Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Transport
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Text Book Questions
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Who constructed Grand Trunk Road in India?
(a) Ashoka
(b) Akbar
(c) Babar
(d) Sher Shah Suri
Answer:
(d) Sher Shah Suri
Question 2.
What is the length of the longest national highway in India?
(a) 2369 km
(b) 1949 km
(c) 1533 km
(d) 1428 km
Answer:
(a) 2369 km
Question 3.
When was B.R.O. formed in India?
(a) May 1960
(b) May 1954
(c) May 1965
(d) May 1962
Answer:
(a) May 1960
Question 4.
How many state highways are there in India?
(a) 205
(b) 190
(c) 220
(d) 235
Answer:
(d) 235
Question 5.
How many railway zones are there in India?
(a) 9
(b) 16
(c) 17
(d) 20
Answer:
(c) 17
Question 6.
Konkan railway runs through which mountain range?
(a) Himadri
(b) Eastern Ghats
(c) Western Ghats
(d) Nilgiri Range
Answer:
(c) Western Ghats
Question 7.
When did first railways in India start between Mumbai to Thane?
(a) 16 April, 1955
(b) 16 April, 1952
(c) 16 April, 1854
(d) 16 April, 1853
Answer:
(d) 16 April, 1853
Question 8.
Where in India did the first Metro start in the year 1972?
(a) Bangalore
(b) New Delhi
(c) Jaipur
(d) Kolkata
Answer:
(d) Kolkata
Question 9.
What is the total length of Rail routes in India as on 31st March 2013?
(a) 64600 km
(b) 64415 km
(c) 64400 km
(d) 63500 km
Answer:
(a) 64600 km
Question 10.
Which is the deepest port of India?
(a) Mangalore
(b) Paradeep
(c) Visakhapatnam
(d) Haldia
Answer:
(c) Visakhapatnam
Question 11.
Khozikode port is situated in:
(a) Odisha
(b) Kerala
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Tmail Nadu
Answer:
(b) Kerala
Question 12.
The largest port in India is:
(a) Ennor
(b) Kandla
(c) Mumbai
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(c) Mumbai
Question 13.
The total number of International Airports in India is:
(a) 62
(b) 8
(c) 24
(d) 23
Answer:
(d) 23
Question 14.
First green airport (2012) of India is?
(a) Rajeev Gandhi International Airport – Hyderabad
(b) Srinagar Airport
(c) Bengaluru Airport
(d) Kochi Airport
Answer:
(a) Rajeev Gandhi International Airport – Hyderabad
Question 15.
Presently, India is connected to how many countries through air transport?
(a) 120
(b) 95
(c) 104
(d) 100
Answer:
(d) 100
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 16.
When did air transport start in India?
Answer:
First air transport (air travel) started along with the first flight between Allahabad and Naini in the year 1911.
Question 17.
What is the full form of HBJ?
Answer:
HBJ stands for Hajira – Bijaipur – Jagdishpur. This pipeline is 1750 km long.
Question 18.
In which city was Metro Rail started in India?
Answer:
Metro train was started in India in the year 1972 from Kolkata Metro station.
Question 19.
First ever rail of India was started between which two cities?
Answer:
First ever rail service of India was started between Mumbai and Thane on 16th April 1853 (34 km).
Question 20.
Name the train which covers the longest distance in India.
Answer:
Himsagar Express,(3729 km), it runs from Kanyakumari to Jammu Tawi.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 21.
What is the golden quadrilateral project?
Answer:
Under the National Highway development project of the central government, the golden quadrilateral project is an ambitious project of Late Prime Minister Mr Atal Bihari Vajpayee, which plans to connect four major metropolitan cities – Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai – through – six lane highways. This project has a total length of 5846 km and estimated expenditure would be about 540 billion rupees.
Question 22.
Briefly describe the obstacles found in the development of Inland waterways.
Answer:
The transportation taking place through the rivers, seas etc. of the country is knows as Inland water transport.
Obstacles faced by Inland waterways are as follows:
- The seasonal nature of rivers.
- Change in water level.
- Sediment deposit in rivers.
- Waterfalls in rivers.
- Bifurcating canals from perennial rivers leading to shortage of water.
- Salinity of coastal rivers.
Question 23.
Which products can be transported through pipelines?
Answer:
Pipeline is a new mode of transportation. Water has always been transported through pipelines and nowadays, mineral oil, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore slurry and liquefied coal is also transported through pipelines.
Question 24.
Describe BOT.
Answer:
BOT is also called Build, Operate and Transfer, which means to create something useful, operate and then pass it on to someone else. According to this scheme, the responsibility of construction of major roads and bridges is given to private companies. These companies build and maintain roads and bridges for a specific period of time and also collect toll tax for the same. However, after the specified time period, the roads and bridges are transferred back to the government for maintenance and upkeep.
Question 25.
Write a short note on Konkan Railway.
Answer:
Central Government started this railway project in March 1990 and it was constructed and completed by Konkan Railway Nigam Ltd. on January 26, 1998. It is the biggest railway project in peninsular India. Under this, a 750 km long railway line connects Roha station in Maharashtra in the west coast to Mangalore station in Karnataka. There are 2000 bridges (including 179 big . bridges) and 91 tunnels on the way. One tunnel in Ratnagiri district in Maharastra is 6.5 km long, and over the river Sharavati, there is a 2065.8 m long bridge.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Essay Type Questions
Question 26.
Write a note on the reason for the popularity and development of Road transport in India.
Answer:
Road transport plays a vital role in the economic development of the country. Unprocessed material, agricultural products, labour, consumer products and people often use road transport. The overall social and economic progress of a country is measured by the extent and condition of its roads.
Reason for the popularity of Road Transport:
In India, Road transport plays an important role in economic development. Every year, approximately 85% travellers and 70% of goods are transported via roads in India. With the help of roads, the goods are provided to consumers (door to door facility) direct from the supplier. On the other hand, it supports several other transport facilities such as Railways, Airways, Waterways, etc.
The role played by Roads in the economic development of India is remarkable in the following sectors:
- Road development has made intensive and extensive agriculture possible, and it has also facilitated agricultural products to reach to the consumers.
- Road development has provided substantial motivation for economic development of the country.
- Road development has also reduced price difference of goods in different parts of the country.
- Roads have helped in saving time and cost.
- It has led to the optimal use of natural resources.
- Creating mobility in labour, roads have helped in reducing unemployment.
- Road construction is possible on all kind of surfaces, whether rough terrains or in the desert.
- Under roads transport, one can stop anywhere and pick up the travelers and goods.
- At times of war, drought or natural disaster, roads are the most convenient medium for travelling.
Development of Roads in India:
Road transport is the major pillar of transport system and its importance is there since ancient times.
- In Mohenjo – daro and Harrapan civilization excavation (5000 – 8000 B.C.), there are evidences of metaled roads.
- During the era of king Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka the Great, from Pataliputra to North West border, roads were constructed.
- From 400 BC to 300 BC in Northern India, there were two ways through which domestic business was carried and it stretched front Pataliputra to Kabul – Sindh.
- According to the available records, in the year 2015, total road length in India was measured at 48.85 lakh km, carrying 80% of total transport.
Question 27.
There are immense opportunities for the development of Air Transport in India. Explain the statement in detail.
Answer:
Air transport is the fastest and costliest medium of transportation. India, being a vast country having different geographical regions, makes air transport an important mode. Air transport has reduced travelling time and cutting down distances.
India, in terms of population, is a big country, and its citizens use various modes of transport for travelling from one place to another place. India presently is moving forward towards being a developed nation from a developing one; this is creating immense possibilities for air transport, because as the country will develop, so will the income of people improve, and this will cause change in transport choices of people.
Air transport is the fastest mode of transport, this increases its possibilities of development as compared to other transport. It not only helps in saving time, but since air transport makes it possible to travel to specific places, therefore, people are also attracted towards it.
Young generation of India is specially favoring air transport and since India has a huge young population, therefore, it adds to the possibilities for development of Air transport in India. Increase in industrialization and privatization in India has opened new opportunities for the development of air transport. There is an increase in use of air transport for goods transportation. Air transport is the only medium through which costly and perishable goods can be transported.
The Northern Himalayan region of India is unreachable with roads and railways, in such conditions, air transport is emerging as the most important medium of transportation in similar complex topography. India is moving towards being the trailblazer for best tourist destination, for this, air transport is playing an important role; also, tourism is helping to increase the possibilities for the development of air transportation.
Considering the vast possibilities for the development of air transportation and for promoting domestic aviation, India announced the National Civil Aviation Policy in 2016, to make India the 3 rd biggest market in terms of passenger traffic by 2022 from the current 9th position, to increase domestic passenger traffic four – fold to 300 million by 2022, to increase the number of airports to 127 by 2019 for flights, to increase the cargo by four times to 10 million tons by 2027, and to make air transport affordable for common people, to develop Green airports and helicopter ports and to recruit 3.3 lakh skilled staff by 2025, to improve ease of doing business through simplified procedures, deregulation and e-governance and to promote ‘Make in India’.
The above stated points clearly state that in future air transport will emerge as a big market and become the most important mode of transport. At present, one hour journey has been suggested as limited to Rs. 2500 and half an hour journey cost is limited to ₹ 1200.00. For this, the loss suffered by airline companies is borne by central and state governments in 80 : 20 ratio.
Question 28.
Write a note on Indian Waterways.
Answer:
For travelers and goods transportation, water transport is an important mode. It is the cheapest mode of transportation and the most convenient for transporting heavy and voluminous goods. Water transport is favorable to ecology and is fuel efficient.
Water transport can be classified into two parts:
- Inland waterways
- Oceanic waterways
1. Inland Waterways
At present, there are 14,500 km long waterways available for navigation which contribute to 1% of total transport of India. Inland waterways include rivers, canals, backwater and creeks. At present, there is 3700 km long river waterway however, only 2000 km of river waterways is used by cargo ships. On the other hand, there is 4300 1 cm long waterway available for sailing, out of which only 900 km long waterway is used by mechanized crafts.
In the year 1986, Inland Waterways Authority of India was created for development and regulation of Inland waterways for shipping and navigation. The authority declared three inland waterways as national waterways which are described below:
(a) National Waterway 1:
Declared in 1986, this waterway is the most important waterway. It stretches from Varanasi – Haldia and it is 1620 km long. For mechanized crafts, it is possible to sail upto Patna, and for normal ships, one can sail upto Haldia. In terms of development, this waterway can be divided into three parts:
- From Haldia to Farraka – 560 km long.
- From Farraka to Patna – 460 km long.
- From Patna to Allahabad – 600 km long.
(b) National Waterway 2:
Declared in 1988, this waterway stretches from Sadiya – Dhubri of Brahmaputra river and is 891 km long. Through steamer, one can sail 1338 km upto Dibrugarh. This waterway is used by India and Bangladesh jointly.
(c) National Waterway 3:
Declared in 1991, this waterway stretches from Kottapuram to Kollam in a length of 168 km Three canals are included in this waterway:
- 168 Ion long western coastal canal.
- 23 km longh stretch in Champakara canal.
- 14 km long Udyog Mandal canal.
A part from the above mentioned national waterways, Inland Waterways Authority has declared ten more national waterways. In Kerala, Backwaters have a unique importance in Inland waterways, this is not only a cheap mode of transportation, but also attracts tourists in large number. The famous Nehru Trophy Boat Race is also organised in Kerala.
2. Oceanic Waterways
The total coastline of India (including islands) is 7517 km long, out of which 12 main and 185 minor ports are present, which provide structural support to various oceanic waterways. Oceanic waterways play a vital role in the transport sector of Indian economy.
Approximately 95% of foreign trade according to weight and approximately 70% according to value is conducted through oceanic transport. Besides foreign trade, oceanic waterway also is used for transport between various islands to the mainland. The Inland waterways and oceanic waterways in India are depicted by the map given on the previous page.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Additional Questions with Answers
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Roads constructed under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna are:
(a) Express Highways
(b) State Highways
(c) District roads
(d) Rural roads
Answer:
(d) Rural roads
Question 2.
Highest road of the world is:
(a) Mumbai – Santa Cruz Road
(b) Durgapur – Kolkata highway
(c) Ladakh – Leh Road
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Ladakh – Leh Road
Question 3.
Number of Railway Stations in India is:
(a) 7112
(b) 6940
(c) 7166
(d) 8315
Answer:
(a) 7112
Question 4.
Northern Railways headquarters are in:
(a) Gorakhpur
(b) Jaipur
(c) New Delhi
(d) Malegaon
Answer:
(c) New Delhi
Question 5.
South central Railways headquarters are in:
(a) Jabalpur
(b) Delhi
(c) Chennai
(d) Secundrabad
Answer:
(d) Secundrabad
Question 6.
Shaan E Punjab Rail is proposed to run from:
(a) Amritsar to Delhi
(b)Amristar to Jammu
(c) Amritsar to New Delhi
(d) Mathura to New Delhi
Answer:
(a) Amritsar to Delhi
Question 7.
Gatiman Express is operated between which two stations?
(a) New Delhi to Agra Cantt
(b) Hazrat Nizamuddin to Agra Cantt
(c) Amritsar to New Delhi
(d) Mathura to New Delhi
Answer:
(b) Hazrat Nizamuddin to Agra Cantt
Question 8.
1st Rail university of India is proposed to be set up at which place?
(a) New Delhi
(b) Ahmedabad
(c) Badodra
(d) Agra
Answer:
(c) Badodra
Question 9.
Golden Quadrilateral project plans to connect which 4 Metropoliton cities?
(a) Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
(b) Delhi, Bhopal, Nagpur, Chennai
(c) Mumbai, Bhopal, Patna, Kolkata
(d) Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi, Allahabad
Answer:
(a) Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
Question 10.
Where was First Mono Rail started in India?
(a) Kolkata
(b) Mumbai
(c) New Delhi
(d) Lucknow
Answer:
(b) Mumbai
Question 11.
National Civil Aviation Policy was announced on:
(a) 10 June 2014
(b) 15 June 2016
(c) 15 June 2015
(d) 1 April 2015
Answer:
(b) 15 June 2016
Question 12.
What is the position of India in the world regarding commercial vessel fleets?
(a) 10th
(b) 13th
(c) 16th
(d) 20th
Answer:
(c) 16th
Match the Following
Match the options given in column A with right options given in column B:
Column A (Name of zone) | Column B (Headquarters) |
(i) Eastern Railway | (a) Church gate, Mumbai |
(ii) Western Railway | (b) New Delhi |
(iii) Northern Railway | (c) Mumbai C.S.T. |
(iv) Southern Railway | (d) Kolkata |
(v) Central Railway | (e) Chennai |
Answer:
(i) (d), (ii) (a), (iii) (b), (iv) (e), (v) (c).
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What do you understand by transport?
Answer:
Taking travelers and goods from one place to another place is called transport.
Question 2.
Transport is compared to which system of the body?
Answer:
Transport is compared to the circulatory system of the body. It is similar to that of veins which are present in the body.
Question 3.
What is the major work of Transport system in a diversified country?
Answer:
In a vast country, where there are natural economic, sociological and other diversities, major work of transport is unification of these diversities.
Question 4.
Transport system has been divided into how many parts?
Answer:
Transport system is divided mainly into the following parts:
Land transport, Water transport and Air transport.
Question 5.
Name the 5 factors affecting the development of transport system.
Answer:
5 factors affecting the development of transport system are:
- Physical
- Cultural
- Economic
- Security/safety
- political factors
Question 6.
Taosan has described how many routes between India and China?
Answer:
Taosan a Chinese traveler in 700 B.C., has described three major trade routes between India and China.
Question 7.
In the year 2015, what was the total length of Roads in India?
Answer:
In the year 2015, total length of roads in India was 48.45 lakh km.
Question 8.
Name different types of Indian roads.
Answer:
Indian roads are of the following 5 types:
- National Highway
- State Highway
- District Roads
- Rural Roads
- Border Roads
Question 9.
Who is responsibe for the construction and control of National Highways?
Answer:
Central government is responsible for the construction and control of National Highways.
Question 10.
Which metropolitan cities are related to Golden Quadrilateral project?
Answer:
1. Delhi
2. Mumbai
3. Chennai
4. Kolkata
Question 11.
What will be the main benefit of golden quadrilateral project?
Answer:
By the construction of golden quadrilateral project, the distance, time and transportation cost between Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata will reduce substantially.
Question 12.
What is the main objective behind the construction of North – South corridor?
Answer:
The main objective behind the construction of North – South corridor is to connect Srinagar in Jammu & Kashmir to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
Question 13.
What is the objective behind the construction of East-West corridor?
Answer:
The objective for construction of East-West corridor is to connect Silchar (Assam) to Porbandar (Gujarat).
Question 14.
Which are the roads constructed and maintained by State Government?
Answer:
State Highways are constructed and maintained by state government.
Question 15.
What are Rural Roads?
Answer:
Rural roads connect rural areas with cities, colonies and to other rural roads. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana is working at a very fast pace for construction of Rural Roads.
Question 16.
When was Border Roads Organisation (BRO) established?
Answer:
Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was established,in the year 1960.
Question 17.
When and where was the first train started in the world?
Answer:
The first train started to operate in England in the year 1825.
Question 18.
What was the objective for developing railways in India by British?
Answer:
After the revolt of 1857, British started rapid development of Railways in India for the following objectives:
- To have control on administration of India.
- For assistance in foreign Invasion.
- For the benefit of England.
Question 19.
What is the position of Indian railways in Asia and in the world?
Answer:
Indian Railways is the largest in Asia and second largest rail network in the world.
Question 20.
What was the number of engines owned by Indian Railways as on March 2015?
Answer:
On March 31, 2015, Indian Railways had 10,822 engines, out of which 43 were steam engines, 5714 were diesel engines and 5065 were electric engines.
Question 21.
How many employees work in Indian Railways, approximately?
Answer:
Indian Railways has provided employment to approximately 13.26 lakh people.
Question 22.
At present, how many Railway zones are there in India?
Answer:
At present, India has 17 railway zones. The Kolkata Metro Railway zone is the 17 th zone of India announced on December 25, 2010.
Question 23.
In India, which is the most dense railway region?
Answer:
Most dense railway region of India is in North, which stretches between Kolkata to Amritsar. Its major center is New Delhi.
Question 24.
What is the main benefit of metro rail in metropolitan cities?
Answer:
Metro rail facility helps in reducing road traffic and controlling air pollution in metropolitan cities.
Question 25.
When was Konkan Railway formed?
Answer:
Konkan railway was formed in the year 1998.
Question 26.
The longest tunnel of Asia is situated on which Railway line?
Answer:
The longest Tunnel of Asia is situated on Konkan railway line and it is 6.5 km long.
Question 27.
Which are the two main proposed routes of Telgo train?
Answer:
The two main proposed routes of Telgo train are as follows:
- Delhi to Mumbai Rail route (1385 km).
- Mathura to Palwal Rail route.
Question 28.
Which are the three Indian trains included in world heritage?
Answer:
The following trains are included in world heritage:
- Mountain Railway (Darjeeling Himalayan Railway) in the year 1999.
- Nilgiri Mountain Railway in the year 2005.
- Kalka – Shimla Railway in the year 2008.
Question 29.
Konkan Railway project is extended from which place to which place?
Answer:
Konkan railway project is extended from Roha, which is near Mumbai, to Mangalore in Karnataka.
Question 30
When and where the first mono rail started in India?
Answer:
The first mono rail in India started on February 1, 2014 in Mumbai.
Question 31.
Who is responsible for providing Air transport in India?
Answer:
Airports Authority of India is responsible for providing Air transport in India.
Question 32.
Name the recently formed corporation of Air travel.
Answer:
After the nationalization of Air transport in the year 1953, all the companies were merged into two major corporations, namely:
- Indian Airlines.
- Air India.
Question 33.
When did the monopoly of Air India and Indian Airlines end?
Answer:
On 1st March 1994, the monopoly of India Airlines and Air India ended.
Question 34.
What is the Air route of Air India?
Answer:
The Air route of Air India spans from Kolkata to Delhi – Mumbai – Cairo. The route of Rome – Dusseldorf – Geneva – Pads – London – New York. In the East, it spans in Rangoon – Hong Kong – Shanghai – Beijing – Seol up to Tokyo.
Question 35.
What do you mean by green Airport?
Answer:
Those Airports which implement various techniques to reduce carbon emissions are known as Green Airports.
Question 36.
Which second Airport in India has been allowed to be converted to Green Airport?
Answer:
Jodhpur Airport has been granted permission by the Indian Air Force to be converted to greenfield airport in July 2012.
Question 37.
Name any three International Airports.
Name of three International Airports are given below:
- Indira Gandhi International Airport – Delhi
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport – Dumdum (Kolkata)
- Santa Cruz (Chhatrapati Shivaji) Airport – Mumbai.
Question 38.
Comment on Vayudoot service.
Answer:
Vayudoot service was started in January 1981. This service carries goods and passengers to small cities.
Question 39.
Describe the objectives of Pawan Hans limited.
Answer:
This airplane company was started on 15th October 1985. Earlier it was known as Helicopter Corporation of India, which was changed to Pawan Hans on 5th May, 1987. This company was formed to provide immediate emergency service to oil receiving offshore regions and other distant places.
Question 40.
Which is the cheapest mode of transport?
Answer:
Water transport.
Question 41.
In Ancient times, which dynasty had supremacy over Indian waterways?
Answer:
In ancient times, the Chola dynasty had supremacy over Indian waterways.
Question 42.
Indian waterways are divided into how many parts.
Answer:
1. Inland waterways:
Waterways present inside the geographical boundaries of the country.
2. Oceanic Waterways:
Waterways passing through various oceans.
Question 43.
How long is the Inland waterways in India?
Answer:
14500 km is the length of Inland waterways in India, which mainly constitutes rivers boundari is and canals.
Question 44.
The maximum number of waterways are present in which states?
Answer:
Maximum number of waterways are present in:
Uttar Pradesh, W. Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Bihar and Odisha.
Question 45.
Inland Waterways Authority of India was constituted in which year ?
Answer:
On 27th October 1986, the Inland Waterways Authority of India was constituted.
Question 46.
Indian Inland waterways are how widely spread?
Answer:
Indian Inland waterways are spread from:
- In Ganga – Haldia upto Allahabad
- In Brahmaputra – from Dhubri to Sadia.
- In Kerala, it is spread through Champakala canals.
- In western coast – Kollam to Kottapuram.
- Udyog Mandal canal – In Kerala.
- In Assam, from Bhaga to Lakhimpur.
Question 47.
Name the rail route running between Roha (Maharashtra) and Mangalore (Karnataka)?
Answer:
Konkan railway.
Question 48.
When did the central government pass the National Waterways Bill?
Answer:
The central government passed the National Waterways Bill in 2015.
Question 49.
What is the length of coastline in India and what is the area of maritime economic zone? .
Answer:
The coastline in India has a total length of 7517 km, and the maritime economic zone in India has a total area greater than 20 lakh square kilometers.
Question 50.
When was Bharatiya Jahajrani Nigam renamed and when was it awarded?
Answer:
This largest shipping company of India was changed from “private limited” to “public limited”, and the government of India awarded it with the title of ‘Miniratna’ on 24th February 2000.
Question 51.
What is the length of pipelines in India?
Answer:
In 1980, India had a total length of 5035 km of pipelines, in 2010, it increased to almost 10,000 km
Question 52.
Gas Authority of India Limited was established in which year?
Answer:
GAIL was established in 1984, which controls 14400 km of pipelines in India.
Question 53.
National Highways connect which all places?
Answer:
National Highways connect state capitals, metropolitan cities, important places and important railway junctions.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)
Question 1.
Briefly describe the role of roads in the economic development of India.
Answer:
The roads have played a major role in various sectors, some of which are mentioned below:
- Intensive and extensive agriculture has only been possible due to the development of roads, roads also carry finished agri – products to be delivered to their destination on time which has contributed in economic development of the country.
- Due to development of roads, industrial development has received a boost and has been encouraged.
- The development of roads has reduced the disparities in prices of products at different places in India.
- Roads save money as well as time in transportation.
- Road development has put labour in action, which, in return, has reduced unemployment.
Question 2.
What do you know about Grand Trunk Road?
Or
Write a brief note on the royal highway constructed by Sher Shah Suri.
Answer:
To consolidate and strengthen his vast empire expanding from Indus valley (Pakistan) to Sonar valley of Bengal, Sher Shah Suri constructed a royal highway. This highway, which linked Kolkata to Peshawar, was renamed Grand Trunk (G.T.) Road during the British Raj. Presently, this road extends form Amritsar to Kolkata and is divided into two parts:
- National Highway – 1 (NH – 1) – (Delhi to Amritsar).
- National Highway – 2 (NH – 2) – (Delhi to Kolkata).
Question 3.
What do you know about National Highway?
Answer:
Those roads which are constructed and maintained by the central government are known as National Highways. These roads are used for inter-state transportation, and for travelling to strategically important areas, and defense equipments and army also travel through these roads. These highways connect various capitals of states, metropolitan cities, major ports and railway junctions. These highways constitute 2% of the length of total roads in entire country, and they bear 40% load of the total road transport.
Question 4.
Describe the utility of National Highways in India?
Answer:
- These highways help in connecting far off and distant places and they also provide continuous flow of traffic.
- They connect major cities, state capitals, ports and railway junctions.
- They are most useful in transporting goods to strategically important areas.
Question 5.
Write a note on National Highway Authority of India.
Answer:
National Highway Authority of India was established in the year 1995. It is an autonomous agency under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highway. It is responsible for the development, maintenance and management of National Highways. Apart from this, NHAI is also responsible for the development and improvement of bad roads which come under National Highways.
Question 6.
What is the difference between National highway and State highway?
Or
Write two differences between National highway and State highway.
Answer:
The differences between National and state highways are as follows:
National Highway | State Highway |
1. These are the main roads of a Nation. | 1. These are the main roads of a state. |
2. They are constructed under the supervision of central government. | 2. They are constructed and maintained by state government. |
3. These highways connect state capitals, important cities, important places and railway junctions. | 3. These highways connect state capitals to district centers and other important cities. |
4. Total length of these highways is only 2% of total length of Indian Roads. | 4. The length of these highways is 4% of the total length of Indian Roads. |
5. They play important role for economic and strategic purposes. | 5. They play important role for administrative purposes. |
Question 7.
Write a short note on state highways.
Answer:
The construction, development and maintenance of state highways is done by the state government. These highways connect state capitals to district centers and other important cities. They also connect national highways. Only 4% of total Indian Roads fall under state highway category.
Question 8.
Describe the responsibilities of Border Roads Organisation.
Answer:
In May 1960, Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was established to develop and maintain road network in north east border which was important with strategic perspectives of the country. Apart from connecting roads in sensitive areas, BRO is also responsible for clearing snow in high mountainous regions. BRO was also established with the objective to strengthen the defence system of the country.
Question 9.
Comment on the unequal distribution and density of roads in India.
Answer:
The unequal distribution and density of roads in India are the result of regional disparities. In developed states, it is found more – In Kerala (378.24 km/ 100 sq. km) as compared to North mountainous regions, mainly in Jammu and Kashmir (10.48 km/100 sq. km) (which is less). Generally, roads are found more in sourthern states and in northern plains, whereas, in mountainous and desert areas, only a minimal structure is found, which is due to the following reasons:
- Different land structure and topography of the region.
- Different economic picture of states.
- Different environmental factors.
- The condition of development of states.
Question 10.
How many express highways are present in India? Mention them.
Answer:
There are five express highways present in India, as follows:
- Mumbai to Santa Cruz
- Mumbai to Thane
- Kolkata to Dumdum
- Paradeep to Sukinda mining region
- Durgapur to Kolkata
Question 11.
What do you know about Konkan Railway?
Answer:
Among the railways which were developed after Independence, the construction of Konkan Railway is the most important one. In the year 1988, Konkan railway’s construction was completed. It is 7 60 km long which extends along the western coastal line from Roha in Maharashtra to Mangalore in Karnataka. It crosses over 146 rivers and streams, 2000 bridges and 91 tunnels. This railway line has longest railway tunnel (6.5 1cm), of Aisa and because of this railway, Mumbai is directly connected to Mangalore.
Question 12.
Write down the importance of railway transport in India.
Answer:
Indian Railways is the biggest undertaking unit of government of India. It is the main transportation mode for the development of all the sectors (agriculture, business, industries, service) of Indian economy. Railway is helpful in maintaining national security, and peace and also to establish and develop unity among different topographies and cultures.
Question 13.
Write a note on the operation of Bullet train in India.
Answer:
After Mumbai – Ahmedabad, route, it has been proposed to operate bullet trains from Delhi to three other metropolitan cities.
- Delhi to Lucknow – It will cover 506 km distance in only 1 hour 15 minutes.
- Delhi to Varanasi – It will cover 782 km distance in 2 hours 40 minutes only. Expenditure of approximately ₹ 43 thousand crore will be incurred on this.
- Delhi to Kolkata – A distance of 1513 km will be covered in 4 hours 56 minutes only and an expenditure of approximately ₹ 84 thousand crore will be incurred in this setup.
Question 14.
What is freight corridor project?
Answer:
Freight corridor project is the most ambitious project of Indian Railways. Under the dedicated freight corridors, four metropolitan cities of India – Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai will be connected.
Question 15.
Write a short note on Oceanic waterways.
Answer:
India has a total coastline (including islands) measuring 7517 km, on which 12 major and 185 minor ports are present, which provide structural support to various oceanic waterways. Approximately 95% of foreign trade according to weight and approximately 70% according to value is conducted through oceanic transport. Apart from foreign trade, the oceanic waterways are also used for commuting between various islands and the mainland.
Question 16.
Which Six river waterways have been announced as National waterways by the Indian government?
Answer:
The Indian government, with the objective of developing permanent waterways on rivers, has announced 6 important waterways as National waterways:
- On river Ganga from Haldia to Allahabad (1620 km).
- On river Brahmaputra from Dhubri to Sadiya (891 km).
- In Kerala on Champakara canal (14 km).
- Western coast canal part of Kottapuram to Kollam (168 km).
- Udyog Mandal canal in Kerala (22 km).
- From Bhaga to Lakhimpur in Assam.
Question 17.
What are the hurdles in the development of Inland waterways?
Answer:
- The seasonal nature of rivers.
- Changes in the level of water.
- Waterfalls on the river.
- Sediment deposit in rivers.
- Reduction in water level due to canals on perennial rivers.
- Rivers near the coast are saline.
Question 18.
What are the benefits of inland waterways transport?
Answer:
The benefits of inland waterways are as follows:
- Cheapest transportation mode.
- No maintenance cost as compared to other transportation modes.
- Minimal usage of energy.
- Most convenient for transporting heavy and voluminous goods.
- Most convenient mode for transport during rainy seasons when roads and railways get blocked.
- Creates less pollution as compared to other modes of transport.
Question 19.
Mention the number of ports in different states of India.
Answer:
There are 13 big and around 200 medium and small ports in India whose number in different states are as follows:
States | Number of Ports | States | Number of Ports |
Gujarat | 40 | Lakshadweep | 40 |
Maharashta | 53 | Tamil Nadu | 14 |
Goa | 5 | Puducherry | 01 |
Daman And Diu | 2 | Bengal | 01 |
Karnataka | 9 | Andaman and Nicobar | 23 |
Kerala | 13 | – | – |
Question 20.
What is National Aviation Company of India Limited?
Answer:
On March 01,1994 the monopoly of Indian Airlines and Air India was ended, but after the dissolution of the two major public sector airlines, National Aviation Company of India Limited was established. National Aviation Company of India Ltd. provides services under the name of Air India.
Question 21.
Write a short note on the contribution of Air India and Indian Airlines to air transport in India.
Answer:
Air India:
It provides international air service for both passengers as well as cargo transport and connects to all continents of the world.
Indian Airlines:
It was responsible for domestic airlines services and it connected different parts of the country. It also made traffic arrangement for commuting between neighboring south east Asian countries and east Asian countries.
Note:
At present, Indian Airlines has been merged into Air India.
Question 22.
What are the various projects of building greenfield airports in eastern part of India?
Answer:
AAI has planned to construct greenfield airports in eastern part of India. Construction of Pakyong Airport in Sikkim which has a total expenditure of 309.46 crores has started. Apart from this, greenfield airports are also proposed to be constructed in Chetu (Nagaland) and Itanagar (Arunachal Pradesh).
Question 23.
Describe oil and gas pipelines of India.
Answer:
Pipelines are the most convenient, cheap and efficient transportation mode for gases and liquid products. Some of major pipelines presently operational are:
- From Naharkatiya oil rich areas of Assam to Barauni oil refinery, total length 1157 km.
- Barauni to Kanpur.
- Ankleshwar to Koyali.
- Bombay High – Koyali.
- Hajira -Vijaypur – Jagadishpur (HBJ), total length 1256 km.
- From Salaya (Gujarat) to Mathura.
- Numaligarh to Siliguri (under construction).
Question 24.
Describe the benefits of pipeline transport.
Answer:
Benefits of pipelines transport are as follows:
- Cheap mode of transport.
- Easy transportation.
- Transportation possible in uneven rocky areas.
- Conservation of energy.
- Transportation possible from sea basin.
- Confirmed delivery.
- Time saving.
- Reduces pollution, etc.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)
Question 1.
What are the factors which affect development of modes of transport?
Answer:
The factors which effect development of modes of transport are as follows:
1. Physical factors:
Relief plays an important role in the development of modes of transportation. In India, roads and railway lines are developed more in flat regions as compared to mountainous regions where roads and railway lines development is difficult and challenging. In swampy areas, flood affected areas, and in areas affected by land erosion, only limited development of land transport is possible.
Similarly, in heavy rainfall areas of North – Eastern region, uneven and mountainous region of Western Ghats, only limited development of land transport is found. In sanday desert areas of Western Rajasthan also development of land transport routes is found to be minimal.
2. Economic factors:
High density of roads and railway lines is found in states which have high economic standard as compared to states which have low economic standard, where land transport routes are found to be minimal.
3. Cultural factors:
Low density population areas of Western Rajasthan have low development of transport.
4. Defense factors:
For border security and for providing necessary items to border personnel and military equipment to soldiers, transport routes are developed. Due to insufficient development of transport, we could not face the Chinese invasion with full force in 1962.
5. Political factors:
Government policies and political decisions influence and affect the development of transport.
Question 2.
Write a short note on National Highway Development projects of India.
Answer:
National Highways are constructed and maintained by the central government. They not only connect state capitals, important cities and important junctions, but also play important role in transportation of defense equipment and in providing services to strategic regions. National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) has taken the responsibility of major projects at various stages nationwide.
Following are the major National highway development projects:
1. Golden Quadrilateral Project:
This project connects four important metropolitan cities (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata) with 4/6 lane highways of 5846 km long. This project has helped in reducing time, cost and distance among the cities.
2. North – South and East – West corridors:
Under this project, 4016 km long highway is to be constructed connecting Srinagar in the North to Kanyakumari in the South, whereas East-West corridors connect Silchar in Assam to Porbandar in Gujarat through 3640 km long highway.
Question 3.
Describe various railway zones and their Headquarters.
Answer:
Indian railways is divided into 17 Railway zones which are mentioned below:
Railway Zones | Headquarters |
Central Railway | Mumbai (CST) |
Eastern Railway | Kolkata |
East – Central Railway | Hajipur |
East – Coast Railway | Bhubaneswar |
Northern Railway | New Delhi |
North – Eastern Railway | Gorakhpur |
North – Western Railway | Jaipur |
Southern – Railway | Chennai |
South – Central Railway | Secunderabad |
South – Eastern Railway | Kolkata |
South – East Central Railway | Bilaspur |
South – Western Railway | Hubli |
North Central Railway | Allahabad |
North – East Frontier Railway | Malegaon (Guwahati) |
Western Railway | Mumbai (Churchgate) |
West Central Railway | Jabalpur |
Metro Railway Kolkata Zone | Kolkata |
Note:
The Metro zone Kolkata was declared on 25th December 2010.
Question 4.
Briefly describe the distribution of Indian railway routes?
Answer:
Distribuion of railways routes in India is unequal, its distribution is mentioned below:
1. Intensive Rail Area:
This area falls between Amritsar to Kolkata, this area is flat and plain and its major centre is in Delhi.
2. The moderately dense railway areas of South India:
The Southern part is asymmetrical plateau and tableland due to which rail routes have not completely developed here.
3. Sparse rail routes area:
Deserts and mountainous regions come under this area, Places like Western Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh and North – Eastern regions have sparse rail routes.
Question 5.
Describe development of Rail routes in India.
Answer:
There has been systematic development of rail routes in India. In the year 1950 – 51, India had 53,596 km of Rail routes which has increased to 64,600 km till the year 2012 – 13. Their systematic development is as follows:
Year | Length of Rail routes (in km) |
1950 – 51 | 53,596 |
1960 – 61 | 56,247 |
1970 – 71 | 59,787 |
1980 – 81 | 61,240 |
1990 – 91 | 62,367 |
2000 – 01 | 63,028 |
2010 – 11 | 64,015 |
2011 – 12 | 64,415 |
2012 – 13 | 64,600 |
Question 6.
Describe development of Air transport in India.
Answer:
Air transport is the fastest mode of transport to move from one place to another place. Air transport in India started in the year 1911 when 10 km long air mail service started in India between Allahabad to Naini.
Actual development of air transport in India started during post independence. In the year 1953, Air transport was nationalized in India. After nationalization, the air transport in India was controlled by two corporations – Air India and Indian Airlines.
At present, many private companies have also started providing Air transport services. Airports Authority of India is responsible for safe and efficient air travel and aeronautical communications. This Authority manages 126 airports, which include 13 international, 84 domestic and 29 civil aviation and inter regional airports.
Question 7.
Into how many parts are the Indian airports divided?
Answer:
Indian Airports are divided into four categories:
1. International airports:
Internationally important airports are called international airports. Some major international airports are, India Gandhi International Airport (Delhi), Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata (Dumdum), Santa Cruz Airport of Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Meenambakkam Airport, Chennai and airports of Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Bangalore.
2. Large Airports:
Airports of Jaipur, Lucknow, Nagpur, Varanasi, Agartala.
3. Medium Sized Airports:
Airports of Allahabad, Aurangabad, Bhubaneswar, Bhuj, Gaya, Gorakhpur, Indore.
4. Small Airports:
Airports of Akola, Satna, Sholapur, Jodhpur, Jabalpur, Bilaspur, Jhansi.
Question 8.
Describe favourable geographical conditions for development of Airports in India.
Answer:
Favourable geographical conditions for development of airports in India are as follows:
- Vast geographical surface area of India.
- Location of India on major international air routes.
- Ample amount of Aluminium deposits for manufacturing aircraft.
- Indeginous technical knowledge.
- Easy availability of flat and rigid land required for Airports.
- Huge population of the country.
- Economic development of the country.
- Large tourism industry of the country. Above mentioned points play vital role in the development of Air transport in India.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Describe major types of roads in India.
Answer:
Road network of India is one of the largest road networks in the world. Total length of roads in 2005 was 33.1 lakh kilometers in India. Approximately 85% passenger transport and 70% freight transport is .carried out through roads per year in the country. In India, the first attempt for the development of modern road transport was made in the year 1943 through the Nagpur project.
But, due to lack of cooperation between the native rulers ((in Rajasthan)) and the British, the project could not be implemented. Further, in the year 1961, to improve the conditions of roads in India, a ’20 year road project’ was initiated. In the year 1995, Indian National Highway Authority – (NHAI) was established and new projects were initiated for the development of National Highways.
At present, Indian villages are being connected with roads under ‘Prime Minister Gram Sadak Yojna’.
Types of Roads:
On the basis of construction and maintenance, roads can be classified into 5 types as follows:
- National Highways
- State Highways
- District roads
- Rural Roads
- Other Roads.
1. National Highways:
Roads which are constructed and maintained by the agencies of central government are called National Highways. National Highway Authority of India (NELAI) is the nodal agency responsible for building, upgrading and maintaining National Highway network. It connects state capitals, important cities, important places and railway junctions. In the year 2005, total length of national Highways was 65,769 km which is 2% of total roads in India, and they bear 40% of total transport load.
Golden Quadrilateral project and North – South and East – West corridor are the most important & National Highway development projects.
2. State Highways:
State government looks after the development and maintenance of these roads. They connect state capitals to district centers and other important cities, they are also linked to National Highways. 4% of total length of Indian roads are under this category.
3. District Roads:
Length of district roads was 4.7 lakh km in the year 2005, which is 14% of the total length of roads in India. They connect district centers to other important places.
4. Rural Roads:
Length of rural roads in the year 2005 was 26.5 lakh km which was 80% of total length of Indian roads. They play important role in connecting rural colonies. These roads are influenced by the nature of local territory, therefore local disparities prevail.
5. Other Roads:
Border Roads and International Highways fall under this category. Border roads are usually constructed under the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), set up in May 1960. BRO secures Indian borders by developing and maintaining roads in remote areas of North and North-East states of country Borders roads are important in terms of strategic and economic development of the country. On the other hand, the objective of international highways is to connect neighboring countries.
Question 2.
Describe National Civil Aviation Policy.
Answer:
First civil aviation policy of India was announced on June 15, 2016. Its main objective is to promote domestic aviation.
Other important objectives are as follows:
- To make India 3rd biggest market for civil aviation from the current 9th position.
- To increase income to ₹ 30 crore from domestic ticketing.
- To increase number of airports from the current 77 in year 2016 to 127 by the year 2019 for commercial flights.
- To increase goods carrying capacity by four times to 10 million tons by the year 2027.
- To facilitate air service to the common man.
- To develop Greenfield airports and helipads.
- To ensure availability of 3.3 lakhs quality certified skilled professionals by the year 2025.
- Flexible and free open sky policy and code sharing agreements.
- More relaxed rules, easy process and ease of trade through e-governance.
- To promote Make in India programme in civil aviation sector.
To achieve above mentioned objectives, various provisions have been made in National Aviation Policy.
These provisions state that for every one hour of flight the cost of ticket would be ₹ 2500/- and for every half – hour flight, it would be ₹ 1200/- and the loss faced by present airline companies will be borne by center and state governments in the ratio of 80 : 20. Several further amendments in aviations policy in the year 2016 are possible.
Question 3.
Describe development and modernization of Indian railways.
Answer:
First rail started between Mumbai to Thane on rapid on 16th of April 1953. After the revolt of 1857, the Britishers developed Indian railways at a rapid pace. Indian railways has become the largest of Asia and second largest railway network of the world.
Till 31th March 2015, Indian railways had 10822 rail engines, out of which 43 were steam engines, 5714 were diesel engines and 5065 were electric engines.
Total number of railway stations in India is 7112, and the Indian railways provides employment to almost 13.26 lakh employees. The length of the rail routes is continuously increasing. In the year 1950 – 51, total rail routes length was 53596 km, which increased to 63028 km in the year 2000 – 2001 and in the year 2012 – 2013, it has increased to 64600 Ion.
The administrative control of Indian railways is in the hands of the central government. Indian railways has been divided into 16 zones for administrative purpose. On 25th December 2010, Metro Kolkata zone was declared/hence presently the railway zones has increased to 17.
Modernization of Indian Railways
Indian railways is developing at very rapid pace. Important facts are mentioned below:
- On 5 th April 2016, Gatiman Express started running from Hazrat Nizamuddin to Agra Cantt, this is India’s 1st high speed train.
- The Shaan – E – Punjab Express will be operated between Delhi and Amritsar and all 21 coaches of this train will have CCTV cameras.
- Himsagar Express is the longest distance covering train which runs from Kanyakumari to Jammu Tawi (3729 km).
- Telgo train is proposed to be run between Delhi-Mumbai and Mathura-Palwal.
- India has planned to run Bullet trains from Delhi to Lunknow, Delhi to Varanasi and Delhi to Kolkata after Bullet train has been started between Mumbai-Ahmedabad.
- First Rail University of India is planned to be established at Vadodara.
- 3 Indian trains have been included in the world heritage:
- Mountain Railway (Darjeeling Himalayan Railway) 1999.
- Nilgiri Mountainous Railways, 2005.
- Kalka Shimla Railway, 2008.
- Four Indian Metropolitan cities (Delhi, Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai) are planned to be connected through Freight Corridor Project.
- Konkan railway project is a unique project. It runs along an inaccessible route of 760 km between Roha and Mangalore. The route has 2000 bridges and 91 tunnels, and the bridge over Sharavati river has a length of 2065.8 meters.
- Operation of metro trains is developing at fast pace in the metropolitan areas of India.
- The mono rail service has been started in Mumbai from 1st February 2014.
Question 4.
Write a short essay on pipeline transport of India.
Answer:
Pipeline transport is the new mode of transport. However, this transport mode has been used to supply water since a long period of time. At present time, this mode of transportation is used to transport mineral oil, petroleum, natural gas and liquid iron ore slurry etc.
In 1980, India had 5036 km long pipelines which have increased to 10,000 km by 2010. Pipeline transport is comparatively cheap, feasible, energy – saving, convenient, confirmed delivery, time-saving and relatively less polluting than other modes.
Pipelines in India – Major pipelines of India are as follows:
1. Naharkatiya – Noonmati – Barauni pipeline:
This is first pipeline of India. It has been laid from the oil wells of Assam to Noonmati oil refinery, covering a distance of 443 km. Again it was extended from Noonmati to Barauni. And from Barauni to Kanpur Barauni – Haldia work became completed in 1966. Lakwa – Rudra Sagar project became by 1968. Again Morigram Rajbandh pipiline project was taken in hand.
2. Pipelines of Gujarat – Following pipelines have been laid in Gujarat:
- Ankleshwar – Koyali oil pipeline.
- Kalol – Sabarmati oil pipeline.
- Navgaon – Kalol – ICoyali oil pipeline.
- Cambay Dhuvaran Gas pipeline.
- Ankleshwar – Vadodara gas pipeline.
- Koyali – Ahmedabad pipeline.
Apart from these, some other pipelines of local importance are also laid.
3. Salaya – Koyali – Mathura pipeline:
This pipeline has been laid from Salaya near Gulf of Kutch up to Mathura. This pipeline transports imported oil from Bombay High to Mathura refinery. The refined oil is transported to Jalandhar and is connected to Koyali pipeline.
4. Bombay High – Mumbai – Ankleshwar – Koyali pipeline:
Two different pipelines have been laid to transport oil and gas from Bombay High to Mumbai coast and each pipeline has a length of 210 km.
5. Gas Authorily of India limited operates 14400 km long pipeline.
6. Hazira – Vijayapura – Jagdishpur pipeline:
It is the longest underground pipeline of the world with a total length of 1750 km. This pipeline provides gas to 4 fertilizer plants in U.P. and one plant in M.P. and Rajasthan. Also it provides gas to thermal power plants of Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh), Antah (Rajasthan) and Kavas (Gujarat).