them, or to help them.

When Sohini reached the well there were already about ten other outcasts waiting. But there was no one to give them water. She had come as fast as she could to the well, full of fear and anxiety that she would have to wait her turn since she could see from a distance that there was already a crowd. She didn’t feel disappointed so much as depressed to realise that she would be the eleventh to receive water. She had sensed the feeling in her brother’s soul.

He was tired. He was thirsty. She had felt like a mother as she issued from her home to fetch water, a mother going out to fetch food and drink for her loved ones at home. Now as she sat in a row with her fellow-sufferers, her heart sank. There was no sign of anyone passing that way who could be a possible benefactor. But she was patient. She had in her an inbred fortitude, obvious in her curious reserve, in her docile and peaceful bearing.

(Word Notes: outcast = जातियुत। mount = चढ़ना। brook = नाला, छोटी नदी। contaminate = संदूषित करना। perforce = मजबूरनं। bounty = उदारता। pitchers = घड़े। ordain = आदेश देना। congested = भीड़ भरा। servile = चापलूस। humility = विनम्रता। bemoaning = पछताना। beseeching = मनुहार करना। condescended = कृपा दिखाना। fetch = जाकर लाना। benefactor = भलाई करने वाला। inbred = जन्मजात। fortitude = साहस। docile = विनीत, अधीन। bearing = आचरण।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Position of outcast for water
1.1. Not allowed to mount the platform of the well
1.2. Their drawing water considered polluting the source
1.3. Not allowed to access the nearby brook-it would contain

2. The problem of the outcast
2.1. Had no well of their own – cost a lot of money in a hilly area
2.2. Had to collect water at the foot of the Hindu well
2.3. Had to depend on the bounty of the superiors to pour water into their pitcher
2.4. They had to wait for the upper caste Hindus at the well

3. Position of the upper caste Hindus
3.1. Rich enough to get water carriers
3.2. Some came to the well
3.2.1. For open-air bath.
3.2.2.Not able to pay for the water carriers

4. If somebody refuses the outcasts had to
4.1. Pray
4.2. Beseech
4.3. Bless
4.4. So that some generous soul condescended to listen to them or to help them

5. When Sohini reached the well
5.1. About ten outcasts already waited there
5.2. No one there to give them water
5.3. Full of fear and anxiety
5.4. Not disappointed – she would be 11th to receive water
5.5. Tired

6. Her mental condition at that time
6.1. Sensed the feeling in her brother’s soul
6.2. Felt like a mother to her brother for he was
6.2.1. Tired
6.2.2. Thirsty
6.3. Patient – though there was nobody to fill the pitcher at the well
6.4. Her heart sank – when she waited

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
The outcasts were allowed to draw water neither from the well nor from the brook since they would contaminate the source. They could not dig a well of their own due to lack of money. So they had to depend on the mercy of the upper caste Hindus for pouring water into their pitchers. But very few Hindus came to the well so they had to wait. Sohini came to the well to get water for her brother. There were already ten persons waiting before her. So she sat there to wait patiently with her fellow sufferers.
Title – Outcastes and their Sufferings

Question 6.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
It is surprising that sometimes we don’t listen to what people say to us. We hear them, but we don’t listen to them. I was curious to know how hearing is different from listening. I had thought both were synonyms, but gradually, I realised there is a big difference between the two words. Hearing is a physical phenomenon. Whenever somebody speaks, the sound waves generated reach you, and you definitely hear whatever is said to you. However, even if you hear something, it doesn’t always mean that you actually understand whatever is being said. Paying attention to whatever you hear means you are really listening Consciously using your mind to understand whatever is being said is listening.

Diving deeper, I found that listening is not only hearing with attention but is much more than that. Listening is hearing with full attention and applying our mind. Most of the time, we listen to someone, but our minds are full of needless chatter and there doesn’t seem to be enough space to accommodate what is being spoken. We come with a lot of prejudices and preconceived notions about the speaker or the subject on which he is talking. We pretend to listen to the speaker, but deep inside, we sit in judgement and are dying to pronounce right or wrong, true or false, yes or no.

Sometimes, we even come prepared with a negative mindset of proving the speaker wrong. Even if the speaker says nothing harmful, we are ready to pounce on him with our own version of things. What we should ideally do is listen first with full awareness. Once we have done that, we can decide whether we want to make a judgement or not. Once we do that, communication will be perfect and our interpersonal relationship will become so much better.

Listening well doesn’t mean one has to say the right thing at the right moment. In fact, sometimes if words are left unspoken, there is a feeling of tension and negativity. Therefore, it is better to speak out your mind but do so with awareness after listening to the speaker with total concentration.

Let’s look at this in another way. When you really listen, you imbibe not only what is being spoken, but you also understand what is not spoken as well. Most of the time we don’t really listen even to people who really matter to us. That’s how misunderstandings grow among families, husbands and wives, brothers and sisters.

(Word Notes: synonyms = पर्यायवाची। phenomenon = घटना। consciously = होश हवास में। needless = फालतू। chatter = बकबक। accommodate = समायोजित करना। prejudices = पूर्वाग्रह। preconceived = पहले से ही मन में स्थिर कर लिया हुआ। notion = विचार। pronounce = अपना मत व्यक्त करना। pounce = झपटना। awareness = जानकारी। interpersonal = अंतर्वेयक्तिक। imbibe = आत्मसात करना।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Difference between listening and hearing

Hearing Listening
1.1. Physical phenomenon Mental phenomenon
1.2. Only generated sound waves reach to us The mind is also used and attention is paid
1.3. Not understanding what is said. Actually understanding what is said.

2. What cannot be called listening?
2.1. While listening mind is full of needless chatter
2.2. Not enough space to accommodate what is being spoken
2.3. Prejudices and preconceived notions about
2.3.1. Speaker
2.3.2. Subject
2.4. Pretending to listen but we are ready to
2.4.1. Give our judgement
2.4.2. Dying to prove something wrong
2.5. Ready to project our own version of things even if no harmful thing has been said
3. What should one do?
3.1. Listen with full awareness then make a judgement – communication will be perfect
3.2. The interpersonal relationship becomes much better

4. Listening well means
4.1. Say the right things at the right moment
4.2. Unspoken words create a feeling of tension and negativity
4.3. Speak out your mind after listening with total concentration
4.4. Listening well enables us to imbibe
4.4.1. Spoken words
4.4.2. Unspoken thoughts/ideas
4.5. Misunderstanding can be dispelled by listening properly

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Summary
There is a big difference between hearing and listening. Hearing is a physical phenomenon while hearing with attention and applying mind is listening. If we are prejudiced against the speaker, we will sit in judgement and be ready to pounce on him. We must first listen with full awareness and then decide whether we want to make a judgement. It is better to speak out our mind but after listening to the speaker with total concentration. To avoid creating misunderstanding we must listen to the people who matter to us.
Title – Hearing Versus Listening

Question 7.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Although stupidity is commonly defined as a lack of normal intelligence’, stupid behaviour is not the behaviour of a person lacking in intelligence but the behaviour of a person not showing good judgement or sense. In fact, stupidity comes from the Latin word that means ‘senseless’. Therefore, stupidity can be defined as the behaviour of a person of normal intelligence who acts in a particular situation as if he or she isn’t very bright. Stupidity exists at three levels of seriousness. First is the simple, relatively harmless level. Behaviour at this level is often amusing.

It is humorous when someone places the food from a fast food restaurant on the roof of the car while unlocking the door and then drives away with the food still on the roof. We call this absent-mindedness. The person’s good sense or intelligence was temporarily absent. At this level, other than causing inconvenience or embarrassment, no one is hurt by stupid behaviour. The next type – serious stupidity – is more dangerous. Practical jokes such as putting sugar in the salt shakers are at this level. The intention is humorous, but there is a chance of harm.

Irresponsible advice given to others is also serious stupidity. An example is a person who plays psychiatrist on the basis of an introductory psychology course or doing a TV program on psychiatry. The intention may be to help, but if the victim really needs psychiatric help, an amateur will only worsen the situation. Even worse is the third kind of stupidity. Kind people, who would never injure another living being, stupidly throw away a box of six-week-old kittens along a country road. Lacking the heart to kill the poor things, they sentence them to almost certain death from wild animals, infections, exposure or the wheels of a passing vehicle.

Yet they are able to tell themselves that ‘they will find nice homes ‘or’ animals can get along in the wild’. Another example of this kind of stupidity is the successful local businessman who tries to have as many office affairs as he can get away with. He risks the loss of his business and his home. He fails to see that what he is doing is wrong.

His is the true moral stupidity of a person not willing to think about the results of his actions or to take responsibility for them. The common defence of a person guilty of stupidity is – ‘But I didn’t think….’. This, however, is not a proper excuse, especially when serious or harmful stupidity is involved.

(Word Notes: relatively = अपेक्षाकृत। exists = आस्तित्व में होना। seriousness = गंभीरता। amusing = दिलचस्प। inconvenience = असुविधा। embarrassment = उलझन। psychiatrist = मनौवैज्ञानिक। amateur = नौसीखिया। guilty = दोषी। excuse = बहाना। involved = लिप्त होना। proper = उचित।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. ‘ Definition of stupidity
1.1. Common definition
1.1.1. Lacking normal intelligence
1.1.2. Not using good judgement or sense
1.2. According to the author
1.2.1. Not acting brightly
1.2.2. Has three levels of seriousness

2. First level
2.1. Harmless
2.2. Often amusing
2.3. Absent-minded.
2.4. No one hurt

3. Second level
3.1. Serious – more dangerous
3.2. Practical jokes
3.3. Intention humorous but the risk of harm
3.4. Giving irresponsible advice – though the intention to help

4. Third level
4.1. The worst
4.2. Moral stupidity – not able to think about the results of one’s action
4.3. Unwilling to take responsibility

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
A stupid person is not the man who lacks intelligence but one who does not use good judgement or sense. The word ‘stupidity’ is derived from the Latin word meaning senseless and defined as the behaviour of a person with normal intelligence who acts foolishly in a particular situation. Seriousness divides stupidity into three levels. The first is simple, harmless and often amusing. The second is serious, more dangerous and includes practical jokes. The third, the worst, is moral stupidity. It occurs when a person is not willing to take any responsibility for his actions.
Title – Stupidity

Question 8.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Cholesterol is a waxy substance that is present in our body. It’s an important component of our cell walls and other tissues, but it is thought to be harmful if in excess. It can lead to blockages caused by plaque formation in the heart’s arteries causing heart disease and heart attacks. Such blockages can also happen in arteries, in the legs or in the brain. Cholesterol is produced in the liver, and the amount produced is influenced by our genes.

The food we consume, too, has an effect on cholesterol levels. Fatty foods, especially those high in saturated fats, and foods high in simple sugars such as cold drinks increase cholesterol levels. Lack of physical activity and exercise also leads to elevated levels. We can reduce cholesterol levels by following a heart-healthy lifestyle, which includes regular physical activity for at least 30 minutes daily and a diet high in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated sugar.

Statins are a group of drugs most recommended for those with high cholesterol. Red yeast rice has been shown to be effective in lowering cholesterol. Include garlic and flaxseed in your daily diet. Olive oil, Canola oil or other oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids can be used for cooking in order to reduce cholesterol through food. The ill effects of high cholesterol take time to show, and you may not realise it until it’s a bit too late. Cholesterol, by itself, is important because it insulates nerve cells and membranes. Being a fatty substance, it does not dissolve in the blood and is packaged into protein.

There are ‘good’ HDL cholesterol and ‘bad’ LDL cholesterol. Bad cholesterol can stick to the smooth lining of the blood vessels, where it is absorbed, while HDL mops up excess bad cholesterol and removes it from blood vessels. Even moderate physical activity can help increase HDL cholesterol. Exercise five days a week, whether you are overweight or underweight. Aerobic exercises like walking, cycling, swimming, slow jogging, dancing, etc.

for 45 minutes, three times a week and anaerobic exercises like weight training, and sprinting, for another three days will help increase good and reduce bad cholesterol. In order to maximize your cardiovascular fitness, aerobic exercises should raise your heart rate to a certain level. This level is called your target heart zone. Keep your heart rate elevated for at least 20 minutes. Always warm up, stretch, and cool down-relax-before and after any workout to avoid injuries. All these contribute to a healthier and fitter life.

(Word Notes: waxy = मोम जैसा। tissue = उत्तक। excess = अधिक मात्रा में। blockage = बाधा। plaque = दाँत का मैल। consume = उपभोग करना। saturated = सान्द्र, संतृप्त। elevated = उन्नत। flaxseed = अलसी। insulates = आवरण चढ़ाता है। membranes = झिल्लियाँ। dissolve = घुलना। absorb = सोखना। mop up = साफ करना। moderate = थोड़ी सी।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1.Cholesterol
1.1. A waxy substance present in the body
1.2. An important component of our cell walls and other tissues
1.3. Harmful in excess

2. Harmful impacts
2.1. Blockages by plaque formation
2.1.1. In heart’s arteries
2.1.2. In legs.
2.1.3. In brain
2.2. Heart diseases
2.3. Heart attacks.

3. Cholesterol amount controlled
3.1. Produced in liver
3.2. The food we consume – fatty food
3.3. Influenced by genes
3.4. Physical activity and exercise

4. How to control
4.1. Heart-healthy lifestyle
4.1.1. Regular physical activity – at least 30 minutes a day
4.1.2. Diet high in fruits and vegetable and low in saturated sugar
4.2. Statins
4.2.1. Red yeast rice
4.2.2. Garlic and flaxseed
4.2.3 Oil rich in monounsaturated fatty acids

5. Types of cholesterol
5.1. LDL -Bad-sticks to the smooth lining of the blood vessels
5.2. HDL -Good- mops up excess bad cholesterol and removes from blood vessels

6. For a healthier and fitter lifestyle.
6.1. Exercise five days a week
6.2. Aerobic exercises for 45 minutes three times a week, raise the heart rate
6.2.1. Walking
6.2.2. Cycling
6.2.3. Swimming
6.2.4. Slow jogging
6.2.5. Dancing
6.3. Anaerobic exercises three days a week
6.3.1. Weight training
6.3.2. Sprinting

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Cholesterol, a waxy substance present in our body, is an important component of cell walls and other tissues. It can be harmful when it is in excess. Its level is affected by our genes, food and lifestyle. It can be controlled by leading heart-healthy life, doing regular exercise and having a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and monounsaturated oil. There are ‘good’ HDL cholesterol and ‘bad’ LDL cholesterol. To ensure an increase in HDL level and to lead a healthier life and fitter life, one must do aerobic and anaerobic exercises at least five days a week.
Title – Cholesterol and Health

Question 9.
Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Salt, a miraculous gift of nature, is one of the most useful and amazing minerals on earth derived from the sea and rocks. Do you know that it is the only rock that humans can eat? Salt has seasoned our history, language and food, besides making nutritious foods more palatable. It is used in all bakery products, prepared foods, sauces, soups, spices, cereals, dairy foods, meats, poultry.

It is also an extraordinarily effective food preservative, retarding the growth of spoilage by micro-organisms and making food storage possible long without refrigeration. How much salt is necessary for human consumption? Medical experts agree that everyone should practise some reasonable ‘moderation’ in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderate amount might run from 4 to 10 gm a day, or roughly half to one and one-third tablespoons.”

The equivalent of one to two gm of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table. Common salt, chloride of sodium, is chemically represented by the symbol NaCl. The human body has a continual need for salt. Sodium chloride or the common salt is 39 per cent sodium and 61 per cent chloride. Forming a solution in the body, these two components separate into sodium and chloride ions, each with a different task.

Chloride maintains the balance of water between the living cell and its environment, plays a part in digestion, and pairs with sodium to maintain the blood’s acid-base balance, critical for life. Sodium assists in regulating the volume of blood and blood pressure. It facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses and is necessary for heart and muscle contractions.

Although the popular conception is that salt is a flavour enhancer, a recent American study suggests that it functions as a flavour filter on food, selectively enhancing and suppressing various tastes. Other studies show that the use of salt suppresses the bitter taste of dark green vegetables like bitter gourd (Kerela).

Salt’s functions in the body are already elucidated. Deficiency signs include lethargy, dizziness cramps and palpitation. In women, excessive-salt intake promotes fluid retardation and can cause breast pain. But what the good salt can do, in the right dose, is unequaled. Snorers should try spraying their nose with salt water to make it easier to breathe.

(Word Notes: miraculous = चमत्कारी। amazing = आश्चर्यजनक। derive = प्राप्त करना। nutritious food = पौष्टिक भोजन। season = बधारना। palatable = स्वादिष्ट। poultry = पालतू मुर्गी, बतख, मुर्गे आदि। moderate = संयमित। extraordinary = असाधारण। preservative = रक्षक। retarding the growth = विकास अवरुद्ध होना या करना। consumption = उपभोग। transmission = प्रेषण या विस्तार या भेजना। contraction = सिकुड़न। elucidated = व्याख्या की जा चुकी है। deficiency = कमी। lethargy = सुस्ती dizziness = चक्कर। cramps = ऐंठन। palpitation = तेज धड़कन। snorers = खर्राटे लेने वाले लोग। mineral = खनिज। reasonable = संयमित मात्रा। roughly = मोटे तौर पर। enhances = बढ़ाने वाला। suppress = दबाना। retardation = बाधा।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Salt – Useful & Amazing Mineral:
1.1.derived from sea & rocks (only edible rock)

2.used in various foods
1.2.bakery product
1.2.prepared food/dairy foods
1.2.sauces, soups, spices, cereals, etc.
1.2.meat/poultry.

1.3 extraordinary food preservative
1.3.1 retards growth of spoilage
1.3.2 food storage possible

2. Quantity required for a person:
2.1. moderate consumption
2.1.1. the average person – 4 – 10 gm (1/2 – 1/3 tablespoons) per day
2.1.2. 1-2 gm natural sodium in food

3. Chemistry of salt:
Symbol: NaCl (39% sodium 61% chloride)

4. Functions of sodium & chloride:
4.1. Chloride –
4.1.1. balance of water.
4.1.2. digestion
4.2. Chloride with sodium – maintains blood’s acid-base balance
4.3. Sodium – regulates BP

5. Popular conception:
5.1. flavour enhancer
5.2. suppresses the better taste of dark green vegetables.

6. Deficiency signs:
6.1. lethargy
6.2. dizziness
6.3. cramps
6.4. palpitation

7. Excess of salt signs in women:
7.1. promote fluid retardation
7.2. breast pain

8. Humorous use – salt water spray on nose effective for snorers

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Salt is an amazing gift of nature. It is obtained from sea and rocks (edible rocks). It makes our food nutritious and delicious. It is used in various food items like sauces, soups, spices, cereals, dairy products, meat/poultry and other food items. It works as a natural preservative. A person should consume 4 to 10 gm (12 to 11/3 tablespoon)of salt a day. Right quantity of salt is necessary for maintaining water balance, digestion, blood pressure, etc. Its deficiency causes lethargy, dizziness, palpitation, etc. In women, excessive salt can promote fluid retardation and cause breast pain. Its spray is useful for snorers by making breathing easier.
Title – ‘Salt: A Miraculous Gift of Nature’

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 10.
Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The medicinal, insecticidal and religious significance of Neem tree is enshrined in mythology. The reference is that when ‘Amrit’, the heavenly nectar, was being taken to gods, a few drops fell on it. Since then the tree has assumed such an exalted position in our life.The Ayurvedic texts show the efficiency of the tree in almost all sorts of human diseases. The renowned Hindu physician and authority “Susruta” (100 AD) has dealt extensively with it.

The bark is a tonic, an astringent, an antipyretic, a cure for nausea. It is an effective cure for skin diseases and ulcers. The leaf is a known antiseptic. It is extensively used in treating pimples, smallpox, jaundice, ulcers, tuberculosis of the lymphatic glands, leprosy, rheumatism and worms. Neem oil contains a compound Azadirachtin which is a powerful remedy for various skin ailments and pyorrhea. It is also a hair tonic. Its essence is used in toothpaste and beauty aids. The stems serve as toothbrushes, toothpaste and toothpicks.

The sweet-smelling flower extract is a food stimulant and an effective cure for indigestion. Its (Neem tree) gum is effective in curing chronic skin infections and leprosy. The insecticidal value of neem is rather phenomenal. A few leaves put into the granary protect it from insects. A layer of neem leaves between the folds keeps silks and woollens moth-free. Neem is an air purifier and protects people from malaria and cholera.

As a standard remedy for burns neem leaves is soaked in oil and smeared over burnt tissues. Take crushed leaves in the form of pills grinding it with jaggery, dried in the shade, and consume twice or thrice daily till the burns begin to heal. Boil neem leaves and make a concentration to treat fungal infections. First, cool it and then make a paste with a ripe banana to apply over the infection for half an hour.

The boiled neem water can be used for the treatment of skin inflammations. To restore facial beauty, use an emulsion made of lime juice and coconut milk and add rose petals or jasmine, mix a paste made of neem leaves and turmeric rhizome in the emulsion and apply over the affected spots.

(Word Notes: medicinal = चिकित्सकीय। insecticidal = कीट नाशकीय। enshrined = पवित्र मानकर सुरक्षित रखा गया। mythology = पौराणिक शास्त्र। nectar = अमृत। exalted = प्रशंसात्मक। extensively = विस्तारपूर्वक। bark = छाल। antipyretic = दर्दनाशक। nausea = जी मिचलाना। flower extract = फूलों का अर्क। leprosy = कुष्ठ रोग। crushed leaves = पत्तियों का चूरा। jaggery = गुड़। dried = सूखा। twice = दो बार। ripe = पका हुआ। inflammation = जलन। emulsion = घोल। petals = पँखुड़ियाँ। turmeric = हल्दी। phenomenal = असाधारण। assumed = कल्पित। exalted = उत्कृष्ट। efficacy = प्रभावकारिता। renowned = प्रसिद्ध। jaundice = पीलिया। soaked = भिगोये रखना। smeared = चुपड़ना। concentration = सान्द्रण।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Importance of Neem
1.1. medicine
1.2. insecticide
1.3. religion – Amrit

2. Bark – tonic as & for
2.1. antipyretic
2.2. nausea
2.3. ulcer

3. The leaf
3.1. antiseptic for
3.1.1. tumours
3.1.2. pimples
3.1.3. smallpox
3.1.4. jaundice
3.1.5. ulcer
3.1.6. T.B. of the lymphatic glands
3.2. remedy for burns
3.2.1. neem leaves soaked in oil
3.2.2. eat pills of crushed leaves with jaggery
3.3. for fungal infection – apply a paste of concentrated boiled leaves and ripe banana
3.4. skin inflammation & dermatitis – use boiled neem water
3.5. restores facial beauty – an emulsion of lime, coconut milk, rose petals, neem leaves

4. Neem oil contains ‘Azadirachtin’ – useful in/as
4.1.1. skin ailments
4.1.2. pyorrhea
4.1.3. hair tonic
4.1.4. toothpaste & beauty aids

5. Stem
5.1. toothbrush
5.2. toothpaste
5.3. toothpick

6. Flower extract
6.1. stimulant.
6.2. tonic for indigestion

7. Gum
7.1. chronic skin infection
7.2. leprosy

8. Insecticidal value:
8.1. protects granary
8.2. keeps silks & woollens moth free
8.3. air purifier
8.4. protects from
8.4.1. malaria
8.4.2. cholera

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Neem is really a wonderful tree. It is significant because of its medicinal, insecticidal and religious value. Every part of the neem tree is very useful. Its bark is a tonic. Its leaves are used in treating pimples, smallpox, jaundice, leprosy, etc. Neem oil is a very effective remedy for skin ailments. Its gum is useful for chronic skin infections. Neem leaves keep silks and woollens month free. It (neem) is a remedy for burns. It is a natural air purifier. Its use also restores facial beauty.
Title – ‘Neem-The Nectar’

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 11.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
The categorisation of cinema into art cinema and commercial cinema was largely an offshoot of the emergence of the new movement in the seventies. It is said by art-film directors in their defence that it is the inclusion of spicy elements that explains the success of commercial films. Their films, on the other hand, do not make use of sure success formula. They, however, pride themselves on their greater concern for social issues compared to the mainstream film-makers. Nevertheless, the low success of art-films makes one doubt their efficacy as vehicles of mass communication.

Ever since its inception, cinema has served as both a source of entertainment and of education for the masses. It is the entertainment value of cinema that makes it an effective tool for creating social awareness among the masses. There is no doubt regarding offbeat cinema’s commitment to social reform, but it is generally observed that art films are marked by the slowness of pace. The story is presented in what is seen popularly a boring and monotonous manner, often causing the audience to yawn through the length of the film. In direct contrast, a commercial film proceeds at a brisk pace.

Moreover, it is marked by an interesting presentation of the story, which is often interspersed with elements like a song, dance, comedy and action. All this makes it more receptive to the public. The difference between art-cinema and commercial cinema, perhaps, lies in the fact that while: art-cinema administers the bitter pill to the public as it is, the commercial cinema administers the same bitter pill after coating it with a sweetener, thus making it more palatable. No wonder that while commercial films attract huge crowds to the cinema halls, the art-films are screened to sparse audiences.

It is the lack of the element of entertainment in art-cinema more than anything else, that accounts for its low popularity among the masses. Is not the primary purpose of cinema to entertain? In a predominantly illiterate society like India, cinema is – for the bulk of its population – a source of relief after a hard day’s work. The offbeat films, instead of relieving, further tax the mind of the viewer by bringing him face to face with the stark and unadulterated reality. Hence, with all its social relevance, the offbeat cinema manages to reach only a limited audience comprising mainly the educated and the intellectual sections of society.

(Word Notes: categorisation = वर्गीकरण। offshoot = उपशाखा। pride = गर्व करते हैं। mainstream = मुख्य धारा। emergence = आविर्भाव। inclusion = जोड़ना। commitment = वचनबद्धता। observed = देखा जाता है। pace = गति। proceeds = आगे बढ़ता है। receptive = ग्रहणशील। administer = कुछ देना। predominantly = मुख्यतः। bulk = अधिकांश। relieving = मुक्त करना। unadulterated = जैसा का तैसा। comprising = मिलकर बना होना। nevertheless = फिर भी। inception = आरम्भ। tool = हथियार यो औजार (यहाँ) माध्यम। awareness = जागरूकता। monotonous = नीरसे। to yawn = जम्हाई लेना। brisk pace = तेज गति। interspersed = छितरी या बिखरी हुई। art-cinema = कला-सिनेमा। palatable = रोचक। huge crowd = भारी भीड़। sparse = विरल या स्वल्प। relevance = प्रासंगिकता। efficacy = प्रभावकारिता। offbeat = गैरपरम्परागत।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Types of cinema
1.1. art cinema
1.2. commercial cinema.

2. The success of commercial films
2.1. spicy elements
2.2. song
2.3. dance

3. Art films
3.1. low success
3.2. concern for social issues

4. Purpose of cinema
4.1. entertainment
4.2. education.
4.3. social awareness

5. Difference between art cinema and commercial cinema

Art Cinema Commercial Cinema
(i) Story-boring, lack of entertainment, lengthy, social issue, reality. (i) Story-attractive, spicy element.
(ii) No song, dance, comedy, action, etc. (ii) Song, dance, comedy, action, etc. are used
(iii) Attracts limited audience (a) educated (b) intellectuals (iii) Attracts-huge crowds – Illiterates for relief after hard work
(iv) Bitter pill (iv) Bitter pill with a sweet coating

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Cinema can be put into two categories, i.e., commercial cinema, and art cinema. Commercial films are more popular among masses. These films present spicy elements, i.e., songs, dance, and comedy, etc. They provide the perfect entertainment to the masses. On the other hand, art cinema is not so popular among the masses. It has a limited audience because they don’t present spicy elements. These films are mainly based on social issues and reality, hence not easy to understand for ordinary audience.
Title – Cinema: Art versus Commercial

Question 12.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
There are two problems which cause great worry to our educationists – the problem of religious and moral instruction in a land of many faiths and the problem arising out of a large variety of languages. Taking up the education of children we see that they should be trained to love one another, to be kind and helpful to all, to be tender to the lower animals and to observe and think right. The task of teaching them how to read and write and to count and calculate is important, but it should not make us lose sight of the primary aim of moulding personality in the right way.

For this, it is necessary to call into aid, culture, tradition and religion. But in our country we have, in the same school, to look after boys and girls born in different faiths and belonging to families that live in diverse ways of life and follow different forms of worship associated with different denominations of religion. It will not do to tread the easy path of evading difficulties by attending solely to physical culture and intellectual education.

We have to evolve a suitable technique and method for serving the spiritual needs of school children professing different faiths. We should thereby promote an atmosphere of mutual respect, a fuller understanding and helpful co-operation among the different communities in our society. Again we must remain one people and we have, therefore, to give basic training in our schools to speak and understand more languages than one and to appreciate and respect the different religions prevailing in India.

It is not right for us in India to be dissuaded from this by considerations as to numbing the young mind. What is necessary must be done. And it is not in fact, too great a burden. Any attempt to do away with or steamroll the differences through governmental coercion and indirect pressure would be as futile as it would be unwise.

Any imposition of a single way of life and form of worship on all children or neglect of a section of the pupils in this respect or barren secularisation will lead to conflict between school and home life which is harmful.

(Word Notes: instruction = निर्देश। arising out = उठती हुई। tender = नरम या उदार। task = कार्य। lose sight = (यहाँ) परवाह न करना। moulding = ढालना। diverse = भिन्न-भिन्न। associated = जुड़े हुए। tread = चलना। evading = बचाते हुए। attending = परवाह करना। solely = केवल। evolve = विकास करना। technique = तकनीक। professing = दावा करते हुए। promote = प्रोत्साहित करना। mutual = आपसी। prevailing = प्रचलित। dissuaded = मना किया गया। consideration = विचार। overtaking = नियन्त्रित करते हुए। steamroll = दबा देना। coercion = ताकत का प्रयोग। futile = व्यर्थ। imposition = जबरदस्ती थोपना। barren = खोखले। conflict = विवाद।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Problems before our educationists:
1.1.religious and moral instructions because we have children
1.1.1 born in different faiths
1.1.2. living in diverse ways of life
1.1.3. following different religions
1.1.4. following different forms of worship
1.1.5. speaking a large variety of languages

2. The children should be taught to
2.1. love one another
2.2. be kind and helpful to all
2.3. be tender to animals
2.4. observe and think right

3. Primary Aim
3.1. personality development in the right way
3.2. develop suitable techniques and methods for
3.2.1. serving spiritual need
3.2.2. promoting an atmosphere of mutual respect
3.2.3. being helpful
3.2.4. speaking and understanding more than one language
3.2.5. respecting and appreciating different religions

4. Wrong and unwise to
4.1.use any kind of pressure to accept
4.2. impose a single way of life and form of worship

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
In a land of many faiths, there are two big problems before our educationists. One is the problem of religious and moral instruction and the other problem arises out of a large variety of languages. We should teach our children to love one another, to be kind and helpful and to be tender to animals. They should not only be provided formal education but also mould their personality in the right way. We should promote mutual respect, fuller understanding, and cooperation among different communities. We should train our children to speak and understand more languages and to appreciate and respect other religions. Imposition will be futile. No single way of life or worship should be promoted.
Title – Human Values and Education.

Question 13.
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Real praise, the sincere compliment is probably the most useful social tool of all. It’s the valued gold coin for conversation. Yet today, it is in danger of losing its brightness. For it is greatly misused and not properly exchanged. What is a true compliment? It’s one that benefits both giver and receiver. Once a painter and his young assistant were painting our house. The older man was wearing shiny new shoes. As the man started painting skillfully, my father-in-law said to the boy, “Son, when you can show up on the job to paint a house, wearing new shoes, you will be the master of your trade.”

The painter smiled and did the best job. We all like to have our sense of personal worth built up or pointed out. And when one expert adds to another’s sense of dignity and speaks favourably of his skill, he is offering a compliment of the highest and rarest kind.A compliment differs from flattery in that it is objective and is given without thought of gain. Flattery is often merely lip service or excessive praise given for motive other than expressed.

The greatest efforts of the human race have always resulted from the love of praise. This should be inspired in childhood. The wise parent makes it a point to compliment a child who deserves it. A woman I know has a 12-year-old son who considers washing dishes for his mother a great honour. One night, while washing a large dish, it slipped and crashed on the floor. Then his mother said, “You know, Robert, of all the times you have washed the dishes for me, this is the first time you dropped one”. Anxiety left the boy’s face and he smiled.

As one psychologist advises, “Praise virtue and you will find few vices to criticise”. There is an art in this giving of compliments. Thus, the good compliment is always to the point and its timing is important. Don’t wait too long to tell a person what a good talk he gave or how well he cut your grass. But don’t do it immediately when he is expecting it either. Wait. Then when he thinks you may have forgotten, pass the praise.

(Word Notes: compliment = प्रशंसा/अभिनन्दन। probably = शायद। assistant = सहायक। skillfully = निपुणता से। merely = केवल। excessive = अत्यधिक। motives = (यहाँ) उद्देश्य (स्वार्थपूर्ण)।dishes = (यहाँ) बर्तन। crashed = टूटकर टुकड़े-टुकड़े हो गयी। anxiety = चिन्ता। psychologist = मनोवैज्ञानिक। flattery = चापलूसी। deserves = योग्य होना।)

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:

1. The most useful social tools:
1.1. real praise
1.2. sincere compliment

2. Gold coin of our conversation in danger:
2.1. losing its brightness
2.2. greatly misused
2.3. not properly exchanged

3. True compliment benefits:
3.1. giver
3.2. receiver

4. Speaking favourably of others’ skills is:
4.1. offering compliment
4.1.1.highest kind
4.1.2. rarest kind

5. Compliment differs from flattery:
5.1. in objective
5.2. given without thought of gain

6. flattery is:
6.1. lip service
6.2. excessive praise
6.3. for motives

7. The greatest effort of the human race:
7.1. love of praise
7.1.1. should be inspired in childhood

8. Psychological advice:
8.1. praise virtue
8.2. find few vices to criticise

9. Art of giving compliment:
9.1. to the point
9.2. timely
9.3. don’t wait too long to tell

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Real praise or a sincere compliment is the most useful social tool. It is our way of conversation that makes our compliment effective but now it is losing its impact because it is greatly missed. A true compliment is beneficial for both the giver and the receiver. Speaking favourably of others’ skills or appreciating others is offering a compliment of the highest and rarest kind. A true compliment is not flattery. It is objective and without expecting any return, while flattery is excessive praise offered for selfish motives. A good compliment is always to the point and offered timely.
Title – Compliment: The Most Useful Social Tool.’

Question 14.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Cycling survives as a popular pastime because it yields pleasure and benefits. First of all, cycling provides exercise, the need for which is felt by most of the people. The development of machinery tends to deprive us of adequate opportunities for expanding energy while earning a livelihood. Other opportunities should be created through the medium of, sport. Of cycling, many people hastily say that it is “hard work”, but a fit and practised rider does not agree with this verdict.

The art of easy cycling must be cultivated, as will be shown later, but once it has been acquired, a long day’s run should not unduly tire any rider endowed with a normal measure of health. Nobody has better described the exercise of cycling than the late Twells Brex, who said enthusiastically, speaking from experience: “You move along by your own glad effort.” Many of us wish to use our legs and our lungs, as well as our eyes.

An active and healthy person ought not to be contented to travel always as a mere passenger -“like an image pushed from behind”, as Stevenson says, that is not life, those who would turn all active cyclists into sedentary motor-drivers, or into idle passengers, would serve the nation better if they restricted their attention to the aged and infirm.

It is often said that the cyclist cannot travel as fast or as far as the motorist. Admitting this, the cyclist may be permitted to ask if it is always desirable that travel should involve modern motoring speeds (or accidents). It is an enjoyment of a traveller in search of pleasure to be measured merely in miles, or, what is worse in miles-per-hour, or what is worse still, in miles-per-gallon?

Surely the cyclist, pedalling calmly along at a modest twelve miles an hour is able to assimilate scenery more easily, more completely, and with more enjoyment, than the hurrying occupant of a car! Cyclists believe that their method of travel is a sensible and convenient compromise between walking and driving.

(Word Notes: survives = जीवित है। pastime = मनोरंजन। deprive = वंचित करना। adequate = पर्याप्त। livelihood = जीनिकोपार्जन या जीविका कमाना। hastily = जल्दी में। cultivated = (यहाँ) विकसित किया जाना। acquired = (यहाँ) सीख लिया जाना। enthusiastically = उत्साहपूर्वक या जोश में। content = संतुष्ट। sedentary = (यहाँ) गतिहीन। infirm = कमजोर। assimilate = आत्मसात् करनाया (यहाँ) जब्त करना। expanding = विस्तार करना। endowed = सम्पन्न। desirable = वांछनीय। convenient = सुविधाजनक। unduly = अनावश्यक रूप से।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Cycling – a popular pastime – yields:
1.1.pleasure to move along with glad effort
1.2.most essential for health
1.2.1. provides energy for a long day’s work

2. A healthy person should not become
2.1. sedentary driver.
2.2. idle passenger
2.3. should keep in mind
2.3.1. age
2.3.2. infirmity

3. Cyclist v/s Motorist:

Cyclist A motorist
(i) can’t travel fast travels fast and may meet with an accident
(ii) can enjoy by pedalling calmly sits inactive hurries
(iii) can enjoy the scenery no enjoyment

4. Cyclists believe cycling.
4.1. better than walking & driving
4.2. convenient than walking & driving

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Cycling is a popular pastime. It provides pleasure and benefits. It is a kind of exercise that keeps us fit. Cycling is an art. It is a kind of sport. The pleasure of riding a bicycle cannot be measured in terms of speed. Undoubtedly, a cyclist can’t travel as fast as a motorist. But a cyclist enjoys more than a motorist. Many people say that it is hard work but a fit and practised rider doesn’t agree with them. Cyclists believe that their method of travel is a sensible and convenient compromise between walking and driving. Title – Cycling – A Good Pastime

Question 15.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Before we can develop a really effective programme to prevent auto accidents, we will have to learn far more than we now know about why such accidents happen. The National Safety Council, while pointing out that most accidents result from a combination of causes, and that “few accidents are investigated carefully enough to determine exactly what their underlying causes were,” estimates that in about 80% of accidents, the most important single factor is the driver himself.

Bad weather, poor road conditions, and defects in cars do cause some accidents. But such circumstances appear to be of minor significance compared with the mental and physical condition of the driver. And recent research indicates that the driver’s physical condition is of less importance than his personality and his emotional state. Many, if not most, accidents are the result of wayward impulses and motivations of faulty judgements and attitudes, of poorly controlled aggressiveness and competitiveness.

Nearly two-thirds of the drivers involved in fatal accidents were speeding, driving while under the influence of alcohol, disregarding stop lights or signs, or otherwise violating the law, according to the Safety Council. The pertinent question is why people drive so fast, drive after drinking, take risks in passing or in general, commit dangerous, careless, illegal, impulsive, or unfriendly acts when they get behind the wheel?

A small beginning has been made towards finding answers to this question. Several studies comprehensively described by Dr Ross McFarland and his associates have probed the personality and emotional characteristics of so-called accident-prone drivers and discovered such traits as emotional instability, impulsiveness, suggestibility, excitability, lack of proper sense of social responsibility, aggressiveness, and intolerance of authority.

Although the fault may be found with the quality of this research in terms of controls and other safeguards, it may prove provocative enough to lead to sounder efforts. “A man drives as he lives,” says Dr Tillman and Hobbs in an article in the American Journal of Psychiatry. “If his personal life is marked by caution, tolerance, foresight, consideration for others, he will drive in the same way. If his personal life is devoid of these desirable characteristics, his driving will be characterized by aggressiveness and over a long period of time, he will have a higher accident rate than his more stable companions.”

(Word Notes: investigated = जाँच-पड़ताल की गयी। minor = कम महत्त्वपूर्ण। significance = महत्व। indicates = दिखाती है। impulses = आवेग। motivation = प्रेरणा। comprehensively = पूर्णरूप से। probed = जाँच – पड़ताल की गयी। characteristics = लक्षण या विशेषताएँ। traits = गुण। foresight = पूर्वदृष्टि। wayward = सनकी। aggressiveness = आक्रामकता। pertinent = प्रासंगिक। instability = अस्थिरता। suggestibility = सम्मोहनीयता। excitability = उत्तेजनीयता। provocative = उत्तेजक। underlying = मूलभूत। circumstances = परिस्थितियां। intolerance = असहिष्णुता। devoid = से रहित होना। desirable = वांछनीय। stable = स्थिर।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Causes of Accidents:
1.1. driver – main cause – 80%
1.2. minor causes
1.2.1. bad weather
1.2.2. poor road condition
1.2.3. defects in cars

2 Condition of drivers:
2.1. mental
2.2. physical
2.3. their personality
2.4. emotional

3. Characteristics of accident-prone drivers:
3.1. emotional instability
3.2. impulsiveness
3.3. faulty judgement
3.4. attitude
3.5. aggressiveness
3.6. competitiveness
3.7. excitability
3.8. lacking a sense of social responsibility
3.9. intolerance

4. Causes of fatal accidents:
4.1. fast speed
4.2. effect of alcohol
4.3. violation of road rules

5. Personal factors which affect driving:
5.1. Drivers’ attitude in personal life if he
5.1.1. cautious
5.1.2. tolerant
5.1.3. has foresight.
5.1.4. has consideration for others

6. lack of desirable qualities: more accidents

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
The major cause of 80% of accidents is the driver himself. Other causes are – bad weather, poor condition of roads, defects in cars, etc. Drivers’ mental and physical condition is responsible for their reckless driving. Their personality and emotional state are more responsible for accidents. These accidents occur because of driver’s impulsiveness, faulty judgement, aggressiveness, the effect of alcohol, breach of the rules of roads, lack of proper sense of social responsibility, etc. If the driver’s personal life is marked by caution, tolerance, foresight, and consideration for others, he will drive in the same way.
Title – ‘Causes of Accidents’

Question 16.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
To date, happiness has defied definition. Most people tend to equate happiness with fun, good living, plenty of money. If happiness were synonymous with all this, rich people with all their luxuries and countless parties would be perpetually happy. But in actual fact, they are, frequently, acutely unhappy, despite their riches and ability to indulge in fun activities at will. Fun is what we experience during an act; happiness is that intangible something we experience after an act. We may have fun watching a movie, going shopping, meeting friends – these are all fun activities that afford us fleeting moments of relaxation and enjoyment.

Happiness, on the other hand, is a much stronger, deeper and more abiding emotion. If we perceive happiness as the ultimate goal, we must also devise a way to reach that goal. The way to happiness is not a smooth, broad highway along which we can cruise at a comfortable speed. It is a path through rocky and rugged terrain and the going can become very tough at times. At these times we have to roll up our sleeves and with pitchfork and shovel make our way onwards. This pursuit of happiness lasts a lifetime. Great happiness is earned only by great effort and effort not in spurts but diligent, constant effort.

In this connection we are confronted with another fallacy, that fun and pleasure mean happiness and thus pain, its corollary, must be synonymous with unhappiness. But in fact, the truth is quite different. Things that bring us happiness, more often than not, involve some amount of pain. It is because of the misconception that people avoid the very endeavour that is the source of true happiness.

Difficult endeavours – such as the raising of children, establishing deeper relationships with loved ones, trying to do something worthwhile in life-hold the promise of a world of happiness. Happiness is not a permanent vocation. Another prevalent belief is that if one were rich enough not to have to work, one would be blissfully happy.

But a job is more than just a paychequer. Almost, all religions teach us that work is worship. Work holds the key to happiness as doing something which increases confidence and self-worth. It brings on a feeling of satisfaction, of doing something, of contributing. Job satisfaction comes less from how much one earns than from the challenge of the job.

(Word Notes: to date = इस समय तक। defied = (यहाँ) चुनौती दी है। tend to = झुकाव रखते हैं। equate = बराबरी पर रखना। synonymous = समानार्थक। luxuries = आराम की वस्तुएँ। perpetually = अनन्त रूप से। acutely = (यहाँ) अत्यधिक। despite of = के बावजूद। indulge = में व्यस्त रहना। at will = इच्छानुसार। intangible = अमूर्त या अस्पष्ट। fleeting = क्षणिक या शीघ्र गुजरने वाले। relaxation = आराम। abiding = स्थायी। perceive = सोचते हो। smooth = बिना बाधा के। cruise = चलना। rugged = विषम। terrain = क्षेत्र। tough = कठिन। roll up our sleeves = तैयार रहें। shovel = बेलचा। pursuit = खोज। spurts = अचानक (विस्फोट)। confronted = सामना हुआ है। fallacy = गलतफहमी। corollary = इसका प्रत्यक्ष परिणाम। misconception = गलत धारणा। endeavour = प्रयत्न। blissfully = आनन्दपूर्वक। vocation = जीवन बिताने का ढंग। devise = ईजाद करना। pitch fork = कांटेदार पंजा। diligent = कठिन प्रयास। constant = सततः। worthwhile = करने योग्य। prevelent = व्याप्त। contributing = योगदान देना।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Definition of happiness
1.1. not synonym of fun.
1.2. is intangible – we experience happiness after a successful act
1.3. stronger, deeper, more abiding emotion
1.4. an ultimate goal

2. Fun:
2.1. we experience during an act
2.1.1. by watching a movie, going shopping, meeting friends
2.1.2. relaxation & enjoyment

3. Way to happiness:
3.1. not smooth & comfortable
3.2. the very tough-rocky and rugged area
3.3. lasts a lifetime
3.4. needs diligent and constant efforts

4. Fallacies regarding happiness:
4.1. true happiness
4.1.1. not synonymous with pleasure
4.1.2. lies in raising children
4.1.3. loving people
4.1.4. doing worthwhile things

5. Facts about Happiness:
5.1. happiness isn’t permanent
5.2. work is worship
5.2.1. key to happiness
5.2.2. increases confidence & self-worth
5.2.3. self-satisfaction

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary or Abstraction
Happiness defies definition. People equate happiness with fun, money, and living a luxurious life. In fact, happiness is not the synonym of fun. People despite living a very luxurious life, are not often happy. Watching a movie, going shopping, and meeting friends may be a part of the fun but not necessarily happiness. Fun activities give us fleeting moments of relaxation and enjoyment while happiness is a much stronger, deeper, and abiding emotion. True happiness comes out of work and by doing some worthwhile things in life. Work gives us satisfaction and self-confidence which ultimately gives us happiness. Way to happiness is rocky and very tough. Hence, work is the key to happiness
Title – ‘Work: Key to Happiness’

Question 17. (S S Exam 2012)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
There are seven schools of Yoga, differing from one another, and yet having a common objective. The system expounded by Patanjali in his ‘Yoga Sutras’ is that of Raja Yoga and includes much of the teaching of the other six. ‘Hatha Yoga’ consists largely of a system of bodily exercises calculated to stimulate the mental and spiritual faculties.

‘Mantra Yoga’ is a ritualistic course of meditation on certain mystical syllables. ‘Bhakti Yoga’ emphasises devotion. The remaining schools do not command much importance. It may be worthwhile examining if the yoga method and the modern technique of Mental Hygiene have any common features.

Yoga in the words of Patanjali”‘is attained by studying the fluctuations of the mind”. The student of yoga is necessarily one who is dissatisfied with his own adaptation to life and to the external world, for no other reason would induce a man to engage in such an exacting course. His search is not avowedly a search for God, but rather a striving for self-knowledge and internal mental balance.

Patanjali says that if the student is of such a temperament that the idea of God appeals to him, that is to be encouraged, for the approach to equilibrium through devotion to God is thereby made the more rapid. If, on the other hand, the student is unable to accept the hypothesis of God, there are other paths of approach.

Yoga, in other words, encourages but does not insist upon the devotional approach. Even though Mental Hygiene is intimately associated with Ethics and Religion, this study must confine itself to the psychological aspects of the subject.

(Word Notes: expounded = वर्णित (वर्णन किया गया)। to stimulate = सक्रिय करना। spiritual faculties = आध्यात्मिक शक्तियाँ। ritualistic = धर्म या संस्कार सम्बन्धी। meditation = योग या ध्यान। emphasises = जोर देता है। devotion = भक्ति। is attained = (प्राप्त) किया जाता है। fluctuation = उतार-चढ़ाव। necessarily = आवश्यक रूप से। adaptation = ग्रहणशीलता। induce = राजी करना। exactly = ठीक-ठीक। avowed = स्वीकारी। striving = कठिन प्रयास करते हुए। temperament = मिजाज (स्वभाव)। equilibrium = संतुलन। rapid = तेज। hypothesis = परिकल्पना (यहाँ विचार)। insist = ज़ोर देना। intimately = घनिष्ठता से। confine = सीमित। psychological = मनोवैज्ञानिक।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1.Important schools of yoga – expounded by Patanjali
1.1. Raja Yoga-teaching of other six
1.2. Hatha Yoga-body exercises to stimulate the mental and spiritual faculties
1.3. devotion
1.4. Bhakti Yoga ritualistic course of meditation

2. The objective of different yogas:
2.1. common objective
2.2. self-knowledge
2.3. internal & mental balance

3. Yoga is attained:
by studying the fluctuations of the mind.

4. Student of yoga:
4.1. strives for self-knowledge & internal mental balance.

5. Yoga encourages: devotional approach

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary or Abstraction
There are seven schools of yoga. Some of the important schools of yoga are- Raja yoga, Hatha yoga, Mantra yoga, Bhakti yoga, etc. The object of all the yogas is common-that is to gain self-knowledge and internal mental balance. Yoga is attained by studying the fluctuations of the mind. Yoga encourages a devotional approach and stimulates mental and spiritual faculties.
Title – Yoga and Its Importance

Question 18. (S S Exam 2013)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Modern life is sophisticated and complex. Simple living and high thinking is a thing of the past. Complex living and low thinking have replaced this motto. Most of the people are artificial and sophisticated. They have one thing in their heart and another on their lips. Majority of the people in the cities are deceitful. The face is no more the index of the mind. Only expert psychologists can study the character of a man from the outlook of a person. The world is full of cheats and robbers. Many a man with simple looks may be a crook in reality.

It is a world of make-believe and shows business. Acting and mannerism are the rules of the day. The new generation is clear and smart. It is beyond recognition. Very few people are dependable in respect to their character and integrity. In this world of complexity and artificiality, manners are all important. You cannot move in society unless you know about good manners and possess them. Even if you may not have good meals, you have to maintain certain minimum standards of dress and make-up. Manners have become a part and parcel of life. Without proper manners, you are not welcome anywhere.

However honest may be your intention and however innocent your behaviour unless you can put up a tactful show of manners, you will not earn the respect of your fellow beings. For good manners, you must maintain a good personality. A clean dress, a clean body, certain patients in giving ears to the other party are necessary qualifications of a person professing to know manners. These qualifications are important for success in any walk of life. Their importance is all-pervading in modern times. Simplicity, innocence, honesty and similar traits of this kind have lost their values. These traits make a simpleton of any intelligent person in modern society.

(Word Notes: sophisticated = परिष्कृत। complex = जटिल। deceitful = बेईमान। psychologists = मनोवैज्ञानिक। outlook = दृष्टिकोण। crook = बेईमान। mannerism = व्यवहार। dependable = विश्वसनीय। integrity = सत्यनिष्ठा। complexity = जटिलता। conversation = वार्तालाप। professing = प्रकट करते हुए। simpleton = बुद्धू, गोबर – गणेश।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Modern life:
1.1. complex living
1.2. low thinking
1.3. artificial characters
1.4. the difference in thought and on lips.

2. Majority of people:
2.1. deceitful
2.2. cheats and robbers

3. Needs of modern society:
3.1. good manners
3.2. good meals
3.3. standards of dress
3.4. tactful show of manners

4. Requirements for a good personality:
4.1. proper manners
4.2. clean dress and body
4.3. good conversation.

5. Lost values:
5.1. simplicity
5.2. innocence
5.3. honesty
5.4. high thinking
5.5. intelligent to simpleton

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
In modern life, complex living and low thinking have taken place of simple living and high thinking. Now people have a difference in thoughts and on lips. The majority of people are cheats and robbers. In modern life, people have faith in artificiality, pomp and show. Now the concept of being accepted is good personality, good manners, clean dress and good power of conversation. But high virtues have lost their value these days.
Title- Modern Life: Complex Living and Low Thinking.

Question 19. (Sr. Sec. Supplementary 2013)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Religion as I saw it, practised, and accepted even by thinking minds, whether it was Hinduism or Islam or Buddhism or Christianity, did not attract me. It seemed to be closely associated with superstitious practices and dogmatic beliefs and behind it lay a method of approach to life’s problems which was certainly not that of science. There was an element of magic about it, an uncritical credulousness, a reliance on the supernatural. Yet it was obvious that religion had supplied some deeply felt inner need of human nature and that the vast majority of people all over the world could not do without some form of religious belief.

It had produced many fine types of men and women, as well as bigoted, narrow-minded, cruel tyrants. It had given a set of values to human life, and though some of these values had no application today, or were even harmful, others were still the foundation of morality and ethics. In the wider sense of the word, religion dealt with the uncharted regions of human experience; uncharted that is, by the scientific positive knowledge of the day. In a sense, it might be considered an extension of the known and charted region, though the methods of science and religion were utterly unlike each other, and to a large extent, they had to deal with different kinds of media.

It was obvious that there was a vast unknown region all around us, and science, with its magnificent achievements, knew little enough about it, though it was making tentative approaches in the direction. Probably also the normal methods of science, its dealings with the visible world and the process of life, were not wholly adapted to the physical, the artistic, the spiritual, and other elements of the invisible world. Life does not consist entirely of what we see and hear and feel, the visible world which is undergoing a change in time and space.

(Word Notes: associate = सम्बन्धित होना। superstitious = अंधविश्वासी। dogmatic = हठधर्मी। uncritical = अविवेकपूर्ण। credulousness = विश्वास प्रवणता। reliance = आस्था। supernatural = अलौकिक। obvious = स्पष्ट। bigoted = कट्टर। tyrant = निरंकुश शासक। ethics = नीतिशास्त्र। uncharted = अज्ञात। extension = विस्तार। utterly = पूर्ण रूप से। tentative = प्रायोगिक। spiritual = आध्यात्मिक।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and sub-heading.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Religion seemed to be associated with
1.1. superstitious practices
1.2. dogmatic beliefs
1.3. a scientific approach

2. An element of magic
2.1. an uncritical credulousness
2.2. a reliance on supernatural

3. Religion had produced
3.1. many fine types of men and women
3.2. bigoted
3.3. narrow-minded
3.4. cruel tyrants
3.5. a set of values to human life

4. Religion dealt with:
4.1. uncharted regions of human experience
4.1.1. considered an extension of the known and charted region
4.2. Methods of science and religion utterly unlike one another

5. Normal methods of science not wholly adapted to:
5.1. physical
5.2. artistic
5.3. spiritual
5.4. other elements of the invisible world

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
No religion could attract me due to superstitious practices and dogmatic beliefs. Religion continued in practice because of an uncritical credulousness, a reliance on the supernatural. It was obvious that the vast majority of people could not do without religion. Religion had not only produced many fine types of men and women but also given a set of values to human life. On the other hand, it had produced bigoted, narrow-minded and cruel tyrants.

Religion also dealt with the uncharted regions of human experience. The methods of science and religion were totally unlike each other. Science was making tentative approaches to vast unknown regions all around us. The normal methods of science were not wholly adapted to the physical, the artistic, the spiritual and other elements of the invisible world.
Title – Religion and Science

Question 20. (S. S. Exam 2014)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Success comes to those who work with concentration and have thoroughness in action. Anyone who achieves success in the management of any great affair of life is entitled to honour. May he be an artist who paints a picture, an author who writes a book, a housewife who manages the household affairs or a soldier who wins the battle – the credit goes to his ardent spirit which is responsible for getting the job done thoroughly without getting discouraged by the failures.

Nothing great and durable was ever achieved without perseverance. It is only by practice, patience, labour, thoroughness and an eye for perfection that man reaches the minutest details of the problem, overcomes them and attains his goal. There is not even a single statesman who has not been a man of industry.

Louis XIV rightly said, “It is by toil that kings govern”. Washington, an indefatigable man of business trained himself in the habits of application, study and methodical work and successfully brought them to bear in the affairs of the government. Wellington, the head of his army in Spain directed the precise manner in which the soldiers were to cook their breakfast while on duty. He specified the exact speed at which bullocks were to be driven.

If every detail in action is carefully arranged and well executed, then efficiency is secured. : Booker T. Washington, a great American leader and educator, gained admission to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Virginia. The head teacher got impressed by his quality of thoroughness in work. When asked to clean the adjoining room, he swept the room three times and dusted every bit of furniture four times. This superb quality of thoroughness in work impressed the head teacher and Washington got admission in the school of his dreams.

So, it should be borne in mind that behind every dream and success lies a long trail of passionate efforts which the world may never come to know. But if anyone thinks that great success can be achieved without thoroughness, then it is better if thoroughness becomes our second nature and with the boon bestowed upon us, we can reap the harvest of our toil for the rest of our lives.

(WordNotes: concentration = एकाग्रता। thoroughness = सम्पूर्णता। affair = कार्य। entitled = हकदार। credit = श्रेय। ardent = तीव्र, उत्साही। spirit = जोश। durable = टिकाऊ। perseverance = दृढ़ता। attain = प्राप्त करना। indefatigable = अथक। methodical = सचेत। adjoining = निकटस्थ। borne= दृढ़तापूर्वक चेतना में लाना। trail = (यहाँ) चलना। passionate = तीव्र। bestowed = प्रदान किया, दिया। harvest = फसल। toil = minutest = अति सूक्ष्म। overcoat = जीतना। statesman = वक्ता। bear= दायित्व लेना। precise = सही, स्पष्ट। exerted = कठिन परिश्रम। कार्य सम्पादित करना।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Success comes to those who:
1.1. worķwith concentration
1.2. have thoroughness in action

2. Nothing great and durable achieved without
2.1. practice
2.2. patience
2.3. labour
2.4. thoroughness

3. Washington trained himself in the habits of:
3.1. application
3.2. study
3.3. methodical work

4. Wellington directed the soldiers to secure efficiency
4.1. to cook their breakfast – while on duty
4.2. specified exact speed – at which Bullock to be driven

5. Every dream and success lies in:
5.1. a long trail of passionate efforts – the world may never come to know

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Those who work with concentration and have thoroughness in action get success, whether they are painters, authors, housewives or any other professionals. It is the ardent spirit that makes the work done thoroughly. Without perseverance, not a single leader has yet succeeded. Many great people like Washington, Brooker T.

Washington, Wellington gained success in their life by toiling hard and engaging themselves in passionate efforts. Brooker T. Washington impressed his head teacher by the quality of thoroughness in work whereas Wellington directed the soldiers to cook their breakfast while on duty. So, at last, it is wrong to think to achieve success without thoroughness in action and concentration in work.
Title – Success – Mantra

Question 21. (S.S. Exam 2015)
Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The idea that women’s rights are human fights has presently gained momentum globally and has secured recognition internationally now. However, this idea is not new to India. Swami Vivekananda observed that a civilization could be judged by the way it treats its women. If a truly democratic and equitable society is to be created then women from all segments including the less privileged must be given voice in decisions that affect their lives and that of their family. Hence the fact of the need for protection of women’s rights has been present in the Indian social and political system.

Several steps have been taken by the Government for protection of rights of the women. To give recognition to the women, it has been made compulsory to include mother’s name along with that of the father in the various application forms required to be filled for an Indian child while seeking admission in a school. Several changes have been made in personal laws to protect women’s rights and remove inherent inequalities.

The Government of India has taken several measures to help and support the women especially of the weaker sections of society. Those include the Rashtriya Mahila Kosh and the Mahila Samakhya programmes. The formation of Self Help Groups of women is another important step in giving voice to women. Financial independence has not only given a boost to the confidence of women, but it has also freed their families from the clutches of the village money lenders.

The field of literacy is one where women have played an important role, be it at the stage of atmosphere building or teaching of the illiterates, especially in the state of Rajasthan. As far as literacy is concerned, women have played an important role. They have been appreciated by the Government also, and every year when the Akshar Mitrą (Friends of Letters) awards are given, quite a number of women get awards too.

Ours is a developing the country and media has a prominent role in shaping or remoulding the attitudes of its populace. By giving space to success stories of women, the media can effectively contribute to the glorious world of women and her existence.

(Word Notes: gained = प्राप्त कर ली। momentum = विकास की निरंतरता। globally = विश्व-व्यापी प्रकार से। secured = प्राप्त कर लिया। recognition = सार्वजनिक प्रशंसा। observed = टिप्पणी की। equitable = निष्पक्ष। segments = भागों। privileged = विशेषाधिकार संपन्न। protection = संरक्षण। compulsory = अनिवार्य। include = जोड़ना। along with= के साथ। seek= पानी। inherent = अंतर्निहित। inequalities = असमानताएँ। measures = उपाय। support= सहारा देना। formation = संरचना। boost = बढ़ावा, वृद्धि। clutches = शिकंजे। money lenders = साहूकारों। literacy = साक्षरता। concerned = संबंधित होनी, की बात होना। prominent = महत्वपूर्ण। remoulding = पुनः संवारना। populace = लोग। contribute = योगदान देना। glorious = भव्य।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Women’s rights fight:
1.1. not new for India
1.2. gained momentum globally.
1.3. secured international recognition
1.4. present in the Indian political system

2. Steps were taken to protect and remove inequalities:
2.1. Included mother’s name with that of father
2.2. made several changes in personal laws.

3. Measures to help and support
3.1. formed Rashtriya Mahila Kosh
3.2. started Mahila Samakhya programme
3.3. Formed self-help groups

4. Results:
4.1. financial independence
4.2. freedom from the clutches of money lenders

5. Support by women in literacy programme:
5.1. build atmosphere
5.2. teach illiterates
5.3. appreciated by government
5.4. get Akshar Mitra awards

6. Role of media in the campaign:
6.1. shape and remould the attitudes of the populace
6.2. highlight the success stories of women.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Women’s right is to give voice to them. It is not new to India but it has secured recognition internationally now. Several steps have been taken for their rights such as including the mother’s name with the child and making several changes in the personal laws. Various groups of women are formed for their financial help. They have made them independent. Women have helped in the literacy programme in Rajasthan. Media can also help a lot in the fight of women’s right.
Title – Women’s Rights – Human Fights

Question 22. (S.S. Exam 2016)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Work is essential for man. It is a blessing. It is one of the precious privileges he has. It is the source of all other rights. It brings him the good things of life and promotes his well-being. Work is an integral part of life. Without it, life is deprived of its substance and character. Work gives us happiness. It banishes vice and poverty from life. Work, according to Carlyle, is the grand cure of all the maladies that beset mankind. It is the key to all progress. Work is life, idleness is death.

The prosperity of any nation depends on the work of the people there. If they remain like lotus-eaters, no nation can progress or achieve anything remarkable. The prosperity.achieved by nations like Japan and Israel bears out this. No pains, no gains. All kind of work deserves our respect. But there are a number of people who consider some kinds of work ignoble and inferior. The work of farmers is much more important than that of teachers.

The reason is that if the farmers do not work, we shall not get any food-stuff. If streetcleaners do not work, life in cities and town will prove difficult. “It does not disgrace a gentleman,” says Ruskin,” to become an errand boy or a day labourer, but it disgraces him much to become a knave and a thief”. For Carlyle, work is worship. According to him, there is perennial nobleness and even sacredness in work.

To work is to pray. The worker is the saviour of society, the redeemer of the race, Tagore says God is the tiller of the hard ground and the path-maker. “He is with them in the sun and in the shower and his garment is covered with dust.” The best form of worship, according to Gurudev, is to work and serve others. It is necessary for our young men and women to recognize the dignity of labour.

Most of them prefer white collar jobs to manual work. Manual work according to Gandhiji gives an opportunity to all who wish to take part in the government and the well-being of the state. We should look up to the worker who earns his livelihood by the sweat of his brow.

(Word Notes: precious privilege = बहुमूल्य सौभाग्य। banishes = छुटकारा दिलाता है, दूर भगाता है। maladies = बीमारियों। lotus-eater = आलसी व्यक्ति। remarkable = महत्वपूर्ण। deserve = पात्र है। ignoble = बुरा। inferior = तुच्छ। errand boy = सामान को लाने ले-जाने वाला लड़का। disgrace = अपमान करना। knave = धूर्त। perennial = निरन्तर। saviour = रक्षक। redeemer = अच्छा बनकर कुछ काम करने वाला। dignity = गरिमा। white collar job = क्लर्क का काम। lookup = मान सम्मान से देखना। sweat of brow = पसीना बहाकर, मेहनत कर।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Work is
(i) blessing
(ii) precious privilege
(iii) source of rights
(iv) the promoter of well being

2. Profits of doing work
(i) give us happiness
ii) remover vice and poverty
(iii) grand cure of maladies

3. Whose work is inferior
(i). No work is inferior
(ii) The work of farmers, street cleaners are not inferior. It is superior to the work of so many people.

4. Opinion about work
(i) Ruskin: It does not disgrace a gentleman to become an errand boy or a day labourer.
(ii) Carlyle: Work is worship. Work is to pray. The worker is the saviour of society. Work is the key to all progress.
(iii) Tagore: To work and serve others is the best form of worship.
(iv) Gandhiji: Manual labour gives the opportunity to all

5. Without work
(i) No nation can progress
(ii) achieve anything remarkable.

6. Disgraceful is
To become a knave’ and a thief.

7. Examples of hard work
Countries like Japan and Israel have achieved great progress only due to the hard work of their people.

8. No pains, no gains.

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Work is essential. It is a blessing. Without work life is useless. Work is the key to all progress. Due to hard work countries like Japan and Israel are progressing. All kinds of work deserve our respect. No work is inferior. Work is worship according to Carlyle. The best worship is to work, according to Gurudev. Gandhiji gave importance to manual labour.
Title – Importance of Work

Question 23. (S. S. Exam 2017)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Happy is the man who acquires the habit of reading when he is young. He has secured a life long source of pleasure, instruction and inspiration. So long as he has his beloved books, he need never feel lonely. He always has a pleasant occupation of leisure moments, so that he need never feel bored. He is the possessor of wealth more precious than gold. Ruskin calls books. “King’s Treasures” – treasuries filled, not with gold and silver and precious stones, but with riches much more valuable than these – knowledge, noble thoughts and high ideals.

Poor indeed is the man who does not read, and empty is his life. The blessings which the reading habit confers on its possessor are many provided we choose the right kind of books. Reading gives the highest kind of pleasure. Some books we read simply for pleasure and amusement – for example, good novels. And novels and books of imagination must have their place in everybody’s reading.

When we are tired, or the brain is weary with serious study, it is healthy recreation to lose ourselves in some absorbing story written by a master hand. Books are the most faithful of friends. Our friends may change or die, but our books are always patiently waiting to talk to us. They are never cross, peevish or unwilling to converse, as our friends sometimes are. No wonder a reader becomes a “book lover”.

(Word Notes: acquire = अर्जित कर लेना। secured = सुरक्षित करना। inspiration = प्रेरणा। so long as = जब तक। Occupation = समय यापन का ढंग। leisure = फुर्सत। bored = ऊबना। possessor = धारण करना। empty = खाली। blessing = सौभाग्य। confer = प्रदान करना। amusement = मनोरंजन। weary = थका हुआ। recreation = मनोरंजन। absorbing = किसी की सम्पूर्ण रुचि को बनाए हुए। master = कुशल। peevish = चिढ़ा हुआ। unwilling = अनिच्छुक। converse = वार्तालाप करना।)

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. A habit of reading books – a source of
1.1. Pleasure
1.2. Instruction
1.3. Inspiration

2. A reader always
2.1. Happy
2.2. Never feels lonely
2.3. Never feels bored

3. The person who does not read is
3.1. Poor
3.2. Empty

4. Blessing through right kind of books are
4.1. Pleasure
4.2. Amusement
4.2.1. Books
4.2.2. Novels
4.3. Healthy recreation

5. Books – faithful friends
5.1. Never
5.1.1. Changes
5.1.2. Crosses
5.1.3. Dies
5.1.4. Peevish
5.1.5. Unwilling to converse
5.2. Patiently wait

6. Ruskin Bond
6.1. King’s Treasure-filled
6.1.1. Gold
6.1.2. Precious stones
6.2. Knowledge
6.3. Noble thoughts
6.4. High ideas

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
Books are faithful friends for they provide pleasure, instruction and inspiration. The person who has developed the habit of reading a good book is always happy, never bored. He has the treasure of knowledge, high ideals. Books never change or die like a friend. They are never cross, peevish or unwilling to converse. But they wait for us. The life of the man is empty who does not read. He is poor indeed.
Title – Books – Faithful Friends

Question 24. (S. S. Exam 2018)
Read the passage given below and answer the questions:
This problem of the art of living is one which for two thousand years has interested and perplexed the world’s philosophers ………….. Most people would agree that, apart from the eternal verities, the art of living consists in the achievement of happiness and in the avoidance of unhappiness. Happiness has little to do with enjoyment or even pleasure; it is something for more reputable than self-indulgence. Happiness can only be found in the free and successful expression of one’s own personality. I shall now examine that phrase and therefore repeat it.

Happiness, or the art of living, consists in the free and successful expression of one’s own personality, what do I mean by that? I mean something for more than the selfishness of self-seeking. People who are selfish or self-centered or conceited have not begun to learn the art of living; they have not mastered even the ABC of the art. Of all the miserable people in the world, there are none so miserable as those who think only of themselves and whose every motive is the self-seeking motive.

You see, every man or woman born into this world is given certain personal virtues and cursed with certain personal defects. If he or she seeks to express his or her own personality, which I hold to be the art of living, he must strive always to express his virtues and to suppress his defects. He must not express the worst in himself; he must express the best in himself. He will never be happy if he falls into the dreary round of selfishness.

(Word Notes: has interested = (जानने की) रुचि जगाई है। perplexed = भ्रमिते, किंकर्तव्यविमूढ़। eternal = शा२वत, निरन्तर विद्यमान। consist in (Phrasal verb) = में होना, से बना होना। achievement = उपलब्धि। pleasure = प्रसन्नता, आनन्द। self-indulgence = आत्म – आसाक्ति, स्वयं में मगन रहने की भावना। self-seeking = स्वहित पूर्ति की भावना (N) स्वार्थपरायण (A)। conceited = दम्भी, अहंकारी। ABC = प्राथमिक सामान्य तथ्य। miserable = दयनीय। virtues = सदाचार, सद्गुण। strive = कठिन प्रयास करना। suppress = दमन करना, रोक लगाना। dreary = दुःखद, निरस।)

Question 1. (2 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. The art of living consists
1.1. in the achievement of happiness
1.2. in the avoidance of unhappiness

2. Happiness
2.1. is not self-indulgence
2.2. is not selfishness

3. Happiness can only be found
in the free and successful expression of one’s personality

4. Every man or woman
4.1. has certain personal virtues
4.2. is cursed with certain personal defects.

5. This art of living is
5.1. to express virtues
5.2. to suppress defects

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages Note-Making

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
The world’s philosophers have always strived to know the art of living and they, at last, define it as the achievement of happiness. Happiness is the free and successful expression of one’s own personality. It has nothing to do with selfishness or self-centeredness. A man having the art of living always expresses his virtues and suppresses his defects with having a desire of selfishness.
Title – The Art of Living

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

May 27, 2019 by Prasanna Leave a Comment

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Literary Passages –
इस प्रकार के Passages उपन्यास, नाटक, निबन्ध या जीवनी पर आधारित होते हैं। ये Passages तथ्य (facts) पर आधारित होते हैं। इनमें निम्न बातों का विवरण मिलता है।
(i) Descriptions (विवरण / वर्णन)
(ii) Instructions (निर्देश)
(iii) Reports (प्रतिवेदन)

Passage 1.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Married life has a significant place in our Indian culture. It is the life of a householder that nurtures and enhances society. The nation gets its future generation owing to this. Hence it is very important that married life is sweet and pleasant. However, it is seen that there are more bitterness and tension in the relationship owing to incessant quarrels and differences of opinion.
Husband and wife get disconnected from each other. The children become orphaned emotionally and the family disintegrates. There are small tips and habits which, when incorporated in daily life, can restore the sweetness of family life and may even lead to a blissful life of togetherness.

Each and every person leading a married life has his own individual life. One’s habits, interests, way of life and perspective towards life can be temporarily changed, but cannot be modified permanently. This is the main reason for married life to be smooth for some time and unrest crawling in after prolonged periods. This is the very reason why each of them should allocate sufficient time to each other so that they not only understand each other but also do a thorough self-introspection and lead a life of their own choice.

Being honest in marriage is very important. This is the foundation for faith in the relationship. Honesty in talking, honesty in discharging one’s responsibilities, honesty in fulfilling promises and honesty in all interactions is the key to strengthening the relationship and enhancing the personality of both husband and wife. For the couple to understand each other well, it is important that they are able to leave their fears and speak out their minds to each other. They should discuss freely; and even when they are upset with one another, it should be sorted out as soon as possible.

There may be differences of opinion, but this should never lead to disruption of harmony in mind. There is one habit that is noticed largely in people. They seem to have many complaints against all things in the world. This is primarily because of a facet in their personality which makes them focus on the negative aspects of others rather than looking at the positive ones. If we are prone to this habit, then we should ensure that this is kept under check so that our personality is not perceived as dissatisfied and irritable.

(Difficult words: significant = महत्वपूर्ण। nurture = पालन-पोषण करना। enhance = बढ़ावा देना। bitterness = कटुता। incessant = अनवरत, लगातार। orphaned = अनाथ। emotionally = भावनात्मक रूप से। disintegrates = टुकड़े – टुकड़े होना। incorporated = सम्मिलित होना। restore = पुनः प्राप्त करना। perspective = दृष्टिकोण। crawling = रेंगना। allocate = देना। introspection = अन्तरदृष्टि। interactions = वार्तालाप। strengthening = मजबूत करना। enhancing = बढ़ावा देते हुए। sorted out = सुलझाया जाना। disruption = बाधित होना। harmony = मधुर संबंध। facet = पक्ष। prone = प्रवृत्ति होना। ensure = सुनिश्चित करना। perceived = कथित। irritable = चिड़चिड़ा।)

Question 1.
Why is married life important?
Answer:
Married life is important for the nation gets its future generation owing to it.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 2.
What is called a kind of bad habit?
Answer:
To have a host of complaint against all things in the world is called a kind of bad habit.

Question 3.
What is the key to strengthening the relationship?
Answer:
Honesty in everything is the key to strengthening the relationship.

Question 4.
What can be temporarily changed?
Answer:
One’s habits, interests, way of life and perspective towards life can be temporarily changed.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 5.
What is important for society?
Answer:
Happy married life is important for society.

Question 6.
What should never lead to a disruption of harmony in mind?
Answer:
The difference of opinion should never lead to a disruption of harmony in mind.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Communications
Answer:
Interactions

Question 8.
Give out
Answer:
Allocate

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 9.
Making better
Answer:
Enhancing

Passage 2.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Most people find their lives purposeless, wasted and worthless. That is why with an ordinary illness or some slightly unfavourable situation, the individual prays for an end to his life. In the opinion of one psychologist, every person thinks of committing suicide more than once in his life.

It is a different thing that he does not develop enough courage to end his life. Even then some impulsive individuals commit suicide because of petty reasons like failing in examination, losing a job, quarrels in the family or defeat in a court of law. The number of people committing suicide because of such reasons in the increase.

Why do people commit suicide? Psychologists give various answers to this question. Some people say that a man gets such a disappointing atmosphere everywhere around him that he does not find any solution except this. According to some psychiatrists, people with violent tendencies who are unable to express them, destroy themselves by these tendencies.
Some persons find themselves so much lonely and helpless that they find no benefit in living and they think, ‘Why not to commit suicide? After all, what is there in life?’ Some persons think of committing suicide during emotional excitement and prepare a plan for suicide during such a condition.

The main reason for suicide is said to be depression due to physical illness or failure in examination, love or competition. A tendency of revenge is also said to be behind suicides. According to this opinion, some people commit suicide because of a burden of feeling guilty, since they are unable to find a solution to get rid of guilty feelings. Many others commit suicide because they are fed up of old age, rejection by a spouse, unemployment, court cases, etc.

The reason for suicide is the experience of the worthlessness of this life. It is also true that each person-not just once but many times- thinks of his life as worthless and many times a burden. To free himself from this burden, the person thinks of self-destruction. The question arises, ‘Is life so much worthless that on account of disappointment in small matters, one should think of ending it?’

If a self-analysis is made seriously, it will be found that every person finds many times that his life is worthless and burdensome.
Whatever the reason, but the worthlessness of life is felt with such intensity that by ending it, no difference is felt. Life is like a river, which keeps on flowing from its source to its merger into the sea.

(Difficult words: psychologist = मनोचिकित्सक। impulsive = आवेगपूर्ण। disappointing = निराशाजनक। except = सिवाय। violent = हिंसक। tendencies = प्रवृत्तियाँ। excitement = उत्तेजना। depression = अवसाद। revenge = बदला। burden = बोझ। guilty = अपराधी। to get rid of = छुटकारा पाना। fed up = ऊब जाना। emotional = भावुक spouse = पति या पत्नी। worthlessness = निरुपयोगिता। intensity = तीव्रता। merger = विलय।)

Question 1.
With what is life compared?
Answer:
Life is compared with a river which keeps on flowing from its source to its merger into the sea.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 2.
When do people with violent tendency commit suicide?
Answer:
People with violent tendency commit suicide when they are unable to express them.

Question 3.
When do some impulsive individuals commit suicide?
Answer:
Some impulsive individuals commit suicide when they fail in the examination, lose a job, quarrel in the family or are defeated in a court of law.

Question 4.
How do most people find their lives?
Answer:
Most people find their lives purposeless, wasted and worthless.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 5.
What is the main reason responsible for depression?
Answer:
The main reason for depression is physical illness or failure in examination, love or competition.

Question 6.
What is the opinion of one psychologist about committing suicide?
Answer:
According to him, every person thinks of committing suicide more than once in his life.

Choose from the passage the words that mean:

Question 7.
Husband or wife
Answer:
Spouse

Question 8.
Act of killing oneself
Answer:
Suicide

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 9.
Being responsible for doing something wrong.
Answer:
Guilty

Passage 3. (CBSE 2014)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Too many parents these days can’t say no. As a result, they find themselves raising children who respond greedily to the advertisements aimed right at them. Even getting what they want doesn’t satisfy some kids; they only want more. Now, a growing number of psychologists, educators and parents think it’s time to stop the madness and start teaching kids about what’s really important: values like hard work, contentment, honesty and compassion.

The struggle to set limits has never been tougher- and the stakes have never been higher. One recent study of adults who were overindulging in children paints a discouraging picture of their future: when given too much too soon, they grow up to be adults who have difficulty coping with life’s disappointments. They also have a distorted sense of entitlement that gets in the way of success in the workplace and in relationships.

Psychologists say that parents who overindulge their kids set them up to be more vulnerable to future anxiety and depression. Today’s parents themselves raised on values of thrift and self-sacrifice, grew up in a culture where ‘no’ was a household word. Today’s kids want much more, partly because there is so much more to want.

The oldest members of this Generation Excess were born in the late 1980s, just as PCs and video games were making their assault on the family room. They think of MP3 players and flat-screen TVs as essential utilities, and they have developed strategies to get them. One survey of teenagers found that when they crave for something new, most expect to ask nine times before their parents give in. By every measure, parents are shelling out record amounts.

In the heat of this buying blitz, even parents who desperately need to say’no’ find themselves reaching for their credit cards. Today’s parents aren’t equipped to deal with the problem. Many of them, raised in the 1960s and 70s, swore they’d act differently from their parents and have closer relationships with their own children.

Many even wear the same designer clothes as their kids and listen to the same music. And they work more hours; at the end of a long week, it’s tempting to buy peace with ‘yes’ and not mar precious family time with conflict. Anxiety about the future is another factor. How do well-intentioned parents say no to all the sports gear and arts and language lessons they believe will help their kids thrive in an increasingly competitive world?

Experts agree: too much love won’t spoil a child, too few limits wills. What parents need to find, is a balance between the advantages of an affluent society and the critical life lessons that come from waiting, saving and working hard to achieve goals. That search for balance has to start early. Children need limits on their behaviour because they feel better and more secure when they live within a secured structure.

Older children learn self-control by watching how others, especially their parent’s actions. Learning how to overcome challenges is essential to becoming a successful adult. Few parents ask kids to do chores. They think their kids are already overburdened by social and academic pressures. Every individual can be of service to others, and life has meaning beyond one’s own immediate happiness. That means parents eager to teach values have to take a long, hard look at their own.

(Difficult words: greedily = लालच से। psychologist = मनोवैज्ञानिक। contentment = संतुष्टि। compassion = दया, करुणा। stakes = बाजी की वस्तु, इनाम। overindulging = अत्यधिक आसक्त होना। discouraging = हतोत्साहित करने वाला। disappointment = निराशा। distort = विकृत करना। entitlement = हकदारी। vulnerable = नाजुक। depression = अवसाद। thrift = किफायत। assault= प्रहार। strategy = कौशलपूर्ण योजना, चतुराई। crave = इच्छा होना। shell-out = भुगतान करना। blitz = बमबारी, (यहाँ) अत्यधिक। aren’t equipped = योग्य नहीं है। swore = दृढ़तापूर्वक कहा। tempting = ललचाने वाला। mar = बिगाड़ना। thrive = पनपना। affluent = समृद्ध। critical = महत्त्वपूर्ण। chores = गृह का कामकाज। overburdened = अत्यधिक बोंझे से दबा हुआ।)

Question 1.
What values do parents and teachers want children to learn?
Answer:
Parents and teachers want children to learn the values like hard work, contentment, honesty and compassion.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 2.
What are the results of giving the children too much too soon?
Answer:
Future anxiety and depression are the results of giving the children too much too soon.

Question 3.
Why do today’s kids want more?
Answer:
Today’s kids want much more because there is so much more to want.

Question 4.
What is the balance which the parents need to have in today’s world?
Answer:
It is between the advantages of an affluent society and the critical life lessons that come from waiting, saving and working hard to achieve goals.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 5.
What is the necessity to set limits for children?
Answer:
Children need limits on their behaviour because they feel better and more secure when they live within a secured structure.

Question 6.
How can children become a successful adult?
Answer:
Children can become a successful adult by learning how to overcome challenges.

Pick out words from the passage that mean the same as the following:

Question 7.
A feeling of satisfaction
Answer:
Contentment

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 8.
Valuable
Answer:
Precious

Question 9.
Important
Answer:
Critical

Passage 4.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Gandhiji was a first-class nurse to the sick. Where he picked up nursing was a mystery. He certainly did not pass through a nursing school. As in many other things, when nursing became necessary to him in life, he learned it by the hard way of experience. In the Ashram at Sabarmati, all sick persons came directly under his eye and care.

Doctors were, of course, consulted; but the care of the sick, Gandhiji arranged in person. It was a joke, especially among the people in the Ashram that if you wanted to see Gandhiji every day and talk to him and hear him crack jokes, you had only to be ill and get into bed! For Gandhiji visited the sick every day, spent a few minutes at every bed-side, himself saw things carefully and never failed to crack a joke or two with the patient.

There was no day, too busy for Gandhiji to attend sick persons. There was once a young lad who went down with dysentery. He had done his best to accustom himself to Ashram food but failed. He had a great liking for coffee. But in the Ashram there was no coffee for him nor was coffee allowed. In good time, he got rid of his dysentery and was now recovering. Gandhiji visited him for a few minutes every day during his usual rounds.

Those few minutes were like a tonic to the poor lad. He pined for a cup of good coffee. One day he was lying on his back dreaming of it when he heard the welcome sound of the wooden sandals of Gandhiji. A minute later Gandhiji entered with his never-failing smile and cheering word. He looked at the lad and said, “Now you are decidedly better. You must have recovered your appetite. What would you like to eat ? Ah! some good upma or dosa?”

Gandhiji evidently knew all about the lad’s partiality for these two good old South Indian dishes. Gandhiji was laughing. The youngster had a sudden brain-wave. “Could I have a cup of coffee, please,” he blurted out. Gandhiji answered with a peal of laughter, “Oh, you old sinner, that is what you want!” And then seeing the look on the lad’s face, he added, “You certainly shall have your cup of coffee. Yes, light coffee will soothe your stomach. And what will you have with the coffee? I don’t think we can make upma or dosai, but warm toast would go well with coffee.

I shall send you a tray.” Gandhiji’s cottage was at the other end of the Ashram. Gandhiji himself prepared the coffee because his wife was taking rest. It was an untimely hour. He did not want to give unnecessary trouble to anyone. Coffee was light but excellent. The young lad was troubled when he thought that he had given trouble to Gandhiji to prepare coffee and toast for him.

(Difficult words: picked up = स्वतः सीखा। mystery = रहस्य। crack jokes = हँसी मजाक करना। got rid of = छुटकारा पाया। dysentery = पेचिश। accustom = अभ्यस्त बनाना। pined for = प्रबल इच्छा थी। never-failing = अचूक। appetite = भूख। evidently = स्पष्ट रूप से। partiality = विशेष चाव। soothe = शान्त करना। untimely = असामायिक। brain wave = उत्तम विचार, युक्ति। blurted out = बिना सोचे – समझे कह उठा। a peal of laughter = उन्मुक्त हँसी, ठहाका।)

Question 1.
What was a mystery?
Answer:
Gandhiji’s expertise as a nurse was a mystery.

Question 2.
What was the joke about Gandhiji?
Answer:
It was that if somebody wanted to see Gandhiji, he should just be ill and get into bed.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 3.
What was served with coffee?
Answer:
The toast was served with coffee.

Question 4.
Why was the young lad troubled?
Answer:
The young lad was troubled by the thought that he had given trouble to Gandhiji to prepare coffee and toast for him.

Question 5.
Where was Gandhiji’s cottage in the Ashram?
Answer:
Gandhiji’s cottage was at the end of the Ashram.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 6.
Why did Gandhiji himself prepare coffee?
Answer:
Gandhiji himself prepared coffee because it was an untimely hour and he did not want to give unnecessary trouble to his wife.

Choose from the passage the words that mean:

Question 7.
Something that is difficult to understand or to explain
Answer:
Mystery

Question 8.
Being used to
Answer:
Accustomed

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 9.
Desire for food
Answer:
Appetite

Passage 5.
Read the following poem and answer the questions given below:
Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high;
Where knowledge is free;
Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls;
Where words come out from the depth of truth;
Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection;
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit;
Where the mind is led forward by Thee into ever-widening thought and action –
Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.             – Rabindranath Tagore

Question 1.
Who is called ‘My Father’ here?
Answer:
God is called ‘My Father’ here.

Question 2.
Which knowledge is preferred by the poet?
Answer:
The knowledge that freely flows keeps us united and leads to perfection.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 3.
Where has the clear stream of a reason not lost its way?
Answer:
The clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit.

Question 4.
For what do people stretch their arms?
Answer:
People stretch their arms towards perfection.

Question 5.
What divides the world into fragments?
Answer:
Differences on the basis of caste, creed, language, etc., divide the world into fragments.

Question 6.
How can people achieve perfection?
Answer:
People can achieve perfection through continuous hard work.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Choose from the stanza the words that mean:

Question 7.
The continuous movement of a liquid.
Answer:
Flow

Question 8.
Trying very hard.
Answer:
Striving

Question 9.
Small pieces that have broken off from a larger part.
Answer:
Fragments

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Passage 6.
Read the following poem and answer the questions that follow:
Whose woods these are I think, I know,
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.                  – Robert Frost

Question 1.
Where does the owner of the woods live?
Answer:
He lives in a village quite close to the place where the poet is with his horse.

Question 2.
Who wishes to stop and where?
Answer:
The poet (the rider of the horse) wishes to stop near the woods.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 3.
What type of evening was that of the year?
Answer:
It was the darkest evening of the year.

Question 4.
Why does the horse think that the rider has made some mistake?
Answer:
The horse thinks so because his rider stops at night at a place where there is no farmhouse to stay in.

Question 5.
What other sounds did the poet hear in the woods?
Answer:
The other sound the poet hears in the woods was the sweep of wind and of downy flake.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 6.
Why did the horse shake its harness bells?
Answer:
The horse did so as if to ask if there was something wrong.

Choose from the passage the words that mean:

Question 7.
Covered with ice
Answer:
Frozen

Question 8.
The leatherwork by which a horse is controlled
Answer:
Harness

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 9.
Beautiful
Answer:
Lovely

Passage 7.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Prince Siddhartha, the son of king Suddhodan, lived a very happy life in the pleasure-palace. He was married to a beautiful princess, Yashodhara. There were music, dancing and pleasure all around him. He knew nothing of want, pain, disease, old age or death.

One day a veena was put on the window sill. The wind touched the strings and it produced music. The prince heard that the Devas were playing on the veena. He heard them giving a message. The voices of the wind told the prince that he was born to save mankind. The world was waiting for him. He should leave worldly love to save humanity from miseries of life. He felt a great desire to see the vast world outside the pleasure-palace.

When the king came to know of the prince’s desire, he ordered that the whole city should be decorated beautifully. The prince should not see any ugly and painful sight. No blind, sick, old person or a leper should come out. So the city of Kapilvastu was decorated in a very fine way. It looked quite clean and attractive – ‘a capital of some enchanted land’. The people welcomed the prince joyfully. The prince also felt happy to see people’s joy.

Then the prince saw an old man. He was wearing dirty and torn clothes. He was very lean and thin. He looked very tired and weak. He had no teeth. The prince asked his charioteer, Channa, who that man was. Channa told him that he was an old man. The prince asked if old age would come to all. Channa told him that it would. This made the prince very sad.

He ordered Channa to return to the palace. He did not take food. The entire night he was sleepless, uncomforted. That night the king saw a very fearful dream. He dreamed seven signs of fear. He was much disturbed. He lost all peace of mind. He called dream-readers to explain the meaning of the seven visions but none of them could explain the meaning.

At last, an old hermit came to the palace. He said that the seven fears were seven joys. The prince would shine like the sun. He would leave the world and give a new message of hope and love for the suffering of humanity. The king became very sad. For the prince’s second trip, he doubled the number of guards at all the doors of the palace. He tried his best to divert the mind of the prince but his efforts were of no use.

The Prince desired to see the city once more. The king gave permission for it. The next day, the prince dressed like a merchant and Channa in the dress of his clerk went out to see the city once more. The prince saw all kinds of people and all the common things. The prince saw a sick man. He was painfully crying for help. He asked Channa why the man was crying. Channa told him that he (the sick man) was suffering from a fatal disease. The disease would destroy all his powers. Then he would die.

Channa further told the prince that all grow old, fall sick and die. Then the prince saw a dead body being carried towards the river bank. He saw a group of people. They were crying, ‘Ram, Ram Satya hai’. The sight of the dead man and his cremation moved the prince deeply. Channa told him that no man is immortal. All must die. The prince was greatly troubled in mind. He said that he would try to remove suffering from the world. He then asked Channa to return home as he had seen enough.

(Difficult words: sill = चौखट। strings = तारों। miseries = कष्ट। vast = विशाल। enchanted = जादूई। lean and thin = दुबला-पतला। charioteer = रथ हाँकने वाला। cremation = अंतिम संस्कार। immortal = अमर।)

Question 1.
How was the old man looking?
Answer:
The old man was wearing dirty and torn clothes. He was very lean and thin. He looked very tired and weak. He had no teeth.

Question 2.
What did the prince decide finally?
Answer:
The prince decided that he would try to remove suffering from the body.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 3.
Why did the king order to decorate the whole city beautifully?
Answer:
The king ordered to decorate the whole city beautifully because the prince felt a great desire to see the vast world outside the pleasure-palace.

Question 4.
What did the prince not know initially?
Answer:
The prince initially knew nothing of want, pain, disease, old age or death.

Question 5.
What did the old hermit say?
Answer:
The old hermit said that the seven fears were seven joys and the prince would shine like the sun and leave the world and give a new message of hope and love for the suffering humanity.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 6.
What did the voices of the wind tell the prince?
Answer:
The voices of the wind told the prince that he was born to save mankind.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Influenced as by charms
Answer:
Enchanted

Question 8.
The incineration of a dead body
Answer:
Cremation

Question 9.
Turn aside
Answer:
Divert

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Passage 8.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
The role of friends plays in our lives has become significantly greater than at any other time in our history. Today many of us live and work at great distances from where we were born or we grew up and are separated from our original families. The pain we feel when we are away from our families can be significant.

The happiness of the individual relies on friendships which form a necessary human connection. It is perfectly normal to need and want friends and depression is more prevalent among those who lack friends. Such people lack intimacy and richness, friends can bring into their lives. Frequently, friends reflect similar values to us.

Yet these values are often different from the ones we grew up with; they are the values we created for ourselves in our adult lives. Communication skills are fundamental in all friendships. The more friends and acquaintances one has, the greater are one’s communication skills. Some call these, people skills.

Like watering a plant, we nourish our friendships (and all our relationships) by nurturing them. Friendships need the same attention as other relationships if they are to continue. These relationships can be delightfully non-judgemental, supportive, understanding and fun.

Sometimes friendship can bring out the positive side that you never show in any other relationship. This may be because the pressure of playing a ‘role’ (daughter, partner or child) is removed. With a friend, you are able to be yourself and free to change. Of course, you are free to do this in all other relationships as well, but in friendships, you get to have lots of rehearsals and discussion about changes as you experience them. It is an unconditional experience where you receive as much as you give.

You can explain yourself to a friend openly without the fear of hurting a family member. How do friendships grow? The answer is simple. By revealing yourself; being attentive; remembering what is most important to your friend and asking them about it; put yourself in their position; showing sympathy; seeing the world through the eyes of your friend, you will understand the value of friendship.

All this means learning to accept a person from a completely different family to your own or perhaps someone from a completely different cultural background. This is the way we learn tolerance. In turn, we gain tolerance and acceptance for our own differences.

Friendships are made by being considerate which needs communication skills, e.g. active listening skills, questioning skills, negotiation skills, reflection skills, emotional skills, and editing yourself. Friendships offer a great opportunity to learn about yourself because a friend can reflect back to you how you come across in the world.

They also allow you to practise skills in dealing with ‘personal boundaries’ by looking after yourself as well as your friend. They help you develop resilience in relation to the wider social world beyond your family.

(Difficult words: significantly = महत्वपूर्ण रूप से। relies = निर्भर करता है। depression = अवसाद। prevalent = व्याप्त। lack = कमी। intimacy = घनिष्ठता। frequently = बहुधा। fundamental = मूलभूत। acquaintances = परिचित। nurturing = पालन पोषण। delightfully = प्रसन्नतापूर्वक। rehearsal = दुहराव। revealing = प्रकट करते हुए। tolerance = सहनशीलता। considerate = विचारशील। negotiation = समझौता। reflecting = प्रकट करना। resilience = लचीलापन।)

Question 1.
How do friendships offer a great opportunity to learn about yourself?
Answer:
Friendships offer a great opportunity to learn about yourself because a friend can reflect back to you how you come across the world.

Question 2.
What is necessary if we want to continue friendships?
Answer:
If we want to continue friendships, they need the same attention as other relationship.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 3.
In what does the happiness of the individual rely on?
Answer:
The happiness of the individual relies on friendship.

Question 4.
What is fundamental in all friendships?
Answer:
Communication skills are fundamental in all friendships.

Question 5.
How is friendship better than any others relationship?
Answer:
Friendship can bring out the positive side that cannot be brought out by any other relationship.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 6.
What kind of pressure is removed in friendship?
Answer:
The pressure of playing the role of relatives is removed in friendship.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
A Form of practice
Answer:
Rehearsal

Question 8.
Sad feelings of gloom
Answer:
Depression

Question 9.
Chance
Answer:
Opportunity

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Passage 9.
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Rabindranath Tagore’s stature, the stature of our country is in the eyes of the world. A versatile genius, a literary artist, an educator, a composer, a singer, an actor, Tagore had all the gifts of Nature and fortunes in his favours. Born in a renowned Hindu family, Tagore pleaded not only for Concord with the past but also for freedom from the past. All healthy growth needs continuity and change.

We are not free unless our minds are liberated from dead forms, tyrannical restrictions and crippling social habits. Tagore condemned many of our reprehensible social practices. He believed that the essence of life lies in perpetual renewal and rededication to self-development. Tagore did not live in an ivory tower.

He led a procession in 1905 through the streets of Calcutta singing his song, “Are you so mighty as to cut asunder the bond forged by Providence?” Millions of voices have sung the National Anthem ‘Jana Gana Mana,’ calling upon us to nourish the unity of our country and be devoted to it.

He was not only a playwright but a novelist and a storyteller, a nationalist and an internationalist. As if these activities were not enough, he turned towards painting in his later years. He rejected traditional canons and experimented with new forms and colour compositions.

We honour him not only for this many-sided genius but also for his guidance and work in this troubled world. Tagore’s mission was one of reconciliation between East and West in a spirit of understanding and mutual enlightenment. For India, unity is truth and division is evil. The poet’s name is symbolic of the light of the day.

The sun which dispels the mist of darkness and the clouds of suspicion restores health to the human system. Though his work was rooted in Indian soil, his mind ranged across the world and hence had a universal appeal. Tagore’s writings have been translated into many languages, but even the best translations do not bring out the music and melody or the force of the original.
As Tagore was born at a difficult stage when India was in a revolutionary mood, he participated in the movement revolting against social, political and religious institutions. He was perpetually convinced of the validity and vitality of the fundamental ideals set forth by the seers and saints of India. Tagore’s philosophy was one of wholeness and unity. For Tagore-God, Man and Nature are bound together in a single unity. He was not a dreamer or a visionary. He kept constant vigil over the world.

He was a great sentinel as Gandhi called him. The moral health of a nation depended on the inspiration the people derived from their poets and artists. Asceticism for Tagore meant self-control and not abstention from worldly activities. Very early in his life when he was seventeen, he had the need to control his emotions.

He was not an unworldly saint. He had a tough earthly quality. The ideals of social life, economic pursuits, and the enjoyment of beauty should be cultivated equally. Water surrounds the lotus flower but does not wet its petals. Even so, human beings should work in this world without being affected by it.

For Tagore, as for Gandhi, the measure of man’s greatness lies in a happy blend of contemplation and action. For Tagore, as for Gandhi, the measure of man’s greatness is not his material passions but for the truth in him which is universal. His voice was the conscience of our age. He bequeathed to the country and the world a life that had no littleness about it.

(Difficult words: stature = कद। versatile = बहुमुखी। genius = प्रतिभाशाली। composer= रचनाकार। renowned = प्रसिद्ध। concord = मेल, सामंजस्य। tyrannical = तानाशाही पूर्ण। restrictions = प्रतिबंधों। crippling = पंगु कर देने वाला। condemned = भर्त्सना की। reprehensible = घृणित। essence = निष्कर्ष। perpetual = सतत। rededication = पुर्नसमर्पण। ivory tower = एकान्त। forged = बनाया हुआ। nourish = पोषित करना। canons = सिद्धान्त। reconciliation = मेल-जोल। mutual = आपसी। enlightenment = जागृति। dispels = हटाना। mist = कुहरा। restores = पुनः प्राप्त करना। ranged = विस्तृत था। revolutionary = क्रान्तिकारी। participated = भाग लिया। vitality = उत्साह। seers = ऋषियों। philosophy = दर्शन। wholeness = पूर्णता। vigil = दृष्टि रखना, नजर रखना। sentinel = चौकीदार। abstention = बचाव। asceticism = संयास। unworldly = अलौकिक। contemplation = मनन, चिंतन। bequeathed = वसीयत में देना।)

Question 1.
Who was Rabindranath Tagore?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore was a versatile genius, a literary artist, an educator, a composer, singer and an actor.

Question 2.
What was Tagore’s plea?
Answer:
Tagore’s plea was freedom from the past and accord with the past.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 3.
Tagore was a versatile genius. How?
Answer:
Tagore was a versatile genius because he was not only a playwright but å novelist and a storyteller, a nationalist and an internationalist.

Question 4.
What is the message given in the National Anthem composed by Tagore?
Answer:
The message is to nourish the unity of our country and be devoted to it.

Question 5.
How should human beings work in this world?
Answer:
Human beings should work in this world without being affected by it.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 6.
What was Tagore’s mission in life?
Answer:
Versatile

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Able to do many different things
Answer:
Distinct

Question 8.
Never Ceasing
Answer:
Perpetual

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 9.
Energy Or Enthusiasm
Answer:
Vitality

Passage 10. (S S Exam 2012)
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
The test of a great book is whether we want to read it only once or more than once. A really great book is one which we want to read the second time even more than we wanted to read it the first time, and every additional time that we read it we find new meanings and new beauties in it.

A book that a person of education and good taste does not care to read more than once is very probably not worth much. But we cannot consider the judgement of a single individual infallible. The opinion that makes a book great must be the opinion of many. For even the greatest critics are apt to have certain dullness. Carlyle, for example, could not endure Browning; Byron could not endure some of the greatest of English poets.

A man must be many-sided to utter a trustworthy estimate of many books. We may doubt the judgement of the single critic at times. But there is no doubt possible in regard to the judgement of generations. Even if we cannot at once perceive anything good in a book which has been admired and praised for hundreds of years, we may be sure that by trying, by studying it. carefully, we shall at least be able to feel the reason for this admiration and praise.

The best of all libraries for a poor man would be a library entirely composed of such great works only, books which have passed the test of time. This then would be the most important guide for us in the choice of readings. We should read only the books we want to read more than once, nor should we buy any others, unless we have some special reason for so investing money. The second fact demanding attention is the general character of the value that lies hidden within all such great books.

They never become old; their youth is immortal. A great book is not apt to be comprehended by a young person at the first reading except in a superficial way. Only the surface, the narrative, is absorbed and enjoyed. No young man can possibly see at first reading the qualities of a great book. Remember that it has taken humanity in many cases hundreds of years to find out all that there is in such a book.

But according to a man’s experience of life, the text will unfold new meanings to him. The book that delighted us at eighteen, if it is a good book, will delight us much more at twenty-five and it will prove like a new book to us at thirty years of age. At forty we shall re-read it, wondering why we never saw how beautiful it was before. At fifty or sixty years of age, the same facts will repeat themselves. A great book grows exactly in proportion to the growth of the reader’s mind.

(Difficult words: test = कसौटी। probably = संभवतः। infallible = अचूक। apt to = संभावना होना। dullness= संकीर्ण मानसिकता। endure = सहन करना। trustworthy = विश्वसनीय। estimate = आँकलन। at times = कभी कभी। generations = पीढ़ियाँ। perceive = अनुभूति करना। investing = पैसा लगाना। to be comprehended = superficial = is absorbed = wondering = आश्चर्य से सोचते हुए। proportion = अनुपात। growth = विकास।)

Question 1.
What is the quality of a great book?
Answer:
The quality of a great book is that we want to read it again and again.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 2.
In which case is a judgement about a book beyond doubt?
Answer:
There is no doubt possible with regard to the judgement of generations.

Question 3.
What kind of understanding of a great book is a young person likely to have at the first reading of that book?
Answer:
A great book is not apt to be comprehended by a young person at the first reading except in a superficial way.

Question 4.
Whose work did Carlyle find difficult to appreciate?
Answer:
Carlyle found difficult to appreciate the work of Browning.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 5.
What would a poor man’s library contain?
Answer:
A poor man’s library would contain the books which have passed the test of time.

Question 6.
What does a person of forty feel when he re-reads some good books?
Answer:
When a person of forty re-reads some good books, he feels wondering why he never saw how beautiful they were before.

Find from the passage the words which mean:

Question 7.
Not capable of making mistakes.
Answer:
Infallible

Question 8.
To suffer something unpleasant or difficult in a patient way.
Answer:
Endure

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Question 9.
The ability to make a sensible decision.
Answer:
Comprehend

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

May 27, 2019 by Prasanna Leave a Comment

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Discursive Passages – इस प्रकार के Passages तर्कपूर्ण (Argumentative), आश्वस्त करने वाले (Persuasive) तथा (Interpretative) व्याख्यात्मक होते हैं।

Unseen Passages For Practice

Passage 1.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
We often come across situations and incidents, which appear quite contradictory to the known laws of Nature, creating doubts about the impartiality of divine justice. For instance, an honest, duty-conscious, morally elevated person is often seen caught in adversities in one form or the other or is suddenly struck with a great misfortune in life as though he/she were being punished by God for a great sin.

On the other hand, we find persons engaged in the worst types of corrupt practices living in peace and prosperity. An idler wins a jackpot or inherits a fortune from unexpected quarters, whereas a hard working intelligent person is found suffering endlessly for want of basic necessities. One person achieves great success with little effort, whereas another does not succeed in spite of his best efforts. Such phenomena are popularly ascribed to the role of fate.

Unprecedented natural calamities like famine, epidemics, tornadoes and floods, damage by lightning and earthquakes and untimely death are also commonly attributed to the will of God and called predestined. Such unexpected happenings as financial loss, accidents, sudden mental/ physical disability and physical separation from a dear one are also attributed to fate.
Such unexpected adversities are rare, but they do occur in life.

At times, they leave such deep imprints on the psyche, that it is not possible to ignore them. Those who are not familiar with the mysteries of divine justice become very much perplexed by such experiences and form prejudiced opinions, which, in some form or the other, hinder their mental and spiritual progress. Many become resentful towards God, blame and abuse Him for favouritism and injustice: A few even become atheists, considering the futility of worshipping God who does not respond to prayer in distress, despite’ their prolonged adherence to religiosity.

Then there is a class of devotees who serve the saints and worship deities in expectation of some material gains. However, if they are visited with some failure, unfavourable circumstances, or mishap coincidentally, their adoration changes to contempt of disbelief.

There are quite a few believers in this world who correlate people, places and things with good and bad luck. Such superstitions have caused extreme miseries to innocent persons. The root cause for such irrational behaviour is the belief that whatever comes to pass is predestined by God and the beings created by him have absolutely no role in shaping their own destiny.
Quite a few persons in this world forsake their responsibility in the mistaken belief that the gain and loss being predestined, there is no necessity of personal effort.

(Difficult words: impartiality = भेदभाव का अभाव। elevated = उच्च, बुलंद। adversities = विपदाएँ। fortune = धन-सम्पत्ति। phenomena = घटनाएँ। ascribe = मढ़ना। unprecedented = अभूतपूर्व। famine = अकाल। epidemics = महामारियाँ। tornadoes = बवंडर, तूफान। untimely = असामयिक। attributed = आरोपित किया। will = इच्छा। predestined = पूर्वनिर्धारित। imprint = छाप छोड़ना। psyche = मानस। perplexed = हक्का-बक्का। prejudiced = पूर्वाग्रहित। hinder = अड़चन डालना। resentful = नाराज। atheists = नास्तिक। superstitions= अंधविश्वासों।)

Question 1.
What is a mistaken belief?
Answer:
That gain and loss being predestined, there is no necessity of personal effort, is a mistaken belief.

Question 2.
When do we doubt about the impartiality of divine justice?
Answer:
We doubt about the impartiality of divine justice when we come across a situation and incidents which appear quite contradictory to the known laws of nature.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 3.
Give an example of phenomena ascribed to the role of fate.
Answer:
Winning a jackpot by an idler is an example of phenomena ascribed to the role of fate.

Question 4.
How is an intelligent person sometimes seen living?
Answer:
An intelligent person is sometimes seen suffering endlessly for want of basic necessities.

Question 5.
Name a few natural calamities?
Answer:
Famine, epidemics, tornadoes, floods, lightning and earthquakes are a few natural calamities.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 6.
In which category is financial loss put?
Answer:
Financial loss is put in the category of fate.

Find out words from the passage which mean:

Question 7.
To say something was written by or belonged to somebody.
Answer:
Ascribe

Question 8.
To make it more difficult for somebody to do.
Answer:
Hinder

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
Confused.
Answer:
Perplexed

Passage 2.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Every moment of life is precious. Time is the essence of life. It is the wealth given to us by Nature. Every day all of us get 24 hours; nothing less, nothing more. Now, it is up to us how we use it. People who know how to make the best use of every moment easily open the doors of success in their lives and those who misuse time get failures one after the other. There is a saying that, “Spent time and spent words cannot come back.” Everybody is tied by the limits of time; even God respects the boundaries of time.

Work wins appreciation only when it gets completed in a requisite time frame. Beyond the time allotted, work loses all its utility however good may have been its quality. Just as the falling of rains after the crops have dried up have no use; likewise, when the time is past the deadline, the work loses its importance and value.

When iron is hot it can be cast into whichever shape we want. Once it gets cold nothing can be made out of it, however, much we may beat the same. In the same way, a person who has learnt to wisely use his time and has understood how to cast himself according to the need of the time has actually learnt the true mantra of life.

Shakespeare wrote in one of his plays, “I wasted time, and now doth time waste me.” It is true that a person who wastes even a little bit of time loses wonderful opportunities that he could have otherwise availed of by utilizing that time. All the great leaders have one thing in common.

They wisely utilize every moment of their time. When other people are busy wasting time in laziness, great men are busy in making plans for the future. There is no person in history who wasted his time and still managed to achieve greatness.
Therefore, there is a great need to manage time wisely. “Careful Time Management” refers to the careful planning of time and sincere execution of this plan.

This is the only mantra to attain success in any endeavour. A simple change in outlook and some modification in one’s daily routine can result in a big jump forward towards greater achievements.

(Difficult words: precious = कीमती। essence = सार। appreciation = प्रशंसा। requisite = अपेक्षित। beyond = से परे। utility = उपयोगिता। crop = फसल। likewise = इसी तरह से। deadline = अंतिम तिथि। doth= करता है। sincere = गंभीर। execution = सम्पादन। endeavour = प्रयास। outlook = दृष्टिकोण। modification = सुधार।)

Question 1.
What is the essence of life?
Answer:
Time is the essence of life.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 2.
What kind of work loses its utility?
Answer:
The work which is completed beyond the time allotted loses its utility.

Question 3.
What is needed for careful time management?
Answer:
Careful planning of time and sincere execution of this plan is needed for careful time management.

Question 4.
What kind of people opens the doors of success of their life?
Answer:
The people who know how to make the best use of every moment open the doors of success.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 5.
When does the work lose its importance and value?
Answer:
When time passes the deadline, the work loses its importance and value.

Question 6.
Who has learnt the true mantra of life?
Answer:
A person who has learnt to use wisely his time and has understood how to cast himself according to the need of the time has learnt the true mantra of life.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Limitations
Answer:
Boundaries

Question 8.
Required
Answer:
Requisite

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
Get
Answer:
Attain

Passage 3. (Persuasive)
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
There are no rules to tell us how we ought to behave or ought not to behave in all matters. But in some matters, there are rules that all have to obey. Take, for example, the rules of the road. The purpose of these rules is to make the road safe for everybody. The roads in our cities and towns are getting more and more busy with traffic these days.
All kinds of vehicles, (some slow, some fast), fill the roads during the greater part of the day. If people disobey traffic rules, accidents will happen sooner or later. There are rules for pedestrians as well as for vehicles, and every user of the road ought to know the rules.

Here is an important rule for pedestrians. They ought to keep to the footpath and leave the middle of the road for vehicles. Where there is no footpath, pedestrians must keep close to the edge of the road. If they do not obey this rule, they will cause danger to themselves as well as to others.

A driver may turn his vehicle suddenly to avoid a pedestrian and, in doing so, may knock down someone else. He may even lose control of his vehicle and drive over the footpath and knock down several people. All vehicles should keep to the left and leave the right half of the road free for those coming from the opposite direction. This is the traffic rule in all parts of India. In some countries in the west, however, vehicles have to keep to the right and not to the left.

It does not matter whether it is right or left but, everyone should obey the rule. Cyclists should always keep to the edge of the road and not get in the way of other vehicles or pedestrians. We often see two or more cyclists riding together side by side right in the middle of the road. Traffic rules do not allow this. Where the road is busy, this will interfere with the flow of traffic and cause accidents.

The rule about overtaking is an equally important rule. One vehicle should overtake another vehicle only on the right, because otherwise, it may get in the way of the vehicle which is trying to keep to the left. There are rules about right of way where roads cross each other. There is usually a roundabout at these places. The vehicle coming from the right has right of way over the one coming from the left.

If every driver follows this rule, traffic at roundabouts will flow quite smoothly and accidents can be avoided. Drivers of vehicles should never fail to give the right signals because otherwise there is great danger of accidents happening. There are signals for turning right or left, for slowing down and for stopping, and for letting another vehicle overtake yours.

Cyclists are often careless about giving signals, thinking that these are important only for motorists. But all road users, cyclists as well as motorists, ought to have the right signals so that others on the road may be warned. Pedestrians too should have a knowledge of these signals so that they may be able to tell which way the vehicles on the road are going to pass. Above all, everyone using the public road ought to obey the policeman on traffic duty. This is the most important rule of all.

(Difficult words: pedestrians = पैदल चलने वाले। ledge = किनारा। roundabouts = गोल चक्कर जहाँ से सड़के अलग – अलग दिशाओं को जाती हैं। interfere = व्यवधान डालाना।)

Question 1.
Which rules have should we obey?
Answer:
We have to obey the rules of the road.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 2.
What is the traffic rule for vehicles in India?
Answer:
In India, all vehicles should keep to the left and leave the right half of the road free for those coming from the opposite direction.

Question 3.
Where should a cyclist ride on the road?
Answer:
A cyclist should ride on the left edge of the road.

Question 4.
What will happen if the drivers of vehicles do not give proper signals?
Answer:
If the drivers of vehicles do not give proper signals, there is great danger of accidents happening.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 5.
What is the purpose of traffic rules?
Answer:
The purpose of the traffic rules is to make the road safe for everybody.

Question 6.
What is the traffic rule for pedestrians?
Answer:
Pedestrians ought to keep to the footpath or close to the edge of the road.

Choose from the passage the words that mean…..

Question 7.
A person walking in the street
Answer:
Pedestrian

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 8.
Strike
Answer:
Knock Down

Question 9.
An unpleasant event that happens unexpectedly and causes death or injury.
Answer:
Accident

Passage 4.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Marriage is an important institution in human society. In the remote past of human history, the man was living and behaving like an animal. Then he was hardly ever aware of his relationship to his parents, brothers and sisters. In the biological kingdom, this primitive man was ever subordinate in status to the animals, Neither did he have the strength of an elephant nor the sharp teeth and claws of the carnivore.

He did not even have the hard protective hide of the rhinoceros and could not protect himself by any other extraordinary physical capability. Nevertheless, he did possess the unique human instinct of cooperation and organization, with the help of which, he could dominate over the animals besides protecting and proliferating his own species. But in spite of this natural trait, in the absence of permanent arrangements for housing, food and clothes, the primitive man was living in small groups, in large caves and on trees.

Since in those days the institution of the family had not come into existence, the relation between man and woman was different from what it is today, in modern times. There is little doubt that tradition of marriage has made a significant contribution in organization and development of human society and with the help of this institution man has been able to make significant achievements by joining much larger families and thereby enlarging fields of activities.

Giving due importance to this human necessity, the Indian philosophers declared the ceremony of marriage as a great religious rite, decreeing that the bond between husband and wife be considered ever-lasting, pious in all activities of life. The couple were to participate with absolute cooperation so that their resultant contribution became many times that even their combined individual input.

This institution of the family further enlarged to constitute ethnic groups, which later became the foundation stones for the various nations of the world. The tradition of marriage was adopted by people all over the world with ceremonial modifications according to local requirements and local atmosphere of the region.

Nevertheless, the basic framework of the process continued to be the same in that the suitability of the would-be husband for the maiden was first ascertained by the father of the girl and on his approval, the couple was declared as man and wife after participating in some religious ceremony. While handing over the responsibilities for looking after the bride (Kanya Dan), the groom was also gifted with articles of domestic requirements like eatables, clothes and kitchenware.

Nowhere in the scriptures, there is a reference to the so-called tradition of pre-fixing a dowry prior to matrimony, entertaining a large number of guests from the groom’s party or celebrating the event with pompous dance, music and feasts for days.

(Difficult words: institution = चिरकाल से चली आ रही सामाजिक प्रथा। primitive = प्राचीन। subordinate = कम महत्व का होना। carnivore = माँस भक्षी। hide = खाल। extraordinary = असाधारण। dominate = अन्य की अपेक्षा अधिक सशक्त होना। unique = अद्भुत। instinct = जन्मजात प्रवृत्ति। trait = व्यक्तित्व की विशेषता। proliferating = संख्या की दृष्टि से वृद्धि होना। existence = अस्तित्व। pious = पवित्र। absolute = पूर्ण। scripture = धर्मग्रंथ। pompous = शानदार। feast = दावते। ethnic = सजातीय।)

Question 1.
How did humans live in the remote past?
Answer:
Humans lived like animals in the remote past.

Question 2.
What contributed to the developing of human society?
Answer:
Marriage contributed to developing of human society.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 3.
What is not mentioned in the scriptures?
Answer:
The so-called tradition of pre-fixing a dowry prior to matrimony, entertaining a large number of guests from the groom’s party or celebrating the event with pompous dance, music and feasts for days is not mentioned in the scriptures.

Question 4.
Where did the primitive man live?
Answer:
The primitive man lived in large caves and on trees.

Question 5.
How could man dominate over animals?
Answer:
The man could dominate over animals because he possessed the unique human instinct of co-operation and organization.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 6.
What is Kanya Dan?
Answer:
Handing over the responsibilities of looking after the bride is called Kanya Dan.

Choose from the passage the words that mean:

Question 7.
Complete
Answer:
Absolute

Question 8.
The animal that eats meat.
Answer:
Carnivore

Question 9.
A large cavity in the side of a cliff.
Answer:
Cave

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Passage 5.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Today’s woman is a highly self-directed person, alive to the sense of her dignity and the importance of her functions in the private domestic domain and the public domain of the world of work. Women are rational in approach, careful in handling situations and want to do things as best as possible.

The Fourth World Conference of Women held in Beijing in September 1995 had emphasised that no enduring solution of society’s most threatening social, economic and political problems could be found without the participation and empowerment of women. The 1995 World Summit for Social Development had also emphasised the pivotal role of women in eradicating poverty and mending the social fabric.

The Constitution of India has conferred on women equal rights and opportunities – political social, educational and of employment – with men. Because of oppressive traditions, superstitions, exploitation and corruption, a majority of women are not allowed to enjoy the rights and opportunities, bestowed on them.

One of the major reasons for this state of affairs is the lack of literacy and awareness among women. Education is the main instrument through which we can narrow down the prevailing inequality and accelerate the process of economic and political change in the status of women. The role of women in a society is very important. Women’s education is the key to a better life in the future. A recent World Bank study says that educating girls is not a charity, it is good economics and if developing nations are to eradicate poverty, they must educate the girls.

The report says that the economic and social returns on investment in the education of the girls considerably affect the human development index of the nation. Society would progress only if the status of women is respected and the presence of an educated woman in the family would ensure the education of the family itself. Education and empowerment of women are closely related.

Women’s education has not received due care and attention from the planners and policymakers. The National Commission for Women has rightly pointed out that even after so many years of independence, women continue to be treated as the single largest group of backward citizens of India.

The role of women in overall development has not been fully understood nor has it been given its full weight in the struggle to eliminate poverty, hunger, injustice and inequality at the national level. Even when we are living in the 21st century, our society still discriminates against women in matters of their rights and privileges and prevents them from participating in the process of national and societal progress.

Various committees and commissions have been constituted before and after the independence to evaluate the progress in women’s education and to suggest ways and means to enhance the status of women.

(Difficult words: dignity = गरिमा। domain = (ज्ञान या कार्य का) क्षेत्र। rational = विवेकशील। emphasise = किसी बात पर जोर देना। endure = चुपचाप पीड़ा सहना। empowerment = अधिकृतीकरण। pivotal = मूलभूत। social fabric = सामाजिक ढाँचा। oppressive = दमनकारी। superstition = अँधविश्वास। exploitation = शोषण। corruption = भ्रष्टाचार। bestow = कुछ प्रदान करना। prevail = प्रचलन में होना। charity = सहायतार्थ संस्था। investment = निवेश। threshold = किसी घटना के घटित होने का आरम्भ बिंदु। discriminate = (किसी के प्रति) भेद भाव करना। enhance = किसी वस्तु के बेहतर दिखने के लिए साधार लाना। eradicate = उन्मूलन करना।)

Question 1.
Mention some of the qualities of a modern woman.
Answer:
There are two main qualities of a modern woman –
(a) She is alive to the sense of her dignity and the importance of her functions.
(b) She is rational in approach and careful in handling situations.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 2.
Who has conferred equal rights and opportunities for women?
Answer:
The Constitution of India has conferred on women equal rights and opportunities.

Question 3.
Where and when was the Fourth World Conference of Women held?
Answer:
It was held in Beijing in the month of September 1995.

Question 4.
Which is the main instrument through which we can narrow down the prevailing inequality for women?
Answer:
Education is the main instrument through which we can narrow down the prevailing inequality for a woman.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 5.
Mention the recent World Bank study, according to the passage.
Answer:
A recent World Bank study says that educating girls is not a charity, it is good economics and if developing nations are to eradicate poverty, they must educate the girls.

Question 6.
Why have various committees and commissions been constituted before and after the independence?
Answer:
Various committees and commissions have been constituted before and after the independence to evaluate the progress in women’s education.

Choose from the passage the words that mean:

Question 7.
Allowing no freedom.
Answer:
Oppressive

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 8.
Answer:
To make something go faster.
Accelerate

Question 9.
Bring to a complete end.
Answer:
Eradicate

Passage 6. (Argumentative)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Science not only provides knowledge about nature but also provides means for controlling nature. So besides general ideas, science also affects practical affairs and everyday life. Perhaps the most obvious example concerns transport. Up to the end of the eighteenth century, transport on land differed very little from what it had been in Roman times.

A Roman officer in second-century Britain could get from London to New York just about as quickly and comfortably as an eighteenth-century gentleman. Owing to the compass and to improved design of ships, sea transport had improved a little, but not much. Then came the invention of the steam-engine, and its improvement, which was dependent on the general scientific knowledge of the time.

Steamships, and railways with steam engines, completely changed the business of travel and of the transport of goods. The internal combustion engine, again based on the scientific study of heat and how it is generated by gas explosions, made possible first the motor-car and the diesel engine and then the aeroplane. Now people are talking of the possibility of flying at five hundred miles an hour or more by means of rocket propulsion in the thin higher layers of the atmosphere.
It is interesting to note down the highest speeds possible for land, sea and air travel every ten years from 1820 to the present day. Similarly with communications.

Not only did the steam engine, and then the aeroplane, speed up the sending of letters and newspapers, but the discoveries about electricity made possible first the telegraph, then the telephone, then wireless, and now television. As a result of science, the possibilities of tying the world together by the quick transmission of facts and ideas have completely changed in less than a century.

Or again, think of the lighting of houses and streets, candles-oil lamps – gas – arc-lights – electric filament lamps – now vapour discharge lighting. Or sanitation-all it means to have pure water in every house. Or the differences between a surgical operation before anaesthetics and aseptic method, and a surgical operation today.

Not only has science provided all kinds of new substances and machines and sources of power, but in doing so it has changed our everyday life. However, we should not imagine that the practical applications of science are always necessarily a benefit. We have already described how recklessly men are exploiting the resources of nature.

This waste would not be possible but for the applications of science. Our industrial civilization makes new demands for sources of power: mining responds with increased activity and new scientific methods for getting coal and oil more cheaply and more quickly.

Improved transport brings men more easily into the remote parts of the earth, and enables them to kill the wild creatures. The applied science which makes it possible for everyone to have their morning newspaper causes the reckless cutting down of forests to provide wood for making paper from.

(Difficult words: affairs = मामले। obvious = स्पष्ट। compass = कुतुबनुमा/परिधि/विस्तार। steam = भाप। internal = आन्तरिक। combustion = दहन। explosion = विस्फोट। propulsion = प्रणोदन (गति देने की शक्ति)। transmission = प्रेषण। vapour = वाष्प। anaesthetics = निश्चेतक। aseptic = पूतिहीन, कीटाणुहीन (धाव की सडन रोकने वाला।) recklessly = अन्धाधुंध।exploiting = उपयोग मे ला रहें।)

Question 1.
How are we exploiting the resources of nature?
Answer:
We are exploiting the resources of nature recklessly.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 2.
How do we get paper?
Answer:
We get paper from wood.

Question 3.
What does science provide to us?
Answer:
Science provides us with both bits of knowledge about nature and means for controlling it.

Question 4.
What made a motor-car possible?
Answer:
Internal combustion engine made a motor-car possible.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 5.
What has changed our everyday life?
Answer:
Science has changed our everyday life.

Question 6.
What had improved sea transport a little?
Answer:
The compass and improved design of ships had improved sea transport a little.

Choose from the passage the words that mean…

Question 7.
Produces a change in somebody or something
Answer:
Affects.

Question 8.
Reformed or Modified.
Answer:
Improved.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
Free from harmful bacteria.
Answer:
Aseptic.

Passage 7.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Shopping centres are good. They are a sign of dizzying economic growth, and a demonstration of how far Asians have come, in such a short time. Many of the older generations can remember a time when everyone lived in villages and there was no running water but today the multi-level, air-conditioned mall represents comfort, choice, luxury and better times.
But many Asian metropolises with growing middle classes now have such a great number of malls – all full with outlets of Marks & Spencer, Gap, Starbucks, Bulgari, Cartier, Mont Blanc – that they appear to have long crossed saturation point. Nowadays, it seems our default place for every activity in the mall – it’s where we shop, eat, watch movies, bowl, arrange to meet our friends, have a romantic date or just generally lying around.

Many young people shop for clothes at the mall so that they can look good when they meet their friends – at the mall.
My main argument with shopping centres is not that they are often massive concrete blocks that don’t take into account the architectural nuances or cultural backdrop of a city, or that they promote ultra-consumerism at a time when our planet can ill afford it.

My main protest with the excess of malls is that they don’t seem to make us happy. Oh, the large advertisements outside the stores could persuade us to think that if we only had this pair of jeans, or if we hung out at this café, then we could feel more fulfilled. But once we buy something, we only want to buy something more.

Shopping malls, even though they try to look as showy and as welcoming as possible, can be unkind places. The very concept of the mega-mall plays on human feelings of inadequacy and competitiveness. To make us buy, it must make us feel that we lack something, or that everyone else has something we do not yet own.

We must consume to surpass others or, at the very least, to keep up. We purchase to fit in. How can this constant undercurrent of competitiveness, of us always trying to be “cool,” bring us true joy? The saddest thing is that the modern mall, basically an American import, has made us put aside a whole array of beautiful, worthwhile – and yes, cheaper – activities, many of them inherent to our own cultures or region. We have no one to blame but ourselves.

Instead of shopping, we could be cooking, visiting a nearby waterfall, beach or temple, reading a novel, writing poetry, starting a blog, making music, taking a long walk, playing a game, learning a dance or – here’s a fundamental idea – visiting a friend.
Every time there’s a spare piece of land, all we can think of building on it is yet another mall.

This way, we show not only our affluent status but also demonstrate our poverty in terms of imagination, adventure and passion. Perhaps instead, we should be building libraries, or theatres, art galleries, museums, sports halls, public swimming pools, parks, animal sanctuaries – the list is endless.

(Difficult words: dizzying = demonstration = metropolises = महानगरों। luxury = विलासिता। massive = बड़े। protest = आपत्ति। surpass = अधिक हो जाना saturation = संतुष्टि। nuance = अतिसूक्ष्म अंतर। backdrop = पुष्ठभूमि। ultra-consumerism = अति – उपभोक्तावाद।)

Question 1.
Why do many people shop at malls?
Answer:
Many people shop in malls so that they can look good when they meet their friends there.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 2.
What do we think when there is a spare piece of land?
Answer:
When there is a spare piece of land we think of building another mall on it.

Question 3.
What should we be building instead of malls?
Answer:
Instead of malls, we should be building libraries, theatres, art galleries, museums, sports halls, etc.

Question 4.
What are the shopping centres a sign of?
Answer:
The shopping centres are a sign of dizzying economic growth and a demonstration of how far Asians have come, in such a short time.

Question 5.
What do malls represent?
Answer:
Malls represent comfort, choice, luxury and better times.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 6.
What do we do at malls?
Answer:
At malls we shop, eat, watch movies, bowl, arrange to meet our friends, have a romantic date or just generally lying around.

Choose from the passage the words that mean:

Question 7.
A sign that something is happening.
Answer:
Manifestation

Question 8.
To make somebody do something by giving them the proper reason for it.
Answer:
Persuade

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
To oppose
Answer:
Protest

Passage 8.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Make in India campaign was launched in New Delhi by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25th of September in 2014. It is an initiative to make a call to the top business investors all across the world (national or international) to invest in India. It is a big opportunity to all the investors to set up their business (manufacturing, textiles, automobiles, production, retail, chemicals, IT, ports, pharmaceuticals, hospitality, tourism, wellness, railways, leather, etc.) in any field in the country.

This attractive plant has very attractive proposals for foreign companies to set up manufacturing powerhouses in India. Make in India campaign launched by the Indian government focuses on building the effective physical infrastructure as well as improving the market of digital network in the country to make it a global hub for business (ranging from satellites to submarines, cars to software, pharmaceuticals to ports, paper to power, etc).

The symbol (derived from national emblem of India) of this initiative is a giant lion having many wheels (indicates peaceful progress and way to a vibrant future). A giant walking lion with many wheels indicates courage, strength, tenacity and wisdom. The page of Make in India on Facebook has crossed more than 120K likes and its Twitter followers are more than 13K within few months of the launching date.

This national program is designed to transform the country into a global business hub as it contains attractive proposals for top local and foreign companies. This campaign focuses on creating a number of valuable and honoured jobs as well as skill enhancement in almost 25 sectors for improving the status of youths of the country.

The sectors involved are automobiles, chemicals, IT & BPM, aviation, pharmaceuticals, construction, electrical machinery, food processing, defense manufacturing, space, textiles, garments, ports, leather, media and entertainment, wellness, mining, tourism and hospitality, railways, automobile components, renewable energy, mining, biotechnology, roads and highways, electronics systems and thermal power.

The successful implementation of this plan will help in the creation of 100 smart cities project and affordable housing in India. The main objective is to ensure solid growth and valuable employment creation in the country with the help of top investors. It will benefit both parties, the investors and our country.

The government of India has created a dedicated help team and an online portal (makeinindia.com) for the easy and effective communication of investors. A dedicated cell is committed to answering all the queries from business entities anytime.

(Difficult words: campaign = अभियान। launched = शुरू किया गया। initiative = पहल। attractive = आकर्षक। set up= स्थापित करना। hub = केन्द्र। submarines = पनडुब्बियाँ। port = बन्दरगाह। derived = लिया गया। emblem = प्रतीक। giant = विशाल। vibrant = उद्योगी, जोशपूर्ण। tenacity = दृढ़ता। aviation = उड्डयन। renewable = नवीनीकरण योग्य। implementation = क्रियान्विति। affordable = वहन करने योग्य। objective = उद्देश्य। ensure = पक्का करना। solid = ठोस। dedicated = समर्पित। cell = शाखा। committed = समर्पित। queries = पूछताछ। entities = कम्पनी।)

Question 1.
What is the symbol of Make in India campaign?
Answer:
A giant lion having many wheels is the symbol of Make in India campaign.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 2.
What does the symbol of Make in India indicate?
Answer:
The symbol of Make in India campaign indicates courage, strength, tenacity and wisdom.

Question 3.
What will the successful implementation of Make in India help to achieve?
Answer:
It will help in the creation of 100 smart cities and affordable housing in India.

Question 4.
Who and when was Make in India campaign launched?
Answer:
The Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Make in India campaign on 25th of September in 2014.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 5.
What is the main objective of Make in India campaign?
Answer:
The main objective of Make in India campaign is to ensure solid growth and valuable employment creation in the country with the help of top investors.

Question 6.
What has the Government of India created for the easy and effective communication of investors?
Answer:
The Government of India has created a dedicated help team and an online portal for the easy and effective communication of investors.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Associated with heat.
Answer:
Thermal

Question 8.
Huge
Answer:
Giant

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
A centre of activity.
Answer:
Hub

Passage 9.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a Clean India drive and Mission launched as a national campaign by the Indian government in order to cover the 4041 statutory towns aiming maintained cleanliness of streets, roads and infrastructure of the country. Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi has officially launched this mission on 2nd of October (the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi) in 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi (Bapu’s Samadhi).

While launching the event Prime Minister himself had cleaned the road. It is the biggest cleanliness drive ever in India when approximately 3 million government employees including students from schools and colleges took part in the cleanliness activities.

On the day of the launch of the event the PM himself nominated the names of nine people to participate in the cleanliness drive in their own areas: Salman Khan, Anil Ambani, Kamal Haasan, Kapil Sharma, Priyanka Chopra, Baba Ramdeo, Sachin Tendulkar and Shashi Tharoor. Schools and colleges have participated in the event by organizing many cleanliness activities according to their own themes.

Students of India participated in this event. PM had also requested all those nine nominees to call another nine people separately to participate in this cleanliness drive as well as continue the chain of calling nine people by each and every participating member of the mission until the message reaches to the every Indian in every corner of the country to make it a national mission.

This mission aimed to join each and every Indian from all walks of life in the same way that a tree grows and spreads its branches. Swachh Bharat Mission aims to construct individual sanitary latrines for household purposes for the people living under the poverty line, convert dry latrines into low-cost sanitary latrines, provide facility of hand pumps, safe and secure bathing, set up sanitary marts, construct drains, dispose of solid and liquid wastes, enhance health and education awareness, provide household and environmental sanitation facilities and many more.

Earlier, many awareness programmes (such as Total Sanitation Campaign, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, etc.) about the environmental sanitation and personal cleanliness were launched by the Indian government. However, these could not be so effective to make India a clean India. The main objectives of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan are removing the trend of open defecation, changing insanitary toilets into flush toilets, removal of manual scavenging, proper disposal of solid and liquid waste, bringing behavioural changes among people, enhancing awareness about sanitation, facilitating the participation of private sectors towards cleanliness facilities.

In order to continue and make this campaign successful, the Finance Ministry of India has started a programme named Swachh Bharat Cess. According to this, everyone has to pay 0.5% more service tax on all the services in India (50 paise per 100 rupees) which will go towards the funding of this cleanliness campaign.

(Difficult words: drive = अभियान। launched = शुरू किया गया। statutory = वैधानिक। anniversary = वर्षगाँठ। cremation = अंतिम संस्कार। approximately = लगभग। nominated = मनोनीत किया। participate = भाग लेना। walk = मार्ग। sanitary = स्वास्थ्यप्रद। secure = सुरक्षित। set up = स्थापित करना। disposal = निस्तारण। enhance = बढ़ाना। awareness = जागृति। objectives = उद्देश्य। trend = चलन। defecation = शौच। flush = बहा देना। scavenging = कूड़ा हटाना। participation= भाग लेना।)

Question 1.
What is the rate of Swachh Bharat Cess?
Answer:
The rate of Swachh Bharat Cess is 0.5%.

Question 2.
What is Swachh Bharat Abhiyan?
Answer:
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a clean India drive.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 3.
Why has the PM himself nominated the names of nine people?
Answer:
The PM himself has nominated the names of nine people to participate in the cleanliness drive in their own areas.

Question 4.
How many persons took part in the cleanliness drive?
Answer:
Approximately 3 million government employees including students from schools and colleges took part in the cleanliness drive.

Question 5.
What did the PM do when he launched the campaign?
Answer:
When the PM launched the campaign, he himself cleaned the road.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 6.
Where and when was the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched?
Answer:
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched by Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi on 2nd October in 2014.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Around
Answer:
Approximately

Question 8.
A Sudden Rapid Flow
Answer:
Flush

Question 9.
Useless
Answer:
Waste

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Passage 10.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Digital India is a programme that has been launched by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi. He has planned to use information technology, computers, telecommunication facilities, internet, network connectivity, digitalization techniques to modernize the services offered to citizens. Digital India also aims to provide internet connectivity to all citizens.
Digital India will provide digital vaults (safes) for people to store their certificates online. Each person will have one unique private key, that will allow people access to their own documents. Applications will be made and processed online, The possibility of fake certificates will reduce and authenticity would improve.

Digital training on these technologies will be provided for achieving literacy in citizens. Mobile phones will be used as a personal identity for various transactions. People in rural or urban areas will have access to all digital services and the Internet of things (IOT) on their mobiles or other gadgets.

Digital India will have more transparency in processes and governance. It will eliminate a lot of cheating. The documents will also remain safe. This program will increase employment related to these technologies. A lot of activities will become automated, with quality of service improvement. This program also will make Indians go to a higher level of literacy and technical skills.

This program is chaired and supervised by the minister for communications and information technology at the centre. Its aim is to provide Wifi services to 2.5 lakh schools, Broadband internet connectivity to 2.5 lakh villages, and universal mobile phone connectivity. Through this program by 2020 we want to achieve net zero imports, ie., exports will be equal to imports.
Then 400,00 public access points for the net will be provided and more than a crore persons are to be trained in internet technologies, telecom, information technologies.

There is to be a huge cloud of computers and servers to hold data related to the public. Broadband connectivity will be provided with a vast network of optical fibre cables. All government offices would have attendance recorded and maintained online, using Bio-metric identification. There is a lot of importance given to making of digital gadgets and smartphones within India.

Various technological giants in hardware and software in telecom and computers have agreed to step in and cooperate in making Digital India a grand success. These include the top Indian and multinational organizations. Digital India has 5 years of the expected completion period. It goes hand in hand with smart cities and various government services.

An internet website has been opened for this purpose. People can contribute, discuss over there to furnish their valuable suggestions and requirements so that the final shape of Digital India is the best.

(Difficult words: reduce = कम करना। access = पहुँच। gadgets = मशीन। transparency = पारदर्शिता। eliminated = समाप्त करना। chaired = अध्यक्षता करना। provide = उपलब्ध कराना। import = आयात। export = निर्यात। hand in hand = साथ – साथ। contribute = योगदान करना।)

Question 1.
How long will it take to complete Digital India?
Answer:
It will take five years to complete Digital India.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 2.
How will digitalization help government offices?
Answer:
Digitalization will help government offices in recording attendance and maintaining order, by using biometric identification.

Question 3.
By whom and when was digital India programme launched?
Answer:
Digital India programme was launched by the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi on July 1st, 2015.

Question 4.
Why was a Digital week celebrated?
Answer:
A Digital week was celebrated to finalize the requirements and features of Digital India.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 5.
How will be the data of the public held?
Answer:
The data of the public will be held by a huge cloud of computers and servers.

Question 6.
What will be used as a personal identity for various transactions?
Answer:
Mobile phones will be used as a personal identity.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
A device that is very useful for a particular job.
Answer:
Gadget

Question 8.
The ability to read and write.
Answer:
Literacy

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
Commodities bought from a foreign country.
Answer:
Import

Passage 11.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:
You want to be healthy. You know you need to exercise more. But if you are not ready to grunt through an hour of kickboxing, don’t despair. There is a growing agreement among exercise. researchers that the intense physical activities offered by most health clubs are not the only or even the preferable-path to better health. Indeed, the best thing for most of us may be to just walk.

Yes, walk. At a reasonable vigorous clip (five to six kmph) for half an hour or so, maybe five or six times a week. You may not feel the benefits all at once, but the evidence suggests that over the long term, a regular walking routine can do a world of preventive good.

Walking, in fact, may be the perfect exercise. For starters, it’s one of the safest things you can do with your body. It’s much easier on the knees than running and doesn’t trigger untoward side effects. Dr (Miss) Johna Manson, chief of preventive medicine at a leading Harvard woman’s hospital says, “If everyone were to walk briskly 30 minutes a day, we could cut the incidence of many chronic diseases by 30 to 40 per cent.” She further says, “Regular physical activity is probably as close to a magic bullet as we will come in modern medicine.”

And for those of us who don’t have half-hour chunks of time, the news gets even better. Several recent studies suggest that walking briskly three or four times a day for 10 minutes at a time may provide many of the same benefits as walking continuously for 30 minutes.

Here’s how to make the most of your walking routine. First, get into gear. Walker’s shoes need to have enough room at the front for the feet to spread. Then, ease on down that road. Avoid muscle aches by starting slowly and incorporating gentle stretches into both your warm-up and cool down.

You must plot your course. Some people walk at a specific time each day. Others shoe horn walking into their routines by parking the car a few minutes from the store or taking the stairs instead of the lift. Record your efforts, including how long and how far you walked. Jotting down improvements keeps you motivated and challenges you to do better.
Since walking affects you in so many ways at once, it’s difficult to determine precisely why it’s good for you. But much of the evidence gathered so far is compelling.

Brisk walking is good for the heart – which makes a lot of sense. The heart is a muscle after all, and anything that makes the blood flow faster through a muscle helps keep it in shape. But regular walking also lowers blood pressure, which decreases the stress on the arteries. It can boost the amount of HDL cholesterol (the good one) in our blood. It even seems to make the blood less “sticky”, and therefore less likely to produce unwanted clots. This all adds up to as much as a 50 per cent reduction in the risk of suffering a heart attack.

Walking briskly for at least half an hour consumes a couple of hundred calories and boosts your metabolic rate for the rest of the day, giving you a better chance of winning the battle of the bulge. Walking is also a great way to lose body fat, even if you don’t lose any weight.

Walking not only strengthens the muscles but also builds up the bones. Millions of people suffer from osteoarthritis – the wear and tear kind of arthritis – of the knees. Walking reduces pain by strengthening the muscle around the joint.
Walking won’t cure everything that ails you, of course, and nothing happens overnight. “People who have never exercised regularly should not think that in a week they’ll solve their problems by walking,” says Dr J. David Curb, a professor of geriatric medicine.

(Difficult words: grunt = असंतोष का शब्द करना। despair = हताश होना। intense = प्रचण्ड। reasonable = उपयुक्त। vigorous = फुर्तीला। evidence = साक्ष्य। preventive = रोग निरोधक दवा। trigger = आरम्भ करना। untoward = प्रतिकूल। leading = अग्रणी। briskly = तेजी से। incidence = घटना। chronic = पुरानी, गहरी। chunk = बड़ी मात्रा। incorporating = सम्मिलित करते हुए। jotting down = लिखते हुए। motivated = प्रेरित किया। precisely = सटीक रूप से। evidence = साक्ष्य। so far = अभी तक। compelling= बाध्य करने वाले। arteries = धमनियाँ। boost = बढ़ा देना। clot = थक्का। reduction = कम करना। consume = उपभोग करना। metabolic = चयापचय। bulge = उभार। arthritis = जोड़ों की सूजन और दर्द। ails = बीमार करना। geriatric = वृद्धावस्था संबंधित।)

Question 1.
What advice is offered to be healthy?
Answer:
Walking is advised to be healthy.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 2.
What precautions must be taken in undertaking a walking routine?
Answer:
Walker’s shoes need to have enough room at the front for the feet to spread.

Question 3.
How is brisk walking useful for the heart?
Answer:
Brisk walking makes the muscles of heart strong and helps one to keep in shape.

Question 4.
What are the other spheres in which walking is useful?
Answer:
Walking lowers blood pressure which decreases the stress on the arteries.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 5.
What is a great way to lose body fat?
Answer:
Walking is a great way to lose body fat.

Question 6.
How is walking useful in osteoarthritis?
Answer:
Walking reduces pain by strengthening the muscle around the joints.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
A Substantial Amount.
Answer:
Chunk

Question 8.
Active.
Answer:
Vigorous

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
Increase.
Answer:
Boost

Passage 12.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Today there is a lot of talk about the environment. All nations are coming to an agreement to save planet earth. We pollute the earth, we pollute the water; we also pollute the subtle environment through our negative feelings and emotions. We have become a victim of our greed and needs. We are not in control of our mind. We hear a lot about other things in life but we spend very little time to hear about ourselves. How to handle our mind? How to be in the present moment? How to be happy and grateful? This we have not learnt. This is the most unfortunate thing. Then what is the solution?

This is where we are reminded of a very fundamental principle that governs our environment, our mind, our emotions and our life in general. Our body has the capacity to sustain much longer the vibration of bliss and peace than it does negative emotions because positivity is in the centre of our existence. As with the structure of the atom, protons and neutrons are in the centre of the atom and electrons constitute only the periphery; the same is with our lives; the centre core of our existence is bliss, positivity and joy but it is surrounded by a cloud of negative ions.

Through the help of the breath, we can easily get over our negative emotions in a short period of time. Through meditation and certain breathing techniques, we can clear this negative cloud. This life has so much to offer to you. You can see this once you take some time off, rejuvenating the soul. Your soul is hungry for a smile from you. If you could give this, you feel energised the whole year and nothing whatsoever can take the smile from you.

Everyone wants to be successful in life. But without knowing what is a success, you want to be successful. What is a sign of success? Just having a lot of money, is that success? Why do you think money means success? Because money gives you freedom so that you can do whatever you want. You may have a big bank balance, but, you have stomachaches, ulcers, you may have to go for bypass surgery; cant’ eat this, can’t do this, can’t do that.

We expend half our health to gain wealth and then spend half our wealth to gain back the lost health. Is this success? In fact, it is a very bad mathematics. Look at the those who claim to be successful – are they successful? No, they are miserable. Then, what is the sign of success? It is confidence, compassion, generosity and a smile that none can snatch away, being really happy and being able to be freer. These are the signs of a successful person.

Take some time off to look a little deeper into yourself and calm the mind down. Thus erasing all the impressions that we are carrying in our minds and experience the presence of the divine that is the very core of our existence.

(Difficult words: victims = भुग्त भोगी। subtle = सूक्ष्म। handle = निपटना। grateful = आभारी। fundamental = ‘मूलभूत। principle = सिद्धान्त। govern = नियंत्रण करना। sustain = सहन करना। vibration = कम्पन। bliss = आशीर्वाद। positivity = सकारात्मकता। existence = अस्तित्व। periphery = बाह्य क्षेत्र। core = केन्द्र। meditation = ध्यान। rejuvenating = और अधिक शक्तिशाली बनाना। soul = आत्मा। energised = उत्साहित करना। what s0 ever = जो कुछ भी। stomachaches = पेट दर्द। miserable = दयनीय। confidence = विश्वास। compassion = मेहरबानी। generosity = उदारता। erasing = मिटाते हुए। impression = छाप। divine = दैवीय।)

Question 1.
What is the most unfortunate thing?
Answer:
The most unfortunate thing is that we have not learnt how to handle our mind, to be in the present moment and to be happy and grateful.

Question 2.
How can we get rid of our negative emotions?
Answer:
Through meditation and certain breathing techniques, we can get rid of our negative emotions.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 3.
What is ‘Bad Mathematics’, according to the passage?
Answer:
Bad Mathematics is to spend half our health to gain wealth and spend half our wealth to gain back the lost health.

Question 4.
What are the main signs of a successful person?
Answer:
Confidence, compassion, generosity and a smile that none can snatch away, to be really happy and to be able to be more free are the signs of a successful person.

Question 5.
What is said about the environment?
Answer:
It is said about the environment that we pollute the earth, the water and also the subtle environment through our negative feelings and emotions.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 6.
How are we not in control of our mind?
Answer:
We are not in control of our mind, for we hear a lot about other things in life but we spend very little time to hear about ourselves.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
The outer area
Answer:
Periphery

Question 8.
Bear
Answer:
Sustain

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
Making more vital
Answer:
Rejuvenating

Passage 13.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Air pollution is an issue which concerns us all alike. One can willingly choose or reject a food, a drink or a life comfort, but unfortunately, there is little choice for the air we breathe. All, what is there in the air is inhaled by one and all living in those surroundings. Air pollutant is defined as a substance which is present in an amount exceeding the normal concentrations. It could either be gaseous or a particulate substance. The important and harmful polluting gases are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen.

The common particulate pollutants are the dust of various inorganic or organic origins. Although we often talk of the air pollution caused by industrial and vehicular exhausts, indoor pollution may prove to be as or a more important cause of health problems. Recognition of air pollution is relatively recent. It is not uncommon to experience a feeling of ‘suffocation’ in a closed environment.

It is often ascribed to the lack of oxygen. Fortunately, however, the composition of air is remarkably constant all over the world. There are about 79 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen in the air – the other gases forming a very small fraction. It is true that carbon dioxide exhaled out of lungs may accumulate in a closed and overcrowded place.

But such an increase is usually small and temporary unless the room is really air-tight. Exposure to poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide may occur in a closed room, heated by burning coal inside. This may also prove to be fatal. What is more common in a poorly ventilated home is a vague constellation of symptoms described as the sick – building syndrome. It is characterized by a general feeling of uneasiness, headache, dizziness and irritation of mucous membranes. It may also be accompanied by nausea, itching, aches, pains and depression.

Sick building syndrome is getting more common in big cities with small houses, which are generally overfurnished. Some of the important pollutants whose indoor concentrations exceed those of the outdoors include gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and organic substances like spores, formaldehyde, hydrocarbon aerosols and allergens.
The sources are attributed to a variety of construction materials, insulations, furnishings, adhesives, cosmetics, house dust, fungi and other indoor products.

Smoking of tobacco in the closed environment is an important source of indoor pollution. It may not be high quantitatively, but significantly hazardous for health. It is because of the fact that there are over 3000 chemical constituents in tobacco smoke, which have been identified. These are harmful to human health.

Obviously, the spectrum of pollution is very wide and our options are limited. Indoor pollution may be handled relatively easily by an individual. Moreover, good work must start from one’s own house.

(Difficult words: concern = चिंता का विषय है। willingly = स्वेच्छा से। inhale = स्वास लेना। surroundings = परिवेश। concentration = सघनता। substance = पदार्थ। particulate = कणीय। exhaust = खाली करना। recognition = पहचानना। relatively = अपेक्षाकृत। suffocation = घुटन। ascribed = उत्तरदायी ठहराना। constant = लगातार। fraction = भाग। accumulate = संचित होना। exposure = सम्पर्क में आना। fatal = घातक। ventilated = हवादार। constellation = नक्षत्र। syndrome = किसी रोग के विशिष्ट लक्षण। dizziness = चक्कर आना। irritation = जलन, दर्द। mucus membranes = श्लेस्मा झिल्ली। nausea = मिचली, उबकाई। itching = खुजली। sponges = बीजाणु। attributed = योगदान देना जिम्मेदार होना। hazardous = खतरनाक। constituent = घटक। obviously = स्पष्ट रूप से। spectrum = सम्पूर्ण श्रृंखला।)

Question 1.
What is a major source of indoor pollution?
Answer:
Smoking of tobacco is a major source of indoor pollution.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 2.
What is an issue of deep concern?
Answer:
Air pollution is an issue of deep concern.

Question 3.
What are the most harmful polluting gases?
Answer:
The most harmful polluting gases are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen.

Question 4.
What are the symptoms of sick building syndrome?
Answer:
The symptoms of sick building syndrome are a general feeling of malaise, headache, dizziness and irritation in mucous membranes.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 5.
What are the sources of indoor pollution?
Answer:
A variety of construction materials, insulators, furnishings, adhesives, cosmetics, dust, fungi and other indoor products are the sources of indoor pollution.

Question 6.
What is the composition of air?
Answer:
The composition of air is about 79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and a small fraction of other gases.

Find out a word from the passage which means the following:

Question 7.
Not clear
Answer:
Vague

Question 8.
Feeling of worry
Answer:
Concern

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
Lasting for a short time
Answer:
Temporary

Passage 14. (S. S. Exam 2013)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Every man that is born in this world has a desire to live well. Life has various aims for various people. To some, life is an empty dream without a motive. They eat and drink and continue to exist for the sake of living. They have no idea, no mission for which to struggle and fight. Their idea is to eat well, to make merry and enjoy the material things of life. Their activities aim at amassing wealth by hook or by crook and using that wealth for the sake of luxury and comfort and pleasures.

Life is, however, not so easy at present. Even to make money for the sake of comforts and luxuries you have to work hard and perform social duties before the society can allow one to earn a lot of money and amass wealth. Modern states work under certain principles of social behaviour and do not allow people to go about making money without caring to perform certain duties which are useful to society.

A businessman or an industrialist must pay his labourers well so that the labourer does his duty honestly and diligently and enable the entrepreneur to make profits from the goods produced. The only easy way of making money is cheating or stealing which have consequences of their own.

Law has prescribed imprisonment for the robbers, thieves and the cheats. Life is complicated in these times. It needs to be well planned if you want to achieve something worthwhile. Whether your mission or ideal is materialistic or spiritual you should have a clear plan. To make life worth living you must work hard towards the object of your mission. A life without mission is a life lost. A life without planning is a life wasted.

Discipline, mission and hard work are important virtues of a successful man. If you are a patriot and desire to be a politician to earn name and fame in the service of society, you must plan exactly what you want. If you want to serve the people and to represent their cause in elected assemblies, you must win over the support of the voters by giving them an honest account of services.

You must fight for their interest, show great achievements before you can enjoy the popularity of the masses. It is not simply a slogan mongering that matters in politics now – a – days. A successful public man has to be an able administrator who can resolve practical issues with the authorities and win practical benefits for the people.

(Difficult words: motive = प्रयोजन। amassing = बड़ी मात्रा में एकत्रित करना। diligent = परिश्रमी। hook or crook = किसी भी प्रकार से। entrepreneur = उद्यमी। consequence = परिणाम। complicated = जटिल। cause = निमित्त। worthwhile = संतोषजनक, उपयोगी। materialistic = भौतिकवादी। spiritual = आध्यात्मिक। prescribe = निर्धारित करना।)

Question 1.
What is the desire of every man in this world?
Answer:
Every man in this world desires to live well.

Question 2.
What is the ideal of the majority of people?
Answer:
It is to eat well, to make merry and enjoy the material things of life.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 3.
What is the easy way to earn money?
Answer:
The easy way to earn money is by theft, robbery and cheating.

Question 4.
What is needed to achieve something worthwhile?
Answer:
Good planning is required to achieve something worthwhile.

Question 5.
Write the important virtues of a successful man.
Answer:
Discipline, dedication and hard work are the virtues of a successful man.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 6.
How can a man reach up to assemblies?
Answer:
A man can reach up to assemblies by winning over the support of the voters.

Choose from the passage the words that mean:

Question 7.
Useful enough.
Answer:
Worthwhile

Question 8.
Purpose of doing something.
Answer:
Aim

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
Phrase expressing a political or advertising message.
Answer:
Slogan

Passage 15. (S. S. Exam 2015)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
The end of sumptuary laws did not mean that everyone in European societies could now dress in the same way. The French Revolution had raised the question of equality and ended aristocratic privileges, as well as the laws that maintained those privileges. However, differences between social strata remained.

Clearly, the poor could not dress like rich, nor eat the same food. But laws no longer barred people’s right to dress in the way they wished. Differences in earning, rather than sumptuary laws, now defined what the rich and the poor could wear. And different classes developed their own culture of the dress. The notion of what was beautiful or ugly, proper or improper, decent or vulgar, differed.

Styles of clothing also emphasised differences between men and women. Women in Victorian England were groomed from childhood to be docile and dutiful, submissive and obedient. The ideal woman was the one who could bear pain and suffering. While men were expected to be serious, strong, independent and aggressive, women were seen as frivolous, delicate, passive and docile.

Norms of clothing reflected these ideals. From childhood, girls were tightly laced up and dressed in stays. The effort was to restrict the growth of their bodies, contain them within small moulds. When slightly older, girls had to wear a tight-fitting corset. Tightly laced, small-waisted women were admired as attractive, elegant and graceful. Clothing thus played a part in creating the image of frail, submissive Victorian women.

Many women believed in the ideals of womanhood. The ideals were in the air they breathed, the literature they read, the education they had received at school and at home. From childhood, they grew up to believe that having a small waist was a womanly duty. Suffering pain was essential for a woman. To be seen as attractive, to be womanly, they had to wear the corset. The torture and pain this inflicted on the body were to be accepted as normal.

But not everyone accepted these values. Over the nineteenth century, ideas changed. By the 1830s, women in England began agitating for democratic rights. As the suffrage movement developed, many began campaigning for dress reform.
Women’s magazines described how tight dresses and corsets caused deformities and illness among young girls. Such clothing restricted body growth and hampered blood circulation.

Muscles remained underdeveloped and the spines got bent. Doctors reported that many women were regularly complaining of acute weakness, felt languid, and fainted frequently. Corsets then became necessary to hold up the weakened spine.

(Difficult words: sumptuary = भव्य। aristocratic = कुलीन। privileges = विशेषाधिकार। strata = स्तर। barred = बंद किया। decent = भव्य। vulgar = भद्दा।emphasised = जोर दिया। defined = व्याख्या की। notion = विचार, धारणा। were groomed = चुना जाता था। docile = शांत। Submissive = नम्र। aggressive = आक्रामक। frivolous = मूर्ख। delicate = नाजुक। passive = निष्क्रिय। norms = मानक। laced up = फीतेदार। stays = visits, भ्रमण, वास-अवधि। restrict = पाबंदी लगाना। contain = सीमा के भीतर रखना। mould = साँचा। corset = चोली। elegant = आकर्षक। inflicted = जबरदस्ती लादा। suffrage = मताधिकार। began campaigning = आंदोलन में भाग लेने लगे। deformity = विरूपता। hamper = रोकना । felt languid = कमजोरी अनुभव की। agitating = आन्दोलन करने लगी।)

Question 1.
What was the main issue raised by the French Revolution?
Answer:
The French Revolution raised the main issue of equality.

Question 2.
How were the women groomed in Victorian England?
Answer:
They were groomed from childhood to be docile and dutiful, submissive and obedient.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 3.
What defined the apparel of the rich and the poor?
Answer:
Differences in earning defined the apparel of the rich and the poor.

Question 4.
Besides wearing, what else did the styles of clothing emphasize?
Answer:
Styles of clothing emphasised differences between men and women.

Question 5.
What qualities made one masculine?
Answer:
Qualities of being serious, strong, independent and aggressive made one masculine.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 6.
What qualities made one feminine?
Answer:
Qualities of being frivolous, delicate, passive and docile made one feminine.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
A person/animal that is quiet and easily controlled.
Answer:
Docile

Question 8.
A person/animal that has a quality of anger and determination.
Answer:
Aggressive

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive

Question 9.
A special right or advantage.
Answer:
Privilege

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

May 25, 2019 by Prasanna Leave a Comment

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Unseen Passages Comprehension Factual

Introduction of Comprehension and Vocubulary
प्रत्येक अपठित गद्यांश में 6 प्रश्न लघु उत्तरीय तथा 3 प्रश्न Vocabulary पर आधारित होंगे। प्रत्येक प्रश्न 1-1 अंक का होगा। विद्यार्थी की स्थानीय तथा वैश्विक समझ की जाँच के लिए लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न तथा शब्दार्थ के ज्ञान की जाँच के लिये Vocabulary के प्रश्न दिए गये हैं। आपके उत्तर संक्षिप्त, पूर्ण तथा सटीक होने के साथ-साथ प्रश्नों के अनुरूप हों जिससे आप अधिक से अधिक अंक प्राप्त कर सकें।
निम्नलिखित महत्वपूर्ण बातों पर विशेष ध्यान दें –
Some useful hints to attempt an Unseen Passage: (अपठित गद्यांश को हल करने के लिये कुछ निर्देश)

  • Passage में प्रस्तुत विचार को समझने के लिए Passage को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ें।
  • दिये गये Passage में यदि आप कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ को ठीक प्रकार से नहीं समझ पाते हैं तो जहाँ कठिन शब्द प्रयुक्त हुआ है, उससे पहले और आगे वाले वाक्यों को एक बार फिर ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़े और उस शब्द का सामान्य अर्थ समझने का प्रयत्न करें।
  • अपने उत्तर में ठीक उसी बात का उल्लेख करें जो प्रश्न में पूछी गयी हो। साथ ही उत्तरों को संक्षिप्त (Short) रखें।
  • उत्तर देते समय ध्यान रखें कि Passage में दिये गये वाक्यों को ठीक वैसा ही लिखने के स्थान पर अपनी स्वयं की भाषा में उत्तर लिखें। जिस प्रकार प्रश्न पूछा गया है उसी प्रकार उत्तर को लिखने की शुरुआत करनी चाहिए।
  • Vocabulary (शब्दावली) पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर देने के लिए पहले प्रश्न में दिया गया शब्द (word) या शब्दों (words) को पढ़े फिर उससे/उनसे सम्बन्धित शब्द को Unseen passage में खोजें और उसका अर्थ समझने का प्रयास करें, फिर उसका उत्तर दें।
  • अब सभी उत्तरों को एक बार पुनः पढ़े और यदि आवश्यक हो तो त्रुटियों को सुधारें। व्याकरण (Grammar) पर ध्यान दें। Spellings और Punctuation भी सही होने चाहिए।
  • गद्यांश की विषय-वस्तु क्या है, इसे जानने के लिए गद्यांश को 2-3 बार पढ़ें।
  • अपठित गद्यांश के प्रश्नों में निम्नलिखित Question words हो सकते हैं – Who = कौन / किसने; What=क्या / कौन-सा; Where = कहाँ; How = कैसे, किस साधन से; Which=कौन-सा; Whose= किसका / किसके; Whom = किसको; How Much = कितना; For Howlong= कब से; Why= क्यों; When = कब आदि।
  • प्रश्नों के उत्तर देते समय Tense व Person का विशेष ध्यान रखें। उदाहरण के लिए – Present Indefinite Tense में do, does के प्रयोग तथा Past Indefinite Tense में did का प्रयोग कब और कैसे करते हैं, ध्यानपूर्वक अध्ययन कर लें।
  • ‘Why’ से आरम्भ होने वाले प्रश्नों के उत्तरों में because के अलावा to + infinitive को प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं।
    He worked hard to pass the exam.
    Or
    He worked hard because he wanted to pass the exam.
  • When-clause वाले वाक्यों में when-clause को शुरू में ही लिखें –
    Question: What was Sita doing when you entered the room?
    Answer: When I entered the room Sita was sleeping.
  • जिन प्रश्नों के बीच में ‘there’ (introductory subject) आता है तो ऐसे वाक्यों के उत्तर देते समय ‘there’ आरम्भ में ही लिखें –
    Question: How many windows are there in this room?
    Answer: There are four windows in this room.

पाठ्यक्रम के अनुसार आपकी परीक्षा में Factual, Discursive, Literary में से किसी भी प्रकार का Unseen Passage दिया जा सकता है जिसके उत्तर आपको देने हैं।

(i) Factual Passages:
ये Passages समाचार पत्र-पत्रिकाओं एवं ऐतिहासिक व सामाजिक तथ्य पर आधारित पुस्तकों से |. चुने जाते हैं। ये topic (प्रकरण), process (प्रक्रिया), action (कार्यवाही), accident (दुर्घटना) आदि से संबंधित विषयवस्तु को संग्रहित करते हैं।

Unseen Passages For Practice

Passage 1.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Medicines have become an element of surprise and a cause of concern. This is because they have begun to aggravåte diseases instead of curing them. No one has a solution. The doctors are perplexed and the patients are annoyed. The outcome of intensive research and in-depth studies has startled everyone.

These findings show that unnecessary use of medicines has created a trend in which people not only take medicines for every small ailment but also advise others to do so. This habit is now a fashion, a passion and a mark of being educated and aware. Sometimes, it is even considered a status symbol. People think that they should take strong drugs, irrespective of whether the disease in minor or major. Nowadays, a shelf of medicines is found in every house.

This practice is not merely confined to general medicines but has now spread even to antibiotics. The literal meaning of the word antibiotics is – against life’. In fact, due to their misuse, they have really begun acting against our life. Experts say that unnecessary consumption of antibiotics is increasing the longevity of the microbes on the one hand, while adversely affecting the patient’s health on the other. This is because due to the overuse of these medicines the resistance of microorganisms is increasing, while the immunity of the individuals is decreasing.

The medical experts have now begun to accept openly that neither the doctors refrain from prescribing the antibiotics for even simple ailments, nor the patients observe restraint in consuming them. It is a matter of concern that these medicines are used excessively without understanding their side-effects. Recently, the World Health Organization has also issued an advisory to the Southeast Asian countries, including India. It has warned that if the unrestricted use of antibiotics continues, the coming times may witness a substantial rise in the number of deaths occurring due to microbial resistance.

Antibiotics either destroy the disease-causing bacteria completely or prohibit their growth. However, their prolonged use gives rise to a mutation in the bacteria, which makes them resistant towards these drugs. Consequently, they stop, having any effect on them. This situation is termed by medical experts as ‘microbial resistance’.

Various researches and studies carried out in this context also lead to the conclusion that medicines are becoming poisonous.
The chief cause of this situation is the unrestrained use of antibiotics. Studies have revealed that sometimes strong antibiotics are taken even for treating simple problems.

(Difficult words: element = तत्व। concern = चिंता। aggravate = बढाना। curing = उपचार करना। perplexed = हैरानी से। annoyed = चिढ़ना। outcome = परिणाम। intensive = गहन। trend = प्रवृत्ति। ailments = बीमारियाँ। passion = जुनून। mark = चिन्ह। considered = माना जाता है। status symbol = प्रतिष्ठा का चिह्न। irrespective = का ध्यान दिये बिना। minor = छोटी। major = बड़ी। shelf = ताक। confined= सीमित। literal = आक्षरिक। consumption = उपयोग। longevity = दीर्घ आयु। microbes = जीवाणु। adversely = विपरीत तरीके से। overuse = अत्यधिक उपयोग। resistance = प्रतिरोध। immunity = प्रतिरक्षा। individuals = व्यक्ति। decreasing = घट रही है। refrain = रोकना । excessively = अत्यधिक मात्रा में। recently = हाल ही में। prohibit = रोकना। prolong = लम्बा करनी। witness = साक्षी। substantial = भारी, कमी। mutation = बदलाव। consequently = परिणामस्वरूप। context = संदर्भ। conclusion = निष्कर्ष। revealed = प्रकट होना।)

Question 1.
Why have medicines become an element of surprise?
Answer:
Medicines have become an element of surprise because they have begun to aggravate diseases instead of curing them.

Question 2.
What is the literary meaning of the word antibiotics?
Answer:
The literary meaning of the word antibiotics is ‘against life’.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 3.
What is the adverse effect of the overuse of antibiotics?
Answer:
Decrease the immunity of the body against diseases.

Question 4.
What do antibiotics do with the disease-causing bacteria?
Answer:
Antibiotics either destroy the disease-causing bacteria completely or prohibit their growth.

Question 5.
What is warned by WHO?
Answer:
It is warned by WHO that if the unrestricted use of antibiotics continues, the coming time may witness a substantial rise in the number of deaths occurring due to‘microbial resistance.’

Question 6.
What can be found on a shelf of every house?
Answer:
Medicines can be found on a shelf of every house.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Considerable
Answer:
Substantial

Question 8.
Resistance
Answer:
Immunity

Question 9.
Disallow
Answer:
Prohibit

Passage 2.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
The culture of Rajasthan is very different and unique. The unique mixture of diverse topography, history and curious lifestyle is what gives Rajasthani culture its rich heritage. The rich culture in Rajasthan is visible in each and every aspect of the state. The colourful dresses, the heavy jewellery, the palatial mansions, the diverse and joyous festivals and fairs, all are symbols of the rich and unique culture of Rajasthan.

The dull and harsh living condition of people in Rajasthan is made a bit colourful and lively by the multitude of fairs and festivals that are celebrated there. The only way people here enjoy the simple pleasures of life is by celebrating each and every occasion and event on a grand scale.

Any festival, big or small, is celebrated with much enthusiasm and joy. Rajasthan comes alive in a riot of colours and activities during fairs and important festivals. Monsoons are also the time to indulge in festivity and grand feasts, as rains are an occasion to celebrate in Rajasthan.

The most common language spoken in Rajasthan is Hindi. The people of Rajasthan speak in Rajasthani and Marwari. Hindi is the official language of the state. The people over here are very religious and follow all rituals and traditions piously. Hinduism is the dominant religion here followed by Islam, Jainism, Sikhism and Christianity.

The architecture of the state is also a very evident aspect of the culture of Rajasthan. The magnificent mansions speak volumes about the royal historical grandeur of the place. The forts and palaces are living testimonies of the rich cultural heritage of Rajasthan.

Rajasthan is famous for its exquisite embroidery. The most unique thing about this embroidery is that it is totally done by hands and no machines are involved. The designs like block printing, Zari, Bagaru, Tie and Die, Sanganri are famous all over the world and are also exported to many countries abroad.

The place is also famous for its Kundan and gold jewellery, brass work, etc. Another famous product of Rajasthan is the famous Rajasthani Bandhni Saris. Come to Rajasthan and experience the royal cultural heritage of this beautiful state. Rajasthan is a place that is dominated by hot and dry weather almost throughout the year.

However, there is no such ideal time to visit Rajasthan. The variation between the day and night is pretty high. This means that though days are hot, the nights can get pretty cold. Each and every weather and season in Rajasthan is enjoyable and has its own charm.

(Difficult words: culture= संस्कृति। unique= अनोखी या अतुलनीय। topography= स्थानिक भूगोल (स्थान वर्णन)। attires = परिधान। palatial = महलनुमा। dominant = प्रभुत्व करने वाला। mansion = भवन या महल। harsh = कठोर। multitude = बहुत सारे। riot = एक ही वस्तु के विभन्न स्वरूपों का संग्रह। enthusiasm = उत्साह। Irituals= धार्मिक कृत्य। grandeur= भव्यता| testimonies= प्रमाण, सबूत। heritage = विरासत। exquisite = अत्यन्त सुन्दर। embroidery = कढ़ाई।)

Question 1.
What are the symbols of the unique culture of Rajasthan?
Answer:
Colourful attires, heavy jewellery, the palatial mansions, joyous festivals and fairs, etc. are the symbols of the unique culture of Rajasthan.

Question 2.
Describe the living conditions of Rajasthani people.
Answer:
The living conditions of Rajasthani people are dull and harsh.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 3.
What makes the life of Rajasthani people colourful?
Answer:
A large number of joyous fairs and festivals make the life of Rajasthani people colourful.

Question 4.
Why do the people of Rajasthan follow all rituals and traditions piously?
Answer:
Since the people of Rajasthan are very religious, they follow all rituals and traditions piously.

Question 5.
Why is Rajasthani embroidery famous?
Answer:
Rajasthani embroidery is famous for its handwork, no machines are involved in it.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 6.
How is the weather of Rajasthan?
Answer:
The weather of Rajasthan is hot and dry throughout the year.

Choose from the passage the words that mean…

Question 7.
An extremely large number of people.
Answer:
Multitude

Question 8.
That can be seen easily.
Answer:
Visible

Question 9.
Great eagerness for something.
Answer:
Enthusiasm

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Passage 3.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Vitamin C is an essential ingredient for human beings. It is required for the synthesis of intercellular cement “collagen”, which is responsible for keeping various cells of the human body together. As an oxidant, it acts like a cop in the body, apprehending the rowdy molecules called free radicals that are naturally formed during various chemical reactions in the body and have the potential to damage. Vitamin C is also required for dentine formation in the teeth and it also aids in the absorption of iron from the body.

Rats have the capacity to synthesise vitamin C with their body whereas human beings are required to provide it through diet. The richest source of vitamin C is amla. The other sources are lemon, orange, papaya, pineapple, cabbage, cauliflower, green peas and tomato. While cooking above 70-degree centigrade vitamin C gets destroyed!

Scurvy is a disease caused by the deficiency of this vitamin. Due to its deficiency, gums are swollen or bleeding, bones are weak and readily fractured, delayed wound healing and poor teeth formation in children result. A balanced diet with vitamin C is the requirement to avoid scurvy. For pregnant or lactating mothers vitamin C is the remedy.

Each adult is required to consume 75 mg per day; an infant 30 mg per day; a pregnant woman 100 mg per day; a lactating mother 150 mg per day. Doctors use vitamin C for the treatment of infections, healing of ulcers, burns and trauma, quick healing of fractures, etc.

However, taking vitamin C tablets on a long-term basis is not without side-effects, like the reformation of oxalates, kidney stones, diarrhoea, abnormal heart rhythm, damage to the outer. a layer of teeth and rebound scurvy if tablets are stopped abruptly. Amla with honey is a supertonic, particularly when treated with solar rays since honey is an ingredient that provides instant energy without consuming insulin for its absorption in the body.

A newly born child in India is first provided with honey to purify his/her internal system since it acts as antibiotic and also without side – effects. Most of us are not aware that during World War II a lot of food material was sent to the British army fighting for and on behalf of the British Government in different parts of the world.

In this food material, Amla was one of the main ingredients to protect fighting forces from the scurvy disease since during day-time they had to live in bunkers and during night-time, they had to fight. Therefore, they were generally deprived of sunlight which is a major source of vitamins for the human body. Therefore, vitamin C in the form of amla is the best for human health.

(Difficult words: essential = आवश्यक। ingredient = वस्तु या तत्व। cement = दो वस्तुओं को जोड़ने वाला लसदार पदार्थ। collagen = शरीर में अंगों को जोड़ने वाला मुख्य तत्व। cop = पुलिस अधिकारी। deficiency = अभाव या कमी। gums = मसूड़े। swollen = सूज जाना। stressed = तनावग्रस्त। abruptly = अचानक से। particularly = विशेष रूप से। instant = तुरन्त या अतिशीघ्र। side effects = दुष्परिणाम। deprived of sunlight = धूप से वंचित। lactating = दुग्धपान करने वाली महिलाऍं। apprehending = पकड़ना, प्रभावहीन करना। rowdy = उपद्रवी। molecules = अणुओं। absorption = सोखना।)

Question 1.
Why is vitamin C important for us?
Answer:
Vitamin C is important because it is required for the synthesis of intercellular cement “collagen”, which is responsible for keeping various cells of the human body together.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 2.
What are the sources of vitamin C?
Answer:
Amla, lemon, orange, pineapple, cabbage, cauliflower, green peas and tomato, etc. are the sources of vitamin C.

Question 3.
What is the cause of the disease scurvy?
Answer:
The disease scurvy is caused due to deficiency of vitamin C.

Question 4.
How can the disease scurvy be prevented?
Answer:
The disease scurvy can be prevented by taking a balanced diet enriched with vitamin C.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 5.
What are the side effects of taking vitamin C tablets on long term basis?
Answer:
The side effects of taking vitamin C tablets on a long term basis are – the reformation of oxalates, kidney stones, diarrhoea, abnormal heart rhythm, etc.

Question 6.
Why was Amla one of the main food ingredients for army people during world war II?
Answer:
Amla was one of the main ingredients to save fighting forces from scurvy disease during World War II.

Choose from the passage the words that mean…

Question 7.
A situation when there is not enough of the people or things that are needed
Answer:
Deficiency

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 8.
Suddenly.
Answer:
Abruptly

Question 9.
A woman producing milk from the breasts to feed a baby.
Answer:
Lactating

Passage 4.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
In India, March 8th has been Women’s Day for several decades. It received a major boost during the tenure of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and later, Prime Minister Rajeev Gandhi, who made it a practice to invite a large number of women of substance’ to a celebratory get-together in Delhi.

As more and more Indian women become aware of their equal status and right to education and opportunity, March 8th acquires a greater and wider significance. Today, as 21st-century Indian women celebrate their awesome achievements, they continue to spell out their dream for the future of the country. March 8th becomes a symbolic day for recognizing their vision and contribution to the building of India.

In the last few years, Women’s Day celebrations have encouraged them to come together in innumerable seminars, networking gatherings and even sponsored parties. It is a time when powerful men from all walks of life pay rich tributes to Indian women. An example is a priceless remark made by Amitabh Bachchan.

He said, “It is clear that the 21st century belongs to women. They have earned every bit of the power and glory they are enjoying and men should applaud their achievements wholeheartedly.” Indian women have discovered three magical mantras of life in the last decade! These are; One: Beauty and glamour are their birthrights. Two: Women are no longer the worst enemies of women. In fact, they can network, mentor one another and reach unprecedented heights of achievement. Three: Energy is a stretchable concept.

Based on these three discoveries, women have upgraded their goals and literally covered every field of endeavour with glory and pride. They have shown beyond doubt, that as the world opens new windows of options and opportunities at the speed of light, they are smart, beautiful and savvy enough to rise to the occasion and turn the tide of fortune in their favour.
The success of India’s beautiful women has also created a huge revolution in the fashion, fitness and beauty industries. Fashion designers of the eighties, who limited their designs to various looks in the basic Salwar Kameez, have acquired a splendid plumage of innovation in the last ten years.

Many women designers like Ritu Kumar, Ritu Beri, Monisha Jaisingh, Anna Singh, Neeta Lulla and others gave Indian fashion-wear a brand new definition. Today, Indian designers not only sell their collections each season in India, but they also export their styles to many countries in the UK, US, Europe and Australia and hold shows in the fashion weeks held in many of the world’s fashion capitals like Milan and Paris.

(Difficult words: boost = वृद्धि। celebratory = समारोह या उत्सव से संबंधित। significance = किसी बात का महत्व। awesome = अतिविस्मयजनक। contribution = योगदान। innumerable = असंख्य। sponsor = प्रायोजक। tribute= श्रद्धांजलि। glamour = लुभावनापन| unprecedented = अभूतपूर्व। energy is a stretchable concept = जानना शक्ति को बढ़ाना चाहें आप बढ़ा सकते हैं। endeavours = कठोर परिश्रम करना। savvy = जितना, समझना। splendid = बहुत शानदार। plumage = पक्षियों के पर। innovation= नवपरिवर्तन।)

Question 1.
What is the third magical mantra discovered by Indian women?
Answer:
“Energy is a stretchable concept.” It is the third magical mantra discovered by Indian women.

Question 2.
Name the fashion capitals of the world.
Answer:
Milan and Paris are the places known as the fashion capitals of the world.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 3.
When do we celebrate Women’s Day in India?
Answer:
Women’s Day is celebrated on 8th March every year.

Question 4.
What is responsible for the revolution in fashion in India?
Answer:
Splendid plumage of innovation and exotica is responsible for the revolution in the fashion in India.

Question 5.
When did the Women’s Day celebration receive a major boost?
Answer:
During the tenure of Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Rajeev Gandhi, Women’s Day celebration received a major boost.

Question 6.
What kind of fashion was prevalent during the eighties?
Answer:
Salwar Kameez was prevalent during the eighties.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Find out a word from the passage the which means:

Question 7.
Sell goods to another country.
Answer:
Export

Question 8.
Having practical knowledge of something.
Answer:
Savvy

Question 9.
The social position of somebody in relation to others.
Answer:
Status

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Passage 5.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Rajasthan is India’s largest state, located on its north-western border with Pakistan. It is surrounded by the states of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Rajasthan is bisected by the Aravalli hills, dividing it into two distinct landscapes.

On the west is Rajasthan’s unique feature, the Thar Desert, an area of sand, scrub and thorn. The other is the region to the east of the Aravallis, which is more rain-fed and hospitable. The culture of Rajasthan is defined by the Rajputana kingdoms that ruled it for centuries; the word Rajput meaning sons of royalty. The Thar Desert region saw the Desert Kingdoms of Marwar; modern Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, and Bikaner. The east saw the kingdoms of Mewar; modern Chittor and Udaipur, Amber; modern Amber and Jaipur and Hadoti: modern Bundi, Kota and Jhalawar among many others.

As a result, Rajasthan has a larger concentration of forts, palaces, and royal riches than any other place in India. This is the reason why tourism is a primary pillar of the economy; apart from agriculture and cattle rearing. Several palaces or abandoned fortresses have been converted to Heritage Hotels to attract visitors and provide an income for the erstwhile princes.
The capital Jaipur, with its many imposing buildings made of rosy sandstone, is called Pink City.

The City Palace Complex and the Hawa Mahal are examples of Rajasthani-Mughal architecture. The old parts of town offer shopping such as jewellery, hand-dyed clothes, precious stones and craftwork. Jaipur has an international airport.
Udaipur has many lakes, lakeside palaces, and the largest palace complex (City Palace) in Rajasthan. Jaisalmer Fort is made of yellow sandstone and thus it’s called the Golden Fort. Jaisalmer also gives access to pristine sand dunes of Sam and Khuri, with camel safaris and nomadic music.

The Amber Fort (near Jaipur, 16th century); the Chittor Fort; Junagarh Fort (at Bikaner); Mehrangarh Fort, (at Jodhpur, 15th century) are among the main fortress attractions. The Shekhawati region in the north-east offers painted Havelis belonging to old business families. Ranthambore and Sariska National Parks are for tiger reserves while Keoladeo Ghana National Park (Bharatpur) is a bird-rich wetland, where over 375 species of migratory birds visit every year. Mt Abu is the only hill station in Rajasthan.

Home to over 500 temples of all sizes, Pushkar is revered for its spiritual significance. Brahma Temple is the main attraction here. Pushkar is the only place in the world where Lord Brahma is worshipped. The hilltop temple has a red spire with a symbol of his or swan at the entrance. The one hour trek uphill offers good views of the lake.

(Difficult words: bisected = दो भागों में बाँटा गया। scrub = झाड़-झंखाड़ वाला इलाका। royalty = राजशुल्क| sandstone = बलुआ पत्थर। reserve = शरण स्थली। hospitable = निवास योग्य। concentration = संकेन्द्रण। pillar = स्तम्भ। rearing = पालना। abandoned = त्यागा हुआ। erstwhile = पहले के, भूतपूर्व। pristine = शुद्ध, साफ – सुथरी। sand dunes = बालु के टीले। safari = वन्य प्रदेश में भ्रमण। nomadic = खानाबदोश। spire = शिखर। fortress = कोई किला जिस पर हमला करना कठिन हो।)

Question 1.
What is the main attraction of Pushkar?
Answer:
The Brahma Temple is the main attraction of Pushkar.

Question 2.
Where are the painted havelis found?
Answer:
The painted havelis are found in Shekhawati region.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 3.
How many species of migratory birds visit Ghana every year?
Answer:
Over 375 species of migratory birds visit Ghana every year.

Question 4.
What does Udaipur offer?
Answer:
Udaipur offers many lakes, lakeside palaces and city palace (largest palace complex).

Question 5.
What does the word ‘Rajput’ mean?
Answer:
The word ‘Rajput’ means son of royalty.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 6.
Name the states which surround Rajasthan.
Answer:
The states which surround Rajasthan are Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab.

Choose from the passage the words that mean…

Question 7.
To leave somebody/something permanently.
Answer:
Abandon

Question 8.
A tall pointed tower on the top of the church.
Answer:
Spire

Question 9.
Easily seen or clear.
Answer:
Distinct

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Passage 6.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Body fat, blood pressure and fasting insulin levels (a marker of diabetes risk) all increased within a decade of moving to a city, and for decades blood pressure and insulin continued to rise above the levels of their rural counterparts. The findings raise public health concerns as the global population progressively becomes more urban.

According to the United Nations, the growth change in India’s urban population is 1.1 per cent every year, while the change in the proportion of people in rural areas is declining by 0.37 per cent. The proportion of Indians who live in cities is still much smaller than in the United States. Just 30 per cent of Indians live in urban areas, while 82 per cent of Americans live in urban areas.

That number is expected to rise as the proportion of people who live in rural areas in the United States declined by 1.6 per cent each year. The researchers, led by Dr Sanjay Kinra of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, compared rural Indians to their siblings who moved to one of four cities in India: Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bengaluru. Siblings who lived in a city the longest had the highest average blood pressures.

For instance, men who lived in a city for more than 30 years had an average systolic blood pressure – the top number in a reading – of 126. Men who lived in a city 10-20 years had an average of 124, and those who staved in rural areas had an average of 123. Systolic blood pressure above 140 is considered high.

The change in body fat was most evident in the first 10 years after moving to a city, and then it levelled off. Men who stayed in rural areas had 21 per cent body fat on average, while those who moved within the past ten years had 24 per cent, on average. The recommended body fat percentage from the National Institutes of Health is 13 to 17 per cent.

The study, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, did not pinpoint the cause of these differences between the siblings who moved and those who stayed behind. Nor did it tease out whether the increased levels of body fat, blood pressure and insulin resulted in more disease.

Though other studies of rural-to-urban migration within developing countries have also found negative health effects related to moving to cities, city dwellers in the United States tend to be healthier than those who live in rural areas and even in the suburbs.

According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Americans who live in rural areas are more likely to have fair or poor health, develop chronic diseases, and die from heart disease. One study of suburbanites across several countries found that people who lived in cities were more likely to be active and to walk places.

People in cities also tend to be closer to doctors and hospitals. The authors write that the changes among the Indian city-dwellers might be explained by rapid weight gain once people move to a city, spurred by a less healthy diet and a less active lifestyle.

(Difficult words: fasting = उपवास। counterpart = प्रतिरूप। decline = कमी होना। sibling = भाई-बहन। suburbs = उपनगरों। chronic = स्थायी (दीर्घकालिक)। dwellers = रहने वाले। spurred = प्रेरित करना।)

Question 1.
What is the percentage of people living in urban areas in India?
Answer:
About 30 per cent of Indians live in urban areas.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 2.
Who had the highest blood pressure?
Answer:
Siblings who lived in a city the longest had the highest blood pressure.

Question 3.
How much systolic blood pressure is considered high?
Answer:
Systolic blood pressure above 140 is considered high.

Question 4.
What is the recommended body fat percentage?
Answer:
The recommended body fat percentage is 13 to 17.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 5.
Why do the Indian city-dwellers gain weight?
Answer:
The Indian city-dwellers gain weight due to a less healthy diet and a less active lifestyle.

Question 6.
What does the agency for Healthcare Research and Quality say about the health of rural Americans?
Answer:
According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Americans who live in rural areas are more likely to have fair or poor health, develop chronic diseases and die from heart disease.

Choose from the passage the words that mean…

Question 7.
To become weaker.
Answer:
decline

Question 8.
Something that encourages you to do something.
Answer:
spur

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 9.
A person or thing that has a similar position.
Answer:
counterpart

Passage 7.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Across the world, the stride of migration from rural to urban areas is increasing. By 2050, about 70 per cent of the population will be living in cities, and India is no exception. It will need about 500 new cities to accommodate the influx. Interestingly, urbanisation in India has for the longest time been viewed as a by-product of failed regional planning.

Thought it is inevitable, and will only change when the benefits of urbanisation overtake the costs involved, it is an opportunity for achieving faster growth. With increasing urbanisation and the load on rural land, the government has now realised the need for cities that can cope with the challenges of urban living and also be magnets for investment. The announcement of ‘100 smart cities’ falls in line with this vision.

A ‘smart city’ is an urban region that is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate, communications and market viability. It is a city where information technology is the principal infrastructure and the basis for providing essential services to residents.

There are many technological platforms involved, including but not limited to automated sensor networks and data centres. Though this may sound futuristic, it is now likely to become a reality as the ‘smart cities’ movement unfolds in India.
In a smart city, economic development and activity are sustainable and rationally incremental by virtue of being based on success-oriented market drivers such as supply and demand. They benefit everybody, including citizens, businesses, the government and the environment.

The underway or proposed smart cities include Kochi in Kerala, Ahmedabad in Gujarat, Aurangabad in Maharashtra, Manesar in Delhi NCR, Khushkhera in Rajasthan, Krishnapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Ponneri in Tamil Nadu and Tumkur in Karnataka. Many of these cities will include special investment regions or special economic zones with modified regulations and tax structures to make it attractive for foreign investment.

This is essential because much of the funding for these projects will have to come from private developers and from abroad.
The concept is not without challenges, especially in India. For instance, the success of such a city depends on residents, enterpreneurs and visitors becoming actively involved in energy saving and implementation of new technologies.
There are many ways to make residential, commercial and public spaces sustainable byways of technology, but a high percentage of the total energy use is still in the hands of end users and their behaviour. Also, there is the time factor such cities can potentially take anything between 20 and 30 years to build.

(Difficult words: stride = छलाँग। migration = प्रवास। urban = शहरी। exception = अपवाद। accommodate = रहने के लिये जगह देना। influx = भीड़। regional = क्षेत्रिय। inevitable = अपरिहार्य। overtake = आगे निकलना। opportunity = अवसर। cope with = निपटना। magnets = आकर्षक वस्तु। vision = दृष्टिकोण। overall = सम्पूर्ण। sustainable = कायम रहने वाला। real estate = अचल सम्पत्ति। viability = व्यावहारिकता। automated = स्वचालित। futuristic = अत्याधुनिक। unfold = खोलना, आरंभ करना।)
rationally = समझदारीपूर्ण। virtue = गुण। oriented = अभिविन्यसित। abroad = विदेश। for instance = उदाहरण के तौर पर। entrepreneurs = उद्यमी। implementation = क्रियान्विती। residential = आवासीय। potentially = संभावित रूप से।)

Question 1.
Who will provide fund for the developments of Indian cities?
Answer:
Private developers and foreigners will provide fund for the development of Indian cities.

Question 2.
On what does the success of Indian cities depend?
Answer:
The success of Indian cities depends on residents, entrepreneurs and visitors becoming actively involved in energy saving and implementation of new technologies.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 3.
Which increasing trend has necessitated the development of ‘Smart Cities’.
Answer:
Increasing urbanization and the burden on rural land has necessitated the development of Smart Cities.

Question 4.
Whom does the economic development benefit?
Answer:
The economic development benefits everybody, including citizens, businesses, the government and the environment.

Question 5.
What is a “Smart City”?
Answer:
A smart city is an urban region that is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate communications and market viability.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 6.
How much time will the development of these (Smart Cities) take?
Answer:
The development of Smart Cities will take 20 to 30 years.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Open
Answer:
unfold

Question 8.
Movement From One Locality To Another.
Answer:
migration

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 9.
A Possibility of Becoming Actual.
Answer:
potentially

Passage 8.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Smoking is the major cause of mortality with bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung and is one of the factors causing death due to malignancies of the larynx, oral cavity, oesophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, uterine cervix and coronary heart diseases.

Nicotine is the major substance present in the smoke that causes physical dependence. The additives do produce damage to the body for example, ammonia can result in a 100-fold increase in the ability of nicotine to enter into the smoke.
Levulinic acid, added to cigarettes to mask the harsh taste of nicotine, can increase the binding of nicotine to brain receptors, which increases the ‘kick’ of nicotine.

Smoke from the burning end of a cigarette contains over 4000 chemicals and 40 carcinogens. It has long been known that tobacco smoke is carcinogenic or cancer-causing. The lungs of smokers collect an annual deposit of 1 to 1/2 pounds of the gooey black material. The invisible gas phase of cigarette smoke contains nitrogen, oxygen and toxic gases like carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxides.

These gases are poisonous and in many cases interfere with the body’s ability to transport oxygen. Like many carcinogenic compounds, they can act as tumour promoters or tumour initiators by acting directly on the genetic make-up of cells of the body leading to the development of cancer.

During smoking, within the first: 8-10 seconds, nicotine is absorbed through the lungs and quickly ‘moved’ into the bloodstream and circulated throughout the brain. Nicotine can also enter the bloodstream through the mucous membranes that line the mouth (if tobacco is chewed) or nose (if snuff is used) and even through the skin.

Our brain is made up of billions of nerve cells. They communicate with each other by chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. Nicotine is one of the most powerful nerve poisons and binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic receptors located in the brain, autonomic ganglia, the medulla, neuro-muscular junctions.

Located throughout the brain, they play a critical role in cognitive processes and memory. In high concentrations, nicotine is more deadly. In fact, one drop of purified nicotine on the tongue will kill a person. It has been used as a pesticide for centuries.
Recent research studies suggest that acute nicotine administration would result in increased dopamine release from the brain, producing perceptions of pleasure and happiness, increased energy and motivation, increased alertness, increased feeling of vigour during the early phase of smoking.

New research shows that the relationship between smoking and memory loss is the strongest in people who smoke more than 20 cigarettes each day. Smoking may speed up age-related memory loss and the details are not yet clear. One of the causes of memory decline in relation to the brain function could be nerve cell death.

(Difficult words: major = मुख्य। mortality = मृत्यु संख्या। bronchogenic = श्वास नली सम्बंधी। carcinoma = एक प्रकार का कैंसर। lung = फेफड़े। malignancies = हानिकारता। larynx = कंठ। oral cavity = मुख। oesophagus = भोजन मालिका। pancreas = अग्न्याशय। uterine cervix = neck like opening of the uterus, गर्भाशय का संकरा द्वार। harsh = कर्कश। receptor = ग्राही। g00ey = चिपचिपा। toxic = जहरीली। tumour = अबूर्द। promoter = बढ़ाने वाले। absorbed = अवशोषित किया जाना। circulated = संचारित करना। mucous = श्लेष्मा। membrane = झिल्ली। cognitive = ज्ञान सम्बंधी। acute = घातक। administration = दवा देना। decline = कमी।

Question 1.
How fatal is nicotine?
Answer:
One drop of purified nicotine on the tongue will kill a person.

Question 2.
How is the smoke of cigarette harmful?
Answer:
The smoke of a cigarette contains over 4000 chemicals and 40 carcinogens.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 3.
What is the major substance present in the smoke?
Answer:
Nicotine is the major substance present in the smoke.

Question 4.
What does the new research show?
Answer:
The new research shows that the relationship between smoking and memory loss is the strongest in people who smoke more than 20 cigarettes each day.

Question 5.
What can be the cause of memory decline?
Answer:
The death of the nerve cell can be the cause of memory decline.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 6.
Name the toxic gases present in the smoke of a cigarette.
Answer:
The toxic gases present in the smoke of cigarette are carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen and sulphur oxides.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Very Serious
Answer:
Acute

Question 8.
Substances Added To Improve Or Preserve Something.
Answer:
Promoter

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 9.
Soft And Sticky.
Answer:
Gooey

Passage 9.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Maharana Pratap ruled over Mewar only for 25 years. However, he accomplished so much grandeur during his reign that his glory surpassed the boundaries of countries and time turning him into an immortal personality. He along with his kingdom became a synonym for valour, sacrifice and patriotism.

Mewar had been the leading Rajput Kingdom even before Maharana Pratap occupied the throne. Kings of Mewar, with the cooperation of their nobles and subjects, had established such traditions in the kingdom as augmented their magnificence despite the hurdles of having a smaller area under their command and less population. There did come a few thorny occasions when the flag of the kingdom seemed sliding down.

Their flag once again flew high in the sky. Thanks to the gallantry and brilliance of the people of Mewar. The destiny of Mewar was good in the sense that barring a few kings, most of the rulers were competent and patriotic. This glorious tradition of the kingdom almost continued for 1500 years since its establishment, right from the region of Bappa Rawal. In fact, only 60 years before Maharana Pratap, Rana Sanga lifted the kingdom to the pinnacle of fame.

His reputation went beyond Rajasthan and reached Delhi. Two generations before him, Rana Kumbha had given a new stature to the kingdom through victories and developmental work. During his reign, literature and art also progressed extraordinarily. The Rana himself was inclined towards writing and his works are read with reverence even today.

The ambience of his kingdom was conducive to the creation of high-quality work of art and literature. These accomplishments were the outcome of a long-standing tradition sustained by several generations. The life of the people of Mewar must have been peaceful and prosperous during the long span of time; otherwise, such extraordinary accomplishment in these fields would not have been possible. This is reflected in their art and literature as well as their loving nature.

They compensate for the lack of admirable physique by their firm but pleasant nature. The ambience of Mewar remains lovely thanks to the cheerful and liberal character of its people. One may observe astonishing pieces of workmanship not only in the forts and palaces of Mewar but also in public utility buildings.

Ruins of many structures which are still standing tall in their grandeur are a testimony to the fact that Mewar was not only the land of the brave but also a seat of art and culture. Amidst aggression and bloodshed, literature and art flourished and creative pursuits of litterateurs and artists did not suffer.

Imagine, how glorious the period must have been when the Vijaya Stambha which is a glorious example of our great ancient architecture even today, was constructed. In the same fort, Kirti Stambha is standing high, reflecting how liberal the then administration was which allowed people from other communities and kingdoms to come and carry out construction work. It is pointless to indulge in the debate whether the Vijay Stambha was constructed first or the Kirti Stambha.

The fact is that both the capitals are standing side by side and reveal the proximity between the king and the subjects of Mewar. The cycle of time does not remain the same. Whereas the reign of Rana Sanga was crucial in raising the kingdom to the acme of glory, it also proved to be his nemesis. History took a turn. The fortune of Mewar – the land of the brave, started waning. The letter, the Ranas tried to save the day with their later acumen which was running against the stream and the glorious traditions for some time.

(Difficult words: accomplished = पूरा किया। grandeur = वैभव। reign = शासन। glory = गौरव। surpass = के परे होना। immortal = अमर। personality = व्यक्तित्व। synonym = पर्याय। valour = साहस। sacrifice = बलिदान। patriotism = देशभक्ति। occupied = धारण किया। throne = राजगद्दी। nobles = सामंत। subjects = प्रजो। established = स्थापित किया। tradition = परम्परा। kingdom = साम्राज्य। augmented = संवर्धित। magnificence = भव्यता। despite = के बावजूद। hurdle = बाधा। thorny = कष्टमय। sliding = सरकता हुआ। reflected = प्रतिबिम्बित होना। compensate = कमी पूर्ति करना। lack = कमी। firm = मजबूत। ambience = माहौल। astonishing = चकित कर देने वाली। testimony = प्रमाण। aggression = आक्रमण। bloodshed = रक्तपात। flourished = फला-फूला। creative = रचनात्मक। pursuit = व्यवसाय। liberal = उदार। indulge = लिप्त होना। reveal = प्रकट करना। proximity = नजदीकी। crucial = महत्वपूर्ण। acme = पराकाष्ठा, nemesis = acumen =

Question 1.
How was the life of the people of Mewar?
Answer:
The life of the people of Mewar was peaceful and prosperous.

Question 2.
How long did Maharana Pratap rule?
Answer:
Maharana Pratap ruled over Mewar only for 25 years.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 3.
How can it be said that the destiny of Mewar was good?
Answer:
It can be said that the destiny of Mewar was good because most of its rulers were competent and patriotic.

Question 4.
What is pointless to debate?
Answer:
It is pointless to debate whether the Vijay Stambha was constructed first or the Kirti Stambha.

Question 5.
How did Rana Kumbha give a new stature to the kingdom of Mewar?
Answer:
Rana Kumbha gave new stature to the kingdom of Mewar through victories and development work.

Question 6.
Where can exquisite workmanship be seen in Mewar?
Answer:
Exquisite workmanship can be seen in the forts, palaces and public utility buildings in Mewar.

Find out a word from the passage which means:

Question 7.
Very old
Answer:
Ancient

Question 8.
The ability to understand and decide quickly.
Answer:
Acumen

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 9.
In Spite of
Answer:
Despite

Passage 10. (S.S. Exam 2014)
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
All round development of man is the true aim of education. It should train not only the head but also the hands and the heart. But our present system of education has miserably failed to achieve this aim. It suffers from many grave defects. The present system of education was founded by the British for their own convenience. Lord Macaulay was the father and founder of this system.

He wanted it to produce clerks to help the British in running their administration. Today the Britishers have gone but the same old system of education still continues. We are free but we are still slavishly following the system evolved by the British. This system of education has many defects. It must be changed and overhauled. The greatest defect in our present system of education is that it is too theoretical. An educated man has only bookish knowledge. He knows nothing about practical things. He finds that his education has not made him fit to do any useful work for his society.

The present system of education does not teach us the dignity of labour. A student is not taught or trained to do things with his hands. Manual or physical labour finds no place in education. Educated young men are fit only to be clerks in offices. They look down upon manual labour. They consider it below their dignity to work with their hands in fields or factories. Vocational education is the need of the hour. We need more and more technicians, engineers and doctors.

But the number of vocational institutions – Engineering and Medical colleges, Polytechnics and I.T.I’s – is limited. A large number of young men and women, who can do well as technicians, are deprived of technical or vocational knowledge. The present system of education gives too much importance to English. At many places, it is the medium of instruction. English may be an international language.

It may have rich treasures of science and literature. But it can never be our national language. Education must be imparted in the mother tongue. This will save much talent of the country from going waste. A number of commissions have been set up since the dawn of independence to plan afresh the country’s system of education. After much thought, the 10 + 2 + 3 system was introduced.

It was designed to divert the students to different fields and vocations according to their talent and the needs of society. But different states have taken to it only half-heartedly. As the things stand today, the 10+2 +3 system has become a riddle. No one knows what exactly it is. Meanwhile, our education system is as rotten and muddy as it used to be.

Students find it purposeless. Therefore, they feel restive and go on strikes. They take no interest in their studies because they know that after finishing their education, they will only join the army of the unemployed. There is an urgent need that the present system should be overhauled and made purposeful.

(Difficult words: train = प्रशिक्षित करना। grave = गंभीर। convenience = सुविधा। administration = प्रशासन। slavishly = गुलामों की भाँति। evolve = विकसित करना। theoretical = सैद्धान्तिक। dignity = गरिमा। vocational = व्यावसायिक। deprived = वंचित। instruction = शिक्षा, अनुदेश। impart = प्रदान करना। commission = आयोग। dawn of independence = स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के समय। half-heartedly = अनमने भाव से। riddle = पहेली। rotten and muddy = (यहाँ) उद्देश्यहीन। restive= बेचैन। overhauled = काया पलटे।)

Question 1.
What is the true aim of education?
Answer:
All round development of man is the true aim of education.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 2.
Who were the father and founder of the present system of education?
Answer:
Lord Macaulay was the father and founder of the present system of education.

Question 3.
What is the greatest defect in our present system of education?
Answer:
Our present education system is too theoretical. This is the greatest defect in it.

Question 4.
What type of education is the need of the hour?
Answer:
Vocational education is the need of the hour.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 5.
Why was the 10+ 2 + 3 system introduced?
Answer:
The system 10+2 +3 was introduced to divert the students to different fields and vocations according to their talent and the needs of the society.

Question 6.
Why do the students take no interest in their studies?
Answer:
Students do not take interest in their studies because they think that the present education system is purposeless.

Find out the words from the passage which mean:

Question 7.
Provided
Answer:
Imparted

Question 8.
Useless
Answer:
Purposeless

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 9.
Without a means to earn a good livelihood.
Answer:
Unemployed.

Passage 11. (S.S. Exam 2016)
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
There are several indicators of a developed nation. It is economically, agriculturally and technologically advanced. There is all round prosperity. The benefits of prosperity reach the common people. They have a reasonable life span and enjoy basic comforts and good health. They are able to educate and feed their children well.

Poverty, illiteracy, ignorance, disease and inequalities are reduced to a minimum. Quality goods are produced in abundance and exports keep on rising. The nation is able to protect its sovereignty as it is self-reliant in defence and has a standing in the international forum.

India, even after more than sixty-five years since independence is branded as a developing country. Achieving a developed status means the major transformation of our national economy to make it one of the largest economies of the world, where people live well and above the poverty line.

The transformation can be materialised within the next 15 to 20 years as India has the necessary potential. Our natural resources are richer as compared to those of many other countries. We have abundant supplies of all the ores and minerals. We have rich biodiversity, abundant sunshine, varied agro-climatic conditions and plenty of rainfall all over India. The country either already has the necessary technologies or can develop them easily.

Our people and our farmers not only have a great learning capability but most of them also have an entrepreneurial and competitive spirit. Avenues to channelise this spirit constructively and productively are required. We need the will to take action and commit ourselves to be one of the world leaders. We must resolve to work hard with a long term vision. Technology is the highest wealth generator in the shortest possible time. It can provide us with infrastructure and help transform education and training, food and processing, industries and agriculture.

It is the key to achieving quality product in an increasingly competitive market and to continually upgrading human skills. It is the only vital input for ensuring health security and better living conditions for people. It can enable us to double cereals by 2020 and to make arrangements for their storage, transportation, distribution and marketing.

It can make us leaders in machine tool industries. Through Software engineering we can enter the computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. Therefore, the major role in India’s development is to be played by the vast pool of our talented scientists, researchers and technologists.

They should shed pessimism and think big because they are the only ones who understand the forces of technological modernisation. They should take it as a challenge to make India a developed country. They must spearhead the movement by talking about what can be done and encouraging people that difficulties can be overcome. They must extend all possible help to industries, business managers, administrators and others.

(Difficult words: all round = चहुंमुखी। prosperity = सम्पन्नता। reasonable = विवेकपूर्ण। life span = जीवन का समय। indicators = सूचक। self reliant = आत्मनिर्भर। is branded = का ठप्पा लगा है। materialize = वास्तविक होना। potential = क्षमताएं। ores = अयस्क, कच्ची धातु। entrepreneurial = उद्यमकर्ता से संबंधित। avenues = उपाय। channelise = दिशा देना। resolve = कोई निर्णय लेना। infrastructure = बुनियादी ढांचा। bio-diversity = जैव विविधता। varied = विविध। Vital input = आवश्यक निवेश। cereals = अन् । shed = त्यागना। pessimism = निराशा। pool = समूह। spearhead = नेतृत्व करना। ensuring = निश्चित करना।)

Question 1.
Mention the basic fields in which a developed country is advanced.
Answer:
A developed country is economically, agriculturally and technologically advanced.

Question 2.
What kind of life to the people in a developed country live?
Answer:
There the people live in prosperity. They have a reasonable life span and enjoy basic comforts and good health.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 3.
What is required for achieving the developed status for India?
Answer:
A major transformation of our national economy to make it one of the largest economies of the world is required for achieving the developed status for India.

Question 4.
“Technology is the highest wealth generator in the shortest time”. How?
Answer:
It can provide us with infrastructure and help transform education and training, food and processing, industries and agriculture.

Question 5.
Who can play a major role in India’s development?
Answer:
The vast pool of our talented scientists, researchers and technologists can play a major role in India’s development.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 6.
How can India enter computer-aided design and manufacturing?
Answer:
Through software engineering, India can enter computer-aided design and manufacturing.

Choose from the passage the words that mean:

Question 7.
A machine for producing electricity.
Answer:
Generator

Question 8.
A large quantity more than enough.
Answer:
Abundance

Question 9.
The state of having good fortune, wealth, money, etc.
Answer:
Developed

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Passage 12. (S.S. Exam 2017)
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
The elephant is the largest of all living animals and the strongest. It is a strange – looking animal, with its thick legs, huge sides and back, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, its long nose, called trunk. The trunk is the elephant’s unique feature, and it puts it to various uses.

It draws up water by its trunk, and can squirt it all over its body like a shower bath; and with it, it picks leaves from the trees and puts them into its mouth. In fact, its trunk serves the elephant as a long arm and hand. Elephants look very clumsy and heavy, and yet they can move very quickly when they like. Elephants are found in India and Africa.

The African elephant differs in some points from the Indian counterpart, being larger, with longer tusks and bigger ears. In fact, the two are considered to be different species. In both countries, they live in herds in the jungles and are naturally shy animals who keep away from humans. Elephants with their great size and strength, are a fine advertisement for vegetarianism, for they live entirely on leaves of trees, grass, roots and bulbs.

The elephant is a very intelligent animal, and its intelligence combined with its great strength, makes it when tamed, a very useful servant to man, and it has been trained to serve in various ways. Elephants can carry heavy loads and they are used to draw heavy wagons and big guns that would require many horses. They are very skilful too in carrying timber. The trained elephant will kneel down, lift a heavy log of wood with its tusks, carry it to the place where it is wanted, and lay it exactly in position.

In olden days elephants were used in battles, and all Indian Rajas had their regiments of trained fighting elephants. And they still have their place in state processions, when they are painted in bright colours and covered with silk and velvet clothes.

(Difficult words: trunk = सूंड़। unique = अनोखी। draws = खींचता है। squirt = छिड़कना। clumsy= भद्दा। species = प्रजातिया। herds = a group of animals living and moving together, कुछ जानवरों का समूह। tamed = पाले जाते हैं। wagons = मालगाड़ी का खुला डिब्बा, वैगन। skilful = कुशल। timber = wood that is going to be used for construction purposes, इमारती लकड़ी। regiments = सैन्य टुकड़ी। processions = line of people, vehicles moving forward in a ceremonial way, जुलूस, शोभायात्रा।)

Question 1.
How does an elephant look like?
Answer:
An elephant looks like a strange animal.

Question 2.
What is unique about an elephant?
Answer:
The trunk is unique in an elephant.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 3.
What are the various uses of the elephant’s trunk?
Answer:
Elephant’s trunk can draw water, squirt water all over its body like a shower bath.

Question 4.
How are elephants of Africa different from these of India?
Answer:
African elephants are larger with longer tusks and bigger ears than their Indian counterparts.

Question 5.
What do elephants eat?
Answer:
An elephant eats leaves of trees, grass, roots and bulbs.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 6.
How is an elephant useful to us?
Answer:
An elephant can carry heavy loads and it can draw heavy wagons and big guns.

Question 7.
What was the use of elephants in olden days?
Answer:
In olden days elephants were used in battles.

Find out the words from the passage which mean:

Question 8.
A line of people, vehicles, etc. moving forward in a ceremonial way.
Answer:
Processions

Question 9.
A group of animals living and moving together.
Answer:
Herd

Passage 13. (S. S. Exam 2018)
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
One summer day in 1955, on a beach near the village of Opononi, New Zealand, 13-year-old Jill Baker waded into the water to join a friend, one of the strangest playmates the world has ever known. A torpedo-like body streaked towards her and swam between her legs, spilling her into the surf.

She put her arms around the huge creature, got on its back and took a ride. Later Jill tossed a beach ball to her playmate. Rising from the water, huge mouth spread in a grin, the creature batted it back with its nose. As the game progressed, people gathered on the beach staring in amazement. Jill Baker’s playmate was a purpose.

The ancients, who called the porpoise a dolphin, knew him as friendly. “He is the only creature who loves a man for his own sakė”, wrote Plutarch. “Some land animals avoid man altogether, and the same ones such as dogs and horses are tame because he feeds them. To the dolphin alone, nature has given what the best philosophers seek; friendship for no advantage”. Pliny the Elder wrote of a wild porpoise that took a boy for a ride at Hippo, a Roman settlement in Africa: Roman coins of 74 B.C. show such a scene. Everything about the porpoise could be written in superlatives.

Not a fish but an air-breathing mammal, he swims incredibly fast, kills sharks, communicates with his own kind, herds fish. He may have the world’s best sonar equipment. One scientist believes that his brain is so similar to a human being’s that he might even be taught to talk.

(Difficult words: beach = समुद्र या झील का किनारा। playmate = बालसखा, बचपन का मित्र। surf = समुद्री झाग या फेन। grin = दाँत दिखाते हुए मुस्कुराना (v); मूर्खतापूर्ण मुस्कान (N)। amazement = अत्यधिक आ२चर्य या विस्मय। porpoise = डाल्फ़िन जैसा समुद्री जन्तु ;सूँस। The ancients = (पाचीन काल के) सभ्य राष्ट्र का व्यक्ति। incredibly = अविश्वसनीय रूप से ; अत्यधिक। sonar = चमगादड़ों तथा समुद्री जन्तुओं में प्रतिध्वनि ग्रहण करने की व्यवस्था (तंत्र)।)

Question 1.
“Jill Baker waded into the water to join a friend……………….” Who was Jill Baker’s friend?
Answer:
A porpoise was Jill Baker’s friend.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 2.
What has nature given to the porpoise alone?
Answer:
Nature has given one thing to the porpoise alone, that is ‘friendship for no advantage’.

Question 3.
How did the huge creature react when Jill tossed a beach ball to the creature?
Answer:
The huge creature batted the beach ball back with its nose.

Question 4.
What did Jill Baker do when a torpedo-like body swam between her legs?
Answer:
Jill Baker put her arms around the huge creature, got on its back and took a ride.

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 5.
What type of scene is shown in Roman coins?
Answer:
In Roman coins, a wild porpoise is shown taking a boy ride at Hippo, a Roman settlement in Africa.

Question 6.
Why did people gather on the beach?
Answer:
People gathered on the beach to see the game played by the porpoise. They stared at it in amazement.

Find out the words from the passage which mean:

Question 7.
Hit.
Answer:
Batted

Question 8.
Colony
Answer:
Settlement

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual

Question 9.
Any of the class of animals which feed their young with milk from the breast.
Answer:
Mammal.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English

RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input)

May 24, 2019 by Prasanna Leave a Comment

RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input) q 2

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input)

Visual Input
(Speech)

Question 1.
Use the picture given below to deliver a speech on ‘World Environment Day’ in your school, telling how the pollution and deforestation have led to Global Warming, which in turn will destroy the world if it continues to increase at such an alarming rate. You are Shantanu / Shanti.
RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input) q 2Answer:

Pollution & Global Warming

Respected Principal, teachers and dear friends! It is a matter of deep concern that the world is standing on the verge of destruction. It has started from the mere cutting of just a small number of trees to fulfil a few basic needs of the people. But now it has resulted in massive deforestation. The invention of smoke producing vehicles from the initial bullock carts and cycles surely gave speed to life but it has now become a curse. We have come in direct contact with the ultraviolet rays of the sun, due to a hole in the ozone layer. This warming is causing the melting of glaciers which will result in the rise of the water level. It’s high time that the situation should be brought under control.

आदरणीय प्रधानाचार्य जी, अध्यापकगण एवं प्यारे मित्रो! यह एक गहरे सोच-विचार की बात है कि दुनिया विनाश के कगार पर खड़ी है। यह आदमी की कुछ मूल आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए मात्र कुछ पेड़ों के कटान से आरम्भ हुआ था। लेकिन अब यह भारी पेड़ कटान में बदल गया है। पहले चलने वाली बैलगाड़ियों और साइकिलों के स्थान पर धुआँ उगलने वाले वाहनों के आविष्कार ने जीवन को गति अवश्य दी है परन्तु प्रदूषण भी अभिशाप में दिया है। ओजोन परत में छेद होने के कारण हम सूर्य की पराबैंगनी किरणों के सीधे सम्पर्क में आ गये हैं। इस बढ़ते तापमान से ग्लेशियर पिघल रहे हैं जिससे पानी का स्तर बढ़ जायेगा। अब यही समय है कि स्थिति को नियंत्रित करना चाहिए।

RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input)

Question 2.
Write a speech in about 100 words on the given picture.
RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input) q 4Answer:

Beware – Your Credit Card Is At Risk

Dear friends! As you know today nobody wants to keep money in cash while travelling and shopping. We can do our shopping through credit cards. But, the tendency of the people has opened new scope for the thieves. The fraud begins with either the theft of the physical card or the compromise of data associated with the account. The purpose may be to obtain goods without paying or to obtain unauthorized funds from an account. Stolen cards can be reported quickly by cardholders, but a compromised account can be kept by a thief for weeks or months before any fraudulent use. It makes difficult to identify the source of the compromise. So, friends! If anyone of you has a credit card, be very careful.

प्यारे मित्रो! जैसा कि आप जानते हो आज कोई भी व्यक्ति यात्रा तथा खरीददारी के दौरान नकदी नहीं रखना चाहता है। हम क्रेडिट कार्ड के द्वारा अपनी खरीददारी कर सकते हैं। लेकिन लोगों की प्रवृत्तियों ने चोरों के लिए नयी गुंजाइश पैदा कर दी है। धोखाधड़ी का काम, कार्ड के चोरी हो जाने से या फिर खाते से संबंधित सूचना के साझा करने से शुरू होता है। इसका उद्देश्य बगैर पैसे चुकाये सामान प्राप्त करने, या खाते से अनाधिकृत धन निकालने के लिए। हो सकता है। कार्ड धारक के द्वारा कार्ड के गुम हो जाने की सूचना तुरन्त दी जा सकती है, लेकिन चोरी किये गये डाटा को चोर के द्वारा किसी प्रकार की धोखाधड़ी करने से पूर्व कई सप्ताहों या महीनों तक के लिए रखा जा सकता है। इससे चोरी गये डाटा के स्रोत का पता लगा पाना कठिन कार्य हो जाता है। इसलिए मित्रो! यदि आपके पास क्रेडिट कार्ड है तो बहुत सावधान रहें।

Question 3.
Write a speech in about 100 words on the given picture.
RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input) q 6Answer:

Right To Education

Dear friends! As you know that Rajasthan govt has implemented the Right to Education Act since March 29, 2011. It is followed by the Act implemented by the Central govt in 2009. Under this Act, every child of age between 6 to 14 years has got a right to get free and compulsory education. The school has to focus attention to provide education to children of the weak and deprived section of society. Every private school has to give free admission to 25% of students from the weak and deprived group of society. No student will be declared fail. After passing the eighth class, the student will be provided with a certificate stating that the child has completed his elementary education.

प्रिय मित्रो! जैसा कि आप जानते हो कि राजस्थान सरकार ने शिक्षा का अधिकार कानून 29 मार्च 2011 से लागू कर दिया है। यह केन्द्र सरकार द्वारा लागू किये गये 2009 के कानून के अनुपालन में है। इस कानून के तहत 6 से 14 वर्ष के प्रत्येक बालक को मुफ्त व अनिवार्य शिक्षा प्राप्त करने का अधिकार प्राप्त हो गया है। विद्यालयों को अपना ध्यान समाज के कमजोर व वंचित वर्ग के बालकों की शिक्षा देने पर केन्द्रित करना है। प्रत्येक निजी विद्यालय को समाज के गरीब व वंचित वर्ग के 25 प्रतिशत बच्चों को मुफ्त प्रवेश देना होगा। किसी भी विद्यार्थी को अनुत्तीर्ण नहीं किया जायेगा। कक्षा आठ उत्तीर्ण करने के पश्चात बालक को एक प्रमाण-पत्र दिया जायेगा कि उसने अपनी प्रारम्भिक शिक्षा पूरी करे ली है।

RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input)

Question 4.
Look at the picture of a boy carrying a heavy load of the school bag. Write a speech on the cruelty against the kids in about 100 words.
RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input) q 7Answer:

Heavy Load Of School Bags

Dear friends!
Do you sometimes feel that schools are training children to be coolies (porters) when they grow up? All over the world, parents, doctors and educationists are worrying about not only the weight that children have to carry but also the adverse effect it has on their backs, shoulders, and general health.
An average school day consists of eight periods usually of different subjects. Each subject requires the child to carry a textbook and several notebooks. Added to the several kilograms of books and notebooks are lunch-boxes, water-bottles, and sports equipment. Children end up carrying huge burdens on their backs. Parents and teachers have to pay attention to this situation. Thanks!

प्यारे मित्रो!
क्या आप कभी-कभी यह सोचते हो कि विद्यालय क्या बच्चों को बड़े होकर कुली बनने का प्रशिक्षण दे रहे हैं? पूरा संसार, माता-पिता, डॉक्टर तथा शिक्षाविद् बच्चों के द्वारा ले जाये जाने वाले न केवल बोझ से बल्कि इससे उनकी पीठ, उनके कंधों तथा सामान्य स्वास्थ्य पर पड़ने वाले विपरीत प्रभाव के भी बारे में चिंतित हैं।
एक विद्यालयी दिन में आठ कालांश होते हैं जो कि सामान्यतया अलग-अलग विषय के होते हैं। प्रत्येक बच्चे को प्रत्येक विषय की एक पाठ्यपुस्तक व कई कापियाँ लेकर जाना होता है। कुछ किलोग्राम की पुस्तकों व कापियों के साथ लंच-बाक्स, पानी की बोतल व खेल की सामग्री भी होती है। बच्चे अपनी पीठ पर भारी बोझ ले जाकर अप्रत्याशित स्थिति में पहुँच जाते हैं। माता-पिता और अध्यापकों को इस स्थिति पर ध्यान देना आवश्यक है। धन्यवाद!

RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input)

Question 5.
The picture given below gives the message of safety for the eyes. Write a speech in about 100 words giving some safety tips for our eyes. You are Sunil/Sunita.
RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input) q 9Answer:

Save Your Eyes

Friends! Our eyes are valuable to us for work, study and play. So it is important that we should take care of them. By using our eyes foolishly, it is possible to damage them severely. Whatever work we are doing, there should be enough light. It should be spread evenly. Very strong light is tiring so it should be avoided. While reading or writing, it is better to sit straight and keep the page away about twelve inches from our eyes. Never look directly at the very bright light such as the sun or a welder’s arc. They can damage the retina beyond repair. Thanks!

मित्रो! हमारी आँखें हमारे लिए काम करने, अध्ययन करने व खेलने के लिए बहुमूल्य हैं। इसलिए यह महत्वपूर्ण है। कि हमें उनकी देखभाल करनी चाहिये। अपनी आँखों का मूर्खतापूर्वक उपयोग करके यह सम्भव है कि हम उन्हें बुरी तरह से क्षतिग्रस्त कर लेंगे। जो कोई भी काम हम कर रहे हों वहाँ पर पर्याप्त रोशनी होनी चाहिये। यह समान रूप से फैली होनी चाहिये। बहुत अधिक रोशनी थकाने वाली होती है इसलिए इससे बचा जाना चाहिये। पढ़ते या लिखते समय, बढ़िया है कि सीधे बैठो और पेज को अपनी आँखों से लगभग 12 इंच दूर रखो। कभी भी बहुत तेज रोशनी जैसे सूर्य या वेल्डर की राड की तरफ सीधे मत देखो। वे रेटिना को ऐसा क्षतिग्रस्त कर सकते हैं कि उसे ठीक भी नहीं किया जा सके। धन्यवाद!

Question 6.
You are Raja / Rani. You came across the following visual. Write a speech in about 100 words to be delivered in the morning assembly of your school.
RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input) q 10Answer:

Drive Safely

Respected Principal, teachers and my dear friends, good morning to everybody! I am Rani a student of class XII. Today I am going to give you some very important suggestions related to safe driving. Driving at top speed leads you directly to the hospital. Life is precious. It is to live and enjoy not to meet with an accident and die or become permanently handicapped. Such a life is a curse and worse than death. Some safety tips have been written on the pamphlet. We should always wear a helmet on two-wheeler vehçiles. We should obey traffic rules. We should not cross a red light. By following traffic rules we show gentleness. I am sure that you will follow my advice. Thanks!

आदरणीय प्रधानाचार्य महोदय, गुरुजनो व मेरे प्यारे दोस्तो! सभी को शुभ प्रभात! मैं कक्षा 12 की एक विद्यार्थी रानी हूँ। आज मैं सुरक्षित ड्राईविंग के बारे में आपको कुछ बहुत ही महत्त्वपूर्व सुझाव देने वाली हूँ। तेज गति से (वाहन) चलाना आपको सीधा ही अस्पताल पहुंचाता है। जीवन कीमती है। यह जीने व आनन्द लेने के लिए है, न कि दुर्घटनाग्रस्त होकर मरने या स्थायी रूप से अपंग होने के लिए है। ऐसा जीवन एक अभिशाप तथा मृत्यु से भी बदतर है। पम्पलेट पर सुरक्षा के कुछ तरीके लिखे हुए हैं। हमें दोपहिया वाहनों पर चलते समय हमेशा हेलमेट पहनना चाहिये। हमें यातायात के नियमों का पालन करना चाहिये। हमें लाल बत्ती पार नहीं करनी चाहिये। यातायात के नियमों का पालन करके हम सौम्यता दिखाते हैं। मुझे पक्का विश्वास है कि आप मेरी सलाह का पालन करेंगे। धन्यवाद!

RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input)

Question 7.
Look at the visual on ‘Fast Food’. These days people, especially youngsters, like to eat fast food. So prepare a speech on the harmful effects of fast food in about 100 words.
RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input) q 13Answer:

Fast Food

Respected Principal sir, teachers and dear friends! Today, I want to tell you something about eating habits. We all love to eat fast food like pizza, burger etc. But do you know fast foods cause obesity and also lead to poor nutrition? Junk foods or fast foods usually have preservatives and artificial colours which are like poison to our bodies. This kind of food lacks fibre contents which are essential for our health. Junk food includes potato crisps, sauces and salted snacks. Regular consumption of fast foods can lead to hypertension, migraine, loss of appetite, and other health problems. So friends! We should not eat fast food regularly. Thank you!

सम्मानित प्रधानाचार्य, अध्यापकगण व प्रिय मित्रो! आज मैं आपको भोजन सम्बन्धी आदतों के विषय में कुछ बताना चाहता हूँ। हम सभी को पिज्जा, बर्गर, चाऊमीन इत्यादि फास्ट फूड खाना प्रिय होता है। लेकिन क्या आप जानते हैं। कि फास्ट फूड अत्यधिक मोटापा बढ़ाता है और यह खराब पोषण की ओर भी ले जाता है। जंक फूड या फास्ट फूड में प्रायः परिरक्षक पदार्थ व कृत्रिम रंग होते हैं जो हमारे शरीर के लिए विष के समान होते हैं। इस प्रकार के भोजन में रेशों की मात्रा कम होती है जो हमारे स्वास्थ्य के लिए अति आवश्यक है। जंक फूड में आलू के चिप्स, सॉस और नमकीन स्नैक्स शामिल होते हैं। फास्ट फूड के नियमित सेवन से तनाव, सिर दर्द, भूख न लगना व अन्य स्वास्थ्य समस्याएँ हो सकती हैं। इसलिए मित्रो! हमें नियमित रूप से फास्ट फूड नहीं खाना चाहिए। धन्यवाद!

RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input)

Question 8.
Look at the picture related to the mobile phone. Prepare a speech on the topic ‘Negative Effects of Mobile Phone’ in about 100 words to be delivered in your school assembly. You are Manasi/Manu.
RBSE Class 12 English Speech Writing (Visual Input) q 14Answer:

Negative Effects Of Mobile Phone

Respected Principal sir, teachers, and my dear friends! I, Manasi, a student of class XII A, want to tell you the negative effects of mobile phone. We all know that mobile phone is a very useful device used for communication. But very few of us know that it has some negative effects also. Its most negative effect is seen when people use it frequently while driving. It leads to deadly accidents. Chatting continuously for many hours over mobile phone disturbs the sleep patterns. Since mobile phones serve many purposes like chatting, e-mail, playing games, listening to music, videography etc., youngsters get very limited time to interact with their families. Therefore, we should make limited use of mobile phones. Thank you!

आदरणीय प्रधानाचार्य महोदय, अध्यापकगण व मेरे प्रिय मित्रो! मैं मानसी कक्षा XII A की विद्यार्थी आपको मोबाइल फोन के नकारात्मक प्रकार के बारे में बताना चाहती हूँ। हम सभी जानते हैं कि मोबाइल फोन एक अत्यन्त उपयोगी यन्त्र है जो संचार के काम आता है। लेकिन हममें से बहुत कम लोग जानते हैं कि इसके कुछ नकारात्मक प्रभाव भी हैं। इसका सर्वाधिक नकारात्मक प्रभाव तब दिखाई देता है जब लोग गाड़ी चलाते समय बहुधा इसका प्रयोग करते हैं। इससे घातक दुर्घटनाएँ होती हैं। मोबाइल फोन पर घंटों लगातार बातें करते रहने से नींद का समय व तरीका बाधित होता है। चूँकि मोबाइल फोन से बातचीत, ई-मेल, गेम खेलना, संगीत सुनना, वीडियोग्राफी आदि बहुत से काम होते हैं, इसलिए बच्चों को अपने परिवार के साथ घुलने-मिलने का बहुत कम समय मिलता है। इसलिए हमें मोबाइल फोन का सीमित प्रयोग करना चाहिए। धन्यवाद!

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English

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