RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 22

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 22 Fruit and Seed

RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 22 Multiple Choice Objective Questions

Question 1.
Main difference between Drupes and Berry is of
(a) Superior ovary
(b) Syncarpous ovary
(c) Stony endocarp
(d) Fleshy mesocarp

Question 2.
Schizocarpic fruits
(a) Burst after drying
(b) Burst into many mericarp
(c) Burst after dry ing when comes in contact of water
(d) None of these

Question 3.
How legume can be differentiating from follicle?
(a) They are large in size with less seeds
(b) It burst by one suture only
(c) It burst by both sutures
(d) It has basal placentation.

Question 4.
Which fruit has leathery epicarp, white fibres mesocarp and endocarp forms compartments?
(a) Hesperidium
(b) Pome
(c) Amphisarca
(d) Pepo

Question 5.
Which of the following is endospermic seed?
(a) Wheat
(b) Gram
(c) Pea
(d) Peanut

Question 6.
Which seed have perisperm in it?
(a) Coconut
(b) Black paper
(c) Wheat
(d) Gram

RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 22 Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define fruit.
Answer:
It is ripened ovary which forms fruit after fertilization.

Question 2.
Which is the edible part in apple?
Answer:
Thalamus.

Question 3.
Name the type of fruit found in Maize and Rice?
Answer:
Caryopsis.

Question 4.
Which part of flower actually responsible for formation of fruit?
Answer:
Ovary.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Aggregate fruit?
Answer:
These fruits develop from multicarpellary apocarpous ovary in which all carpels ripe together and are aggregated as a unit on a common receptacle. Each fruitlet of an aggregate fruit represents a single ovary of any apocarpous pistil.The fruitlets of a group are collectively called as etaeno.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Multiple fruit?
Answer:
These fruits develop from the complete inflorescence together with its component parts.

Question 7.
What is the unique character of simple succulent fruit?
Answer:
These fruits have fleshy pericarp which is distinguished into three parts – the outer epicarp. middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp.

Question 8.
Name the type of fruit found in Lady’s finger and Dhatura plant:
Answer:
Capsule.

Question 9.
Which part of fruit is edible in Mango ?
Answer:
Mesocarp.

Question 10.
Which type of fruit found in Crucifeareae family?
Answer:
Siliqua and Silicula.

Question 11.
Define seed.
Answer:
Ripened ovule is called seed.

Question 12.
Which branch of science deals with study of structure, shape, size and viability of seed?
Answer:
Spermology.

Question 13.
What do you mean by endospermic seeds?
Answer:
Seed which has endosperm as reserve food material is called endospermic seed; e.g., Cator, Maize etc.

Question 14.
What do you mean by scutellum?
Answer:
In monocots seed only one cotyledon is found which called as scutellum.

Question 15.
Aleurone layer of maize seed is made up of
Answer:
Aleurone layer is protein rich in nature.

RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 22 Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the differences between lomentum and legume fruits?
Answer:

Legume	Lomentum
1. It is a dehiscent fruit.	1. It is a schizocarpic fruit.
2. Pericarp in this type of fruits dehisces along dorsal and ventral structures.	2. This fruit breaks upon into a number of individual bits at constrictions.
3. No mericarp is formed.	3.Such bits are indehiscent and called mericarp.
4. Seeds dispersed by dehiscence of pericarp. Example: Pisum	4. Pericarp does never burst. Seeds liberate by decomposition of pericarp.

Question 2.
What are the differences between Pome and Pepo fruits?
Answer:
Pome: A fleshy false fruit which develops from fleshy thalamus. The true fruit containing seeds remains inside develops from two or more carpels, syncarpous and inferior ovary. The edible part is fleshy thalamus, e.g., Apple (Pyrus mains). Pear (Pyrus communis), etc.

Pepo: A large fleshy fruit developing from a tricarpellary, syncarpous. unilocular and inferior ovary with parietal placentation. Seeds are embedded in the pulp, e.g.. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Water Melon (Citnillus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lcigenaria siceraria), etc.

Question 3.
How can you differentiate aggregate fruit from multiple fruit?
Answer:
Aggregate Fruit develop from multicarpellary apocarpous ovary in which all carpels ripe together and are aggregated as a unit on a common receptacle while multiple fruit develop from the complete inflorescence together with its component parts.

Question 4.
What do you mean by schizocarpic gruit ?
Answer:
It is a fruit which splits into a number of indehiscent units called mericarp.

Question 5.
Which type of structure is helpful in dispersal of fruit in Asteraceae family?
Answer:
Pappus.

Question 6.
Explain structure of follicle with labeled diagram?
Answer:
It developsfrom a monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary It resembles to legume but it dehisces from one suture only, e.g. Delphinium, Calotropis, Plumeria, Larkspur etc.

Question 7.
Which type of inflorescence is responsible for the formation of sorosis fruit?
Answer:
Sorosis: The fruit is produced from the entire spike, catkin or spadix inflorescence in which the flowers fuse by their succulent perianth (tepals). The inflorescence axis becomes fleshy or woody and forms a compact mass e.g., Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), Mulberry (Morns indica). In Pine apple the perianth as well as the axis bearing flowers and the bracts become fleshy and succulent and form the edible part of it. In Mulberry – edible part is fleshy perianth.

Question 8.
What do you mean by etaerio of drupes?
Answer:

1. It is an aggregate of drupes in which many small drupes are arranged on the flehy thalamus.
2. It is formed of apocarpous ovary; e.g..Blackberry (Rubus) Raspberry.

Question 9.
Explain structure of dicot seed with labeled diagram.
Answer:
Dicotyledonous seed:
Gram, pea, castor and beans are main dicotyledon seeds, contains two cotyledons as store food which requires during germination of seed. A typical dicotyledon seed has following structures in it

1. Seed coat
2. Embryo
3. Endosperm

1. Seed coat: Seed coat of a seed has two sub layers. The outer one is though, hard which may be of different colours called as testa. Inner layer of seed coat is called as tegmen which is comparatively thin and white in colour. Every seed has a small pore opening in it which called as micropyle, near to micropyle a scar is also observed which is called as hilum. Hilum is the place where a seed remain attach with fruit.

2. Embryo: Every dicotyledon seed has a embryonal axis beneath seed coat. One end of embryonal axis is called as Plumule and other end is called Radicle. Plumule forms shoot while radicle forms root during germination of seed.

3. Endosprem: Endosperm is food storage site which forms after double fertilization of central cell of ovule.
When endosperm is consumed during development of zygote into the embryo then in seed endosperm is absent but when endosperm not consumed completely then it is present in seed also. In gram, pea and beans endospenn is present in initial stage of seed but later on it is consumed so mature seeds do not have endosperm in it. These seed are non endospermic seeds but in castor seed fleshy endosperm is present in mature seed so it is called as endospermic seed.

Question 10.
Explain structure of monocot seed (Maize) with labeled diagram.
Answer:
Monocotyledonous Seed: Maize (Corn), Wheat, Rice is some important monocotyledon seeds, contains one cotyledon as store food for germination of seed. Actually these all are caryopsis fruit not seed because in all these seed coat is fused with fruit wall. The com grain is a flat oblong structure which externally it shows a large yellowish upper are which marks the position of endosperm and on the lower side, there is a small whitish area which contains the embryo. The outer 2 / 3 part of grain is endospenn and 1 / 3 part of grain is made up of embryo. Hilum and  micropyle absent because it is fruit not seed. In longitudinal section of maize seed following structures are observed

1. Seed coat
2. Endospem
3. Embryo.

1. Seed coat:
It is found as a thin yellow layer around the seed which actually formed by fusion of pericarp and seed coat.

2. Endosperm:
It is endospemiic seed because in mature seed endospenn is present. It is upper flattened yellow or white part of which stores starch as food. Outer part of endospenn which is attached with seed coat is made up of protein only andcalled as Aleurone layer. Inner part of endosperm is starch rich..

3. Embryo:
A large lateral single cotyledon is present in it which is called as Scutellum. Surface of scutellum which is in contact with endosperm is called as Epithelial layer. Epithelium layer produces Gibberellins hormone for mobilizing food reserve of endospenn at the time of seed gemination.

Embryo consists of embryo axis. End of embryo axis towards broader end has plumule which has few rudimentary leaves. End of embryo axis towards pointed end has redicle which covered by root cap. Extension of scutellum which covers plumule is called as Coleoptile Extension of scutellum which covers redicle is called as Coleorhiza.

RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 22 Long Answer Type of Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by fruit? Explain dry fruits with labeled diagram and examples.
Answer:
Fruit: Ripened ovary is called fruit which is formed after pollination and fertilization. Its wall is called fruit wall (Pericarp) which is modification of ovary wall. Fruits posses seeds which are ripened ovules.
Pomology: Branch of horticulture that deals with the study.

simple fruit:
Fruit that develops from a single ovary is said to be simple fruit. Ovary may be monocarpellary, multicarpellary and syncarpous. Simple fruits constitute the largest and the most diversified group. It is subdivided in to
(a) Simple Dry Fruit
(b) Simple Fleshy or Succulent Fruit

(a) Simple Dry Fruit: Pericarp is more or less dry. Pericarp is not distinguished in three layers.
Types of dry simple fruit:

1. Simple Dry Dehiscent Fruit or Capsular
2. Simple Dry Schizocarpic Fruit
3. Simple Dry Indehiscent Fruit

(1) Simple Dry Dehiscent Fruit or Capsular: They burst automatically on ripening, liberate seeds.
Types of Dehiscent dryr fruits:
(i) Legume or pod:
It is produced from a unilocular, monocarpellary, superior ovary. Marginal placentation found in it. It burst or dehisces from both the sutures into two valves from apex to base, e.g., Pea, Gram, Beans (Papilionaceae family).

(ii) Follicle:
It developsfrom a monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary It resembles to legume but it dehisces from one suture only, e.g. Delphinium, Calotropis, Plumeria, Larkspur etc.

(iii) Siliqua: It is produced from a bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. Ovary is is unilocular but appears bilocular due to false septum. Placentation is Parietal in it. Fruits dehisce along both the sutures from base to apex and a large number of seeds remain attached to the replum (septa), e.g., /ira.v.v/c’cdMustard), Raphanus (Radish).

(iv) Silicula: It is short and broad siliqua with relatively few seeds; e.g., Capsella bursapastoris (Shepherd’s purse), Iberis amara (Candytuft).

(v) Capsule: It is produced from syncarpous, superior or inferior ovary. It may dehisces along by pores (poricidal capsule, e.g., Papaver) or may split in to two or more vales; e.g., Datura, Gossypium{Cotton), Hibiscus esculentus (Lady’s finger).

(2) Simple Dry Schizocarpic Fruit: These fruit are formed from multicarpellary, syncarpous, multil ocular and superior or inferior ovary. It split into a number of indehiscent units called mericarps. Each mericap contains one or more seeds. They are intermediate between dehiscent and indehiscent dry fruit because pericarp does not burst and seeds are liberated only after the decomposition of pericarp.

(i) Cremocarp: Fruit is produced from a bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular and inferior ovary. It is two – seeded fruit. At maturity it splits longitudinally into two indehiscent mericarps which remain attached to a thread like carpophore, e.g., Coriandrum, Foeniculum vulgare (Femiel or Saunf).

(ii) Lomentum: It develops from monocarpellary, unilocular and superior ovary. This fruit is similar to a legume but pod become constricted between the seeds to form many one seeded mericarps or segements. It dehisces along both the sutures, e.g., Tamarindus (Tamarind),Mimosapudica (Touch me not plant) Cassia fistula (Amaltas), Acacia (Babool), Arachis hypogaea (Peanut or Ground nut).

(iii) Carcerulus: It is produced from a bicarpellary or multicarpellary, syncarpous, tetralocular or multilocular and superior ovary.Initially each locule contain many seed but latter on due to formation of false septa each locule divides in to one seed containing locule so each locule contains one seed which called as Mericarp. Complete fruit is enclosed by persistant calyx. The fruit breaks up into four or more indehiscent parts (mericarp or nutlets), e.g., Althaea rosea (Hollyhock), Ocimum, Salvia, Abutilon etc.

(iv) Double Samara: It developed from bicarpellary, syncarpous and superior ovary. After maturation fruit divides in to one seeded and two winged structure; e.g., Acer (Maples) and Fraxinus (Ash trees).

(v) Regma: This fruit is formed from tri or multicarpellary, syncarpous and superior ovary. It is made up of three to five locules which are called Coccus. On maturation every coccus brust with one seed; e.g., Caster (Ricinus). Geranium.

2. Simple Dry Indehiscent Fruit or Achenial fruits : These fruits do not burst automatically on ripening. Their seeds are liberated only after the decomposition of pericarp.

(i) Achene: This fruit is one seeded which develops from a unilocular, monocarpellary and superior ovary. Its pericarp is thin, hard, and leathery, remains free from seed coat, e.g., Mirabilis, Narvelia. It is similar to caryopsis but pericarp is not completely fused as in caryopsis.

(ii) Caryopsis: It is a small, indehiscent, one seeded fruit. It develops from a monocarpellary ovary In Caryopsis the pericarp is fiised with the seed coat. The seed completely fills the chamber, e.g., Wheat, Rice and Maize.

(iii) Cypsela: The fruit is produced from bicarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary. Calyx persistent and hairy forming the ‘pappus’ which helps like parachute during dispersal of seed in fruit. It contains only one seed. The pericarp and seed coat remain free, e.g., Plants of Asteraceae family like Sunflower, Marigold, Dendelion.

(iv) Samara: It is a dry, indehiscent, one – seeded winged fruit. It develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. Pericarp of this fruit modified in to flatten and wing shaped which helps in dispersal of fruit, e.g., Holoptelea integrifolia (Chilbil).

(v) Nut: It is a large, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit. It develops from a bi-or multicarpellary, unilocular and superior ovary. The fruit wall (pericarp) becomes hard, stony or woody at maturity, e.g., Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Chestnut, Cashewnut (Anacardium occidenale). In Litchi Epicarp and mesocarop together become leathery and the endocarp is membranous. Edible part of Litchi is fleshy aril (aril is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed.) where in other nut fruits it edible part is seed.

(b) Fleshy or Succulent Simple Fruits:
These fruits have fleshy pericarp which is distinguished into three parts – the outer epicarp, middle mesocarp, and the imier endocarp. The fleshy (or succulent) fruits are further divided into following seven types –
1. Drupe (Stone fruit): It is one or many seeded fruit developing from mono – or multicarpellary syncarpous and superior ovary. The pericarp is differentiated into outer, thin epicarp (forming skin), middle fleshy, edible and fibrous mesocarp, inner hard and stony endocarp which encloses and protects the seed, e.g., Mango (Mangifera indica) Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Almond (Primus amygdalis), Peach (Primus persica), Zizvphus etc. In Coconut epicarp is hard, mesocarp is fibrous and endocarp is stony endosperm is edible part of it.

2. Berry: A fleshy, one or many – seeded fruit. It has massive, pulpy and juicy pericarp produced from a syncarpous ovary with axial or parietal placentation. Seeds are attached to the placenta in the beginning but at maturity they are found loose in the pulp. The epicarp of berries generally becomes conspicuously coloured when ripe, e.g., Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), Banana (Musa paradisiaca), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Grapes (Viiis vinifera), Supari {Piper), Guava {Psidium gnajava), Papaya (Cariaca papaya). Dates etc.

3. Pepo: A large fleshy fruit developing from a tricarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular and inferior ovary with parietal placentation. In this fruit epicarp forms thin peel while mesocarp and endocarp is fleshy and pulpy.Seeds are embedded in the pulp, e.g., Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Water Melon (Citrullus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Ridge gourd etc.

(4) Pome: It is a fleshy false fruit which develops from fleshy thalamus. The true fruit containing seeds remains inside, it develops from two or more carpels, syncarpous and inferior ovary. The edible part is fleshy thalamus, e.g.. Apple (Pyrus malus), Pear (Pyrus communis), etc.

(5) Hesperidium: It is a berry with a firm, hard and leathery pericarp, as in Citrus. The fruit is many chambered fleshy which develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular and superior ovary with axial placentation. Epicarp is leathery which has many glands of aromatic oil. Mesocarp is reperesented by white fibres which are fused with epicarp The epicarp and mesocarp together forms rind. The endocarp is papery and thin. Endocarp forms compartments by projecting inwardly. The inner wall of endocarp gives out many juicy succulent hairs which form the edible part of the fruit e.g. ,In Rutaceae family: Lemon (Citrus aurantifolia), Orange {Citrus reticulata), Chakotra, etc.

(6) Balausta: It is fleshy fruit with many chambers and many seeds. It develops from a multicarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary. Pericarp is leathery or tough, forms a firm rind Two rows of carpels are placed one above the other bearing seeds irregularly. The outer seed coat (Testa) is succulent and edible.

(7) Amphisarca:n It is a fleshy, many – seeded fruit with a stony or woody pericarp. It develops from a syncarpous, multilocular and superior ovary. The edible portion is the placenta and inner pulpy pericarp, e.g.. Wood apple (Aegle marmelos).

Question 2.
Explain various methods of dehiscence in fruits.
Answer:
Fruit: Ripened ovary is called fruit which is formed after pollination and fertilization. Its wall is called fruit wall (Pericarp) which is modification of ovary wall. Fruits posses seeds which are ripened ovules.
Pomology: Branch of horticulture that deals with the study.

simple fruit:
Fruit that develops from a single ovary is said to be simple fruit. Ovary may be monocarpellary, multicarpellary and syncarpous. Simple fruits constitute the largest and the most diversified group. It is subdivided in to:
(a) Simple Dry Fruit
(b) Simple Fleshy or Succulent Fruit

(a) Simple Dry Fruit: Pericarp is more or less dry. Pericarp is not distinguished in three layers.
Types of dry simple fruit:
(1) Simple Dry Dehiscent Fruit or Capsular
(2) Simple Dry Schizocarpic Fruit
(3) Simple Dry Indehiscent Fruit

(1) Simple Dry Dehiscent Fruit or Capsular: They burst automatically on ripening, liberate seeds.
Types of Dehiscent dryr fruits:
(i) Legume or pod:
It is produced from a unilocular, monocarpellary, superior ovary. Marginal placentation found in it. It burst or dehisces from both the sutures into two valves from apex to base, e.g., Pea, Gram, Beans (Papilionaceae family).

(ii) Follicle:
It developsfrom a monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary It resembles to legume but it dehisces from one suture only, e.g. Delphinium, Calotropis, Plumeria, Larkspur etc.

(iii) Siliqua: It is produced from a bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. Ovary is is unilocular but appears bilocular due to false septum. Placentation is Parietal in it. Fruits dehisce along both the sutures from base to apex and a large number of seeds remain attached to the replum (septa), e.g., /ira.v.v/c’cdMustard), Raphanus (Radish).

(iv) Silicula: It is short and broad siliqua with relatively few seeds; e.g., Capsella bursapastoris (Shepherd’s purse), Iberis amara (Candytuft).

(v) Capsule: It is produced from syncarpous, superior or inferior ovary. It may dehisces along by pores (poricidal capsule, e.g., Papaver) or may split in to two or more vales; e.g., Datura, Gossypium{Cotton), Hibiscus esculentus (Lady’s finger).

(2) Simple Dry Schizocarpic Fruit: These fruit are formed from multicarpellary, syncarpous, multil ocular and superior or inferior ovary. It split into a number of indehiscent units called mericarps. Each mericap contains one or more seeds. They are intermediate between dehiscent and indehiscent dry fruit because pericarp does not burst and seeds are liberated only after the decomposition of pericarp.
(i) Cremocarp: Fruit is produced from a bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular and inferior ovary. It is two – seeded fruit. At maturity it splits longitudinally into two indehiscent mericarps which remain attached to a thread like carpophore, e.g., Coriandrum, Foeniculum vulgare (Femiel or Saunf).

(ii) Lomentum: It develops from monocarpellary, unilocular and superior ovary. This fruit is similar to a legume but pod become constricted between the seeds to form many one seeded mericarps or segements. It dehisces along both the sutures, e.g., Tamarindus (Tamarind),Mimosapudica (Touch me not plant) Cassia fistula (Amaltas), Acacia (Babool), Arachis hypogaea (Peanut or Ground nut).

(iii) Carcerulus: It is produced from a bicarpellary or multicarpellary, syncarpous, tetralocular or multilocular and superior ovary.Initially each locule contain many seed but latter on due to formation of false septa each locule divides in to one seed containing locule so each locule contains one seed which called as Mericarp. Complete fruit is enclosed by persistant calyx. The fruit breaks up into four or more indehiscent parts (mericarp or nutlets), e.g., Althaea rosea (Hollyhock), Ocimum, Salvia, Abutilon etc.

(iv) Double Samara: It developed from bicarpellary, syncarpous and superior ovary. After maturation fruit divides in to one seeded and two winged structure; e.g., Acer (Maples) and Fraxinus (Ash trees).

(v) Regma: This fruit is formed from tri or multicarpellary, syncarpous and superior ovary. It is made up of three to five locules which are called Coccus. On maturation every coccus brust with one seed; e.g., Caster (Ricinus). Geranium.

2. Simple Dry Indehiscent Fruit or Achenial fruits : These fruits do not burst automatically on ripening. Their seeds are liberated only after the decomposition of pericarp.
(i) Achene: This fruit is one seeded which develops from a unilocular, monocarpellary and superior ovary. Its pericarp is thin, hard, and leathery, remains free from seed coat, e.g., Mirabilis, Narvelia. It is similar to caryopsis but pericarp is not completely fused as in caryopsis.

(ii) Caryopsis: It is a small, indehiscent, one seeded fruit. It develops from a monocarpellary ovary In Caryopsis the pericarp is fiised with the seed coat. The seed completely fills the chamber, e.g., Wheat, Rice and Maize.

(iii) Cypsela: The fruit is produced from bicarpellarv, syncarpous and inferior ovary. Calyx persistent and hairy forming the ‘pappus’ which helps like parachute during dispersal of seed in fruit. It contains only one seed. The pericarp and seed coat remain free, e.g., Plants of Asteraceae family like Sunflower, Marigold, Dendelion.

(iv) Samara: It is a dry, indehiscent, one – seeded winged fruit. It develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. Pericarp of this fruit modified in to flatten and wing shaped which helps in dispersal of fruit, e.g., Holoptelea integrifolia (Chilbil).

(v) Nut: It is a large, indehiscent, one – seeded fruit. It develops from a bi-or multicarpellary, unilocular and superior ovary. The fruit wall (pericarp) becomes hard, stony or woody at maturity, e.g., Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Chestnut, Cashewnut (Anacardium occidenale). In Litchi Epicarp and mesocarop together become leathery and the endocarp is membranous. Edible part of Litchi is fleshy aril (aril is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed.) where in other nut fruits it edible part is seed.

(b) Fleshy or Succulent Simple Fruits:
These fruits have fleshy pericarp which is distinguished into three parts – the outer epicarp, middle mesocarp, and the imier endocarp. The fleshy (or succulent) fruits are further divided into following seven types –

1. Drupe (Stone fruit): It is one or many seeded fruit developing from mono- or multicarpellary syncarpous and superior ovary. The pericarp is differentiated into outer, thin epicarp (forming skin), middle fleshy, edible and fibrous mesocarp, inner hard and stony endocarp which encloses and protects the seed, e.g., Mango (Mangifera indica), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Almond (Primus amygdalis), Peach (Primus persica), Zizvphus etc. In Coconut epicarp is hard, mesocarp is fibrous and endocarp is stony, endosperm is edible part of it.

2. Berry: A fleshy, one or many – seeded fruit. It has massive, pulpy and juicy pericarp produced from a syncarpous ovary with axial or parietal placentation. Seeds are attached to the placenta in the beginning but at maturity they are found loose in the pulp. The epicarp of berries generally becomes conspicuously coloured when ripe, e.g., Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), Banana (Musa paradisiaca), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Grapes (Viiis vinifera), Supari (Piper), Guava {Psidium gnajava), Papaya (Cariaca papaya). Dates etc.

3. Pepo: A large fleshy fruit developing from a tricarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular and inferior ovary with parietal placentation. In this fruit epicarp forms thin peel while mesocarp and endocarp is fleshy and pulpy.Seeds are embedded in the pulp, e.g., Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Water Melon (Citrullus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Ridge gourd etc.

(4) Pome: It is a fleshy false fruit which develops from fleshy thalamus. The true fruit containing seeds remains inside, it develops from two or more carpels, syncarpous and inferior ovary. The edible part is fleshy thalamus, e.g.. Apple {Pyrus malus), Pear {Pyrus communis), etc.

(5) Hesperidium: It is a berry with a firm, hard and leathery pericarp, as in Citrus. The fruit is many chambered fleshy which develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular and superior ovary with axial placentation. Epicarp is leathery which has many glands of aromatic oil. Mesocarp is reperesented by white fibres which are fused with epicarp The epicarp and mesocarp together forms rind. The endocarp is papery and thin. Endocarp forms compartments by projecting inwardly. The inner wall of endocarp gives out many juicy succulent hairs which form the edible part of the fruit e.g. ,In Rutaceae family: Lemon (Citrus aurantifolia), Orange {Citrus reticulata), Chakotra, etc.

(6) Balausta: It is fleshy fruit with many chambers and many seeds. It develops from a multicarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary. Pericarp is leathery or tough, forms a firm rind Two rows of carpels are placed one above the other bearing seeds irregularly. The outer seed coat (Testa) is succulent and edible.

(7) Amphisarca:n It is a fleshy, many – seeded fruit with a stony or woody pericarp. It develops from a syncarpous, multilocular and superior ovary. The edible portion is the placenta and inner pulpy pericarp, e.g.. Wood apple (Aegle marmelos).

Question 3.
Explain various types of succulent fruits with labeled diagram and examples.
Answer:
(b) Fleshy or Succulent Simple Fruits: These fruits have fleshy pericarp which is distinguished into three parts – the outer epicarp, middle mesocarp, and the imier endocarp. The fleshy (or succulent) fruits are further divided into following seven types –

(1) Drupe (Stone fruit): It is one or many seeded fruit developing from mono- or multicarpellary syncarpous and superior ovary. The pericarp is differentiated into outer, thin epicarp (forming skin), middle fleshy, edible and fibrous mesocarp, inner hard and stony endocarp which encloses and protects the seed, e.g., Mango (Mangifera indica), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Almond (Primus amygdalis), Peach (Primus persica), Zizvphus etc. In Coconut epicarp is hard, mesocarp is fibrous and endocarp is stony, endosperm is edible part of it.

(2) Berry: A fleshy, one or many – seeded fruit. It has massive, pulpy and juicy pericarp produced from a syncarpous ovary with axial or parietal placentation. Seeds are attached to the placenta in the beginning but at maturity they are found loose in the pulp. The epicarp of berries generally becomes conspicuously coloured when ripe, e.g., Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), Banana (Musa paradisiaca), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Grapes (Viiis vinifera), Supari {Piper), Guava {Psidium gnajava), Papaya (Cariaca papaya). Dates etc.

(3) Pepo: A large fleshy fruit developing from a tricarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular and inferior ovary with parietal placentation. In this fruit epicarp forms thin peel while mesocarp and endocarp is fleshy and pulpy.Seeds are embedded in the pulp, e.g., Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Water Melon (Citrullus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Ridge gourd etc.

(4) Pome: It is a fleshy false fruit which develops from fleshy thalamus. The true fruit containing seeds remains inside, it develops from two or more carpels, syncarpous and inferior ovary. The edible part is fleshy thalamus, e.g.. Apple {Pyrus malus), Pear {Pyrus communis), etc.

(5) Hesperidium: It is a berry with a firm, hard and leathery pericarp, as in Citrus. The fruit is many chambered fleshy which develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular and superior ovary with axial placentation. Epicarp is leathery which has many glands of aromatic oil. Mesocarp is reperesented by white fibres which are fused with epicarp The epicarp and mesocarp together forms rind. The endocarp is papery and thin. Endocarp forms compartments by projecting inwardly. The inner wall of endocarp gives out many juicy succulent hairs which form the edible part of the fruit e.g. ,In Rutaceae family: Lemon (Citrus aurantifolia), Orange {Citrus reticulata), Chakotra, etc.

(6) Balausta: It is fleshy fruit with many chambers and many seeds. It develops from a multicarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary. Pericarp is leathery or tough, forms a firm rind Two rows of carpels are placed one above the other bearing seeds irregularly. The outer seed coat (Testa) is succulent and edible.

(7) Amphisarca: It is a fleshy, many – seeded fruit with a stony or woody pericarp. It develops from a syncarpous, multilocular and superior ovary.The edible portion is the placenta and inner pulpy pericarp, e.g.. Wood apple (Aegle marmelos).

Question 4.
Explain various types of aggregate and composite fruits with labeled diagram and examples.
Answer:
Aggregate Fruit: These fruits develop from multicarpellary apocarpous ovary in which all carpels ripe together and are aggregated as a unit on a common receptacle. Each fruitlet of an aggregate fruit represents a single o vary’ of any apocarpous pistil.The fruitlets of a group are collectively called as etaerio.
These are of the following four types –
(a) Etaerio of achenes: It is an aggregate of achenes clustered on a common thalamus. This fruit develops from apocarpous ovary which has fleshy or spongy thalamus. Achenes are embedded into thalamus of it; e.g., Strawberry (the fruitlets occur scattered over the surface of enlarged fleshy thalamus), Rose (the achenes lie inside the cup shaped thalamus), Nelumbium{ In louts achenes are embedded in the top shaped spongy thalamus) etc.

(b) Etaerio of follicles: It consists of many follicles clustered together on a pedice. Each follicle develops from an apocarpous and multicarpellary ovary. They are arranged on an enlarged thalamus, the number of fruitlets vary in each etaerio. e.g., Calotropis and Catheranthns have two follicles and Champa (Michelia) has many follicles,etc.

(c) Etaerio of berries: It is an aggregate of berries crowded together on a thick In Mulberry- edible part is fleshy perianth. thalamus forminga single fruit. It develops from multicarpellary, apocarpous ovary. These fruits are single seeded, juicy, pulpy and embedded into thalamus;e.g., Custard – apple(Anona squamosa),

(d) Etaerio of drupes: It is an aggregate of drupes in which many small drupes are arranged on the flehy thalamus. It is formed of apocarpous ovary e.g.Blackberry (Rubus) Raspberry.

Multiple (or Composite) Fruits:
It is also known as infrutescence fruits. These fruits develop from the complete inflorescence together ‘with its component parts.
They are of the following two types –
(a) Sorosis: The fruit is produced from the entire spike, catkin or spadix inflorescence in which the flowers fuse by their succulent perianth (tepals). The inflorescence axis becomes fleshy or woody and forms a compact mass, e.g., Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), Mulberry (Morns indica). In Pine apple the perianth as well as the axis bearing flowers and the bracts become fleshy and succulent and form the edible part of it. In Mulberry – edible part is fleshy perianth Sorosis of Pineapple.


(b) Syconus: The fruit produced from the entire hypanthodium inflorescence. In syconus is a hollow or pear shaped fleshy receptacle which forms the edible part of the fruit, e.g., Fig (Ficus carica), Banyan (Ficus benghalensis), Peepal (Ficus religiosa).

Some important fruits with botanical name and edible parts.

Common / English Name	Botanical name	Type	Edible parts
1. Pea	Pisum sativum	Legume	Seeds
2. Lady’s finger	Abelmoschus esculentus syn.	capsule	Entire fruit
3. Okra	Hibiscus esculentus	Caryopsis	–
4. Wheat	Triticum aestivum	Caryopsis	Entire Fruit
5. Com / Maize	Sea mays	Nut	Entire Fruit
6. Cashew nut	Anacardium occidentale	Nut	Cotyledons and fleshy thaqlamus

Question 5.
Explain various types of dry indehiscent fruits with labeled diagrams and examples.
Answer:
Simple Dry Indehiscent Fruit or Achenial fruits : These fruits do not burst automatically on ripening. Their seeds are liberated only after the decomposition of pericarp.

(i) Achene: This fruit is one seeded which develops from a unilocular, monocarpellary and superior ovary. Its pericarp is thin, hard, and leathery, remains free from seed coat, e.g., Mirabilis, Narvelia. It is similar to caryopsis but pericarp is not completely fused as in caryopsis.

(ii) Caryopsis: It is a small, indehiscent, one seeded fruit. It develops from a monocarpellary ovary In Caryopsis the pericarp is fiised with the seed coat. The seed completely fills the chamber, e.g., Wheat, Rice and Maize.

(iii) Cypsela: The fruit is produced from bicarpellarv, syncarpous and inferior ovary. Calyx persistent and hairy forming the ‘pappus’ which helps like parachute during dispersal of seed in fruit. It contains only one seed. The pericarp and seed coat remain free, e.g., Plants of Asteraceae family like Sunflower, Marigold, Dendelion.

(iv) Samara: It is a dry, indehiscent, one – seeded winged fruit. It develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. Pericarp of this fruit modified in to flatten and wing shaped which helps in dispersal of fruit, e.g., Holoptelea integrifolia (Chilbil).

(v) Nut: It is a large, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit. It develops from a bi-or multicarpellary, unilocular and superior ovary. The fruit wall (pericarp) becomes hard, stony or woody at maturity, e.g., Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Chestnut, Cashewnut (Anacardium occidenale). In Litchi Epicarp and mesocarop together become leathery and the endocarp is membranous. Edible part of Litchi is fleshy aril (aril is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed.) where in other nut fruits it edible part is seed.

Question 6.
Explain types of seed on the basis of numbers of cotyeledons. Explain structure of dicot seed.
Answer:

1. Seed is a ripened ovule which is the result of fertilization.
2. Presence of seed is character of all spermatophyta, i.e. Gyumospenns and Angiosperm.
3. It contains the embryo or the miniature of plant body.
4. In gyumospenns no ovary exists so seeds are exposed while in angiosperms it is enclosed hi fruit.
5. Seeds of different plants vary in their size and shape. However, the general plan of structural organization remains almost the same.
6. A mature seed consists of two essential parts- the Seed coat and the embryo.
7. Every embryo has one embryonal axis and one (Wheat and Maize) or two (Gram, Pea) cotyledons.
8. Parts of a Seed: A mature seed consists of two essential parts- the Seed coat and the embryo

Seed Coat:

1. The outer covering of the seed is known a seed coat.
2. It develops from integuments of the ovule. Seed coat is made of two layers.
3. The outer layer is called testa and the inner layer is called tegmen.
4. The testa is hard and leathery whereas tegmen is thin and membranous.
5. The seed remains attached to the pericarp (ovary wall or fruit wall) by a short stalk called seed stalk or funiculus.
6. The mature seed shows a scar or mark in place of funiculus which is called hilum.
7. There is a small pore, called micropyle, which represents the micropyle of ovule.

Embryo:

1. The seed coat encloses an embryo which is differentiated into radicle, plumule and cotyledons.The radicle,
2. when elongates, gives rise to primary root whereas the plumule gives rise to aerial shoot.
3. The number of cotyledons or seed leaves may be one (as in monocotyledons) or two (as in dicotyledons).
4. Usually the cotyledonary’ leaves are different than the foliage leaves.
5. They store reserve food materials (e.g., Gram, Pea, Almond, Cashewnut, etc.) or serve as photosynthetic organs in young seedling,
6. The part of embryonic axis between the radicle and the point of attachment of cotyledons is called hypocotyl.
7. The part of embryonic axis between the plumule and the point of the attachment of cotyledons is called epicotyl. On the basis of number of cotyledons seed are of two type:
   

   Before Fertilization	After Fertilization
   1.Ovule	Seed
   2. Outer Seed coat	Testa
   3. Inner Seed coat	Tegmen
   4. Funicle	Destroy
   5. Nucellus	Destroy or forms Perisperm
   6. Egg cell	Embryo
   7. Synergids	Destroy
   8. Antipodal cells	Destroy

(a) Dicotyledonous seed
(b) Monocotyledonous seed
Dicotyledonous seed:
Gram, pea, castor and beans are main dicotyledon seeds, contains two cotyledons as store food which requires during germination of seed.
A typical dicotyledon seed has following structures in it:

1. Seed coat
2. Embryo
3. Endosperm
   

1. Seed coat: Seed coat of a seed has two sub layers. The outer one is though, hard which may be of different colours called as testa. Inner layer of seed coat is called as tegmen which is comparatively thin and white in colour. Every seed has a small pore opening in it which called as micropyle, near to micropyle a scar is also observed which is called as hilum. Hilum is the place where a seed remain attach with fruit.

2. Embryo: Every dicotyledon seed has a embryonal axis beneath seed coat. One end of embryonal axis is called as Plumule and other end is called Radicle. Plumule forms shoot while radicle forms root during germination of seed.

3. Endosprem: Endosperm is food storage site which forms after double fertilization of central cell of ovule
When endosperm is consumed during development of zygote into the embryo then in seed endosperm is absent but when endosperm not consumed completely then it is present in seed also.

In gram, pea and beans endospenn is present in initial stage of seed but later on it is consumed so mature seeds do not have endosperm in it. These seed are non endospermic seeds but in castor seed fleshy endosperm is present in mature seed so it is called as endospermic seed.

Question 7.
Explain structure of monocot seed with labeled diagram and examples.
Answer:

1. Seed is a ripened ovule which is the result of fertilization.
2. Presence of seed is character of all spermatophyta, i.e. Gyumospenns and Angiosperm.
3. It contains the embryo or the miniature of plant body.
4. In gyumospenns no ovary exists so seeds are exposed while in angiosperms it is enclosed hi fruit.
5. Seeds of different plants vary in their size and shape. However, the general plan of structural organization remains almost the same.
6. A mature seed consists of two essential parts – the Seed coat and the embryo.
7. Every embryo has one embryonal axis and one (Wheat and Maize) or two (Gram, Pea) cotyledons.
8. Parts of a Seed: A mature seed consists of two essential parts – the Seed coat and the embryo

Seed Coat:

1. The outer covering of the seed is known a seed coat.
2. It develops from integuments of the ovule. Seed coat is made of two layers.
3. The outer layer is called testa and the inner layer is called tegmen.
4. The testa is hard and leathery whereas tegmen is thin and membranous.
5. The seed remains attached to the pericarp (ovary wall or fruit wall) by a short stalk called seed stalk or funiculus.
6. The mature seed shows a scar or mark in place of funiculus which is called hilum.
7. There is a small pore, called micropyle, which represents the micropyle of ovule.

Embryo:

1. The seed coat encloses an embryo which is differentiated into radicle, plumule and cotyledons.The radicle,
2. when elongates, gives rise to primary root whereas the plumule gives rise to aerial shoot.
3. The number of cotyledons or seed leaves may be one (as in monocotyledons) or two (as in dicotyledons).
   Usually the cotyledonary’ leaves are different than the foliage leaves.
4. They store reserve food materials (e.g., Gram, Pea, Almond, Cashewnut, etc.) or serve as photosynthetic organs in young seedling,
5. The part of embryonic axis between the radicle and the point of attachment of cotyledons is called hypocotyl.

The part of embryonic axis between the plumule and the point of the attachment of cotyledons is called epicotyl. On the basis of number of cotyledons seed are of two type:

Before Fertilization	After Fertilization
1. Ovule	Seed
2. Outer Seed coat	Testa
3. Inner Seed coat	Tegmen
4. Funicle	Destroy
5. Nucellus	Destroy or forms Perisperm
6. Egg cell	Embryo
7. Synergids	Destroy
8. Antipodal cells	Destroy

•   Dicotyledonous seed
•  Monocotyledonous seed

Monocotyledonous Seed:
Maize (Corn), Wheat, Rice is some important monocotyledon seeds, contains one cotyledon as store food for germination of seed. Actually these all are caryopsis fruit not seed because in all these seed coat is fused with fruit wall. The com grain is a flat oblong structure which externally it shows a large yellowish upper are which marks the position of endosperm and on the lower side, there is a small whitish area which contains the embryo. The outer 2/3 part of grain is endospenn and 1/3 part of grain is made up of embryo. Hilum and micropyle absent because it is fruit not seed. In longitudinal section of maize seed following structures are observed:-

1. Seed coat
2. Endospem
3. Embryo.

1. Seed coat:
It is found as a thin yellow layer around the seed which actually formed by fusion of pericarp and seed coat.

2. Endosperm:

1. It is endospemiic seed because in mature seed endospenn is present.
2. It is upper flattened yellow or white part of which stores starch as food.
3. Outer part of endospenn which is attached with seed coat is made up of protein only andcalled as Aleurone layer.
4. Inner part of endosperm is starch rich.
   

3. Embryo:

1. A large lateral single cotyledon is present in it which is called as Scutellum.
2. Surface of scutellum which is in contact with endosperm is called as Epithelial layer.
3. Epithelium layer produces Gibberellins hormone for mobilizing food reserve of endospenn at the time of seed gemination.
4. Embryo consists of embryo axis.
5. End of embryo axis towards broader end has plumule which has few rudimentary leaves.
6. End of embryo axis towards pointed end has redicle which covered by root cap.
7. Extension of scutellum which covers plumule is called as coleoptu
8. Coleoptile: Extension of scutellum which covers redicle is called as Coleorhiza

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology