Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Population Migration and Human Development
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Text Book Questions
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Which of the following is the largest refugee country?
(a) United States of America
(b) Japan
(c) Canada
(d) Kenya
Answer:
(a) United States of America
Question 2.
The migration towards other states inside a country is:
(a) Immigration
(b) Emigration
(c) International migration
(d) National migration
Answer:
(d) National migration
Question 3.
Inter – state migration takes place:
(a) From village to city
(b) From city to sub – city
(c) From city to metropolis
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these
Question 4.
According to Human Development Report 2015, India stands at the:
(a) 130th place
(b) 138th place
(c) 120th place
(d) 135th place
Answer:
(b) 138th place
Question 5.
The Index of Human Development Report is prepared by:
(a) WTO
(b) UNDP
(c) WHO
(d) UNO
Answer:
(b) UNDP
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 6.
Between what digits does the value of Human Development Index lie?
Answer:
The value of Human Development Index lies between digits minimum 0 to maximum 1.
Question 7.
Since which year has the Human Development Report been published by UNDP?
Answer:
Since 1990.
Question 8.
Which state of India stands at the top place according to Human Development Report?
Answer:
It is Kerala.
Question 9.
How many types of migration are found?
Answer:
There are two types of migration: Emigration and Immigration.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 10.
Define Migration.
Answer:
Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another place with the intention of settling permanently or temporarily in a new location. The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another country, effected by the different factors like natural, social, economic and political. Migration is a geographical or spatial settlement which is seen between two different geographical units.
Question 11.
What is International Migration?
Answer:
The movement from one continent to another continent of the world or from one country to another country is called international migration. This type of migration has been continuing since ancient period. For this type of migration, any of the reasons has been responsible. The movement of the people at international level is due to economic, social, political and religious reasons.
Question 12.
What is Human Development Index?
Answer:
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It is published annually by UNDP and focuses on longevity, basic education and minimal income.
Question 13.
Which of the Asian countries are included in the category of high human development?
Answer:
Japan, Israel, Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, United Arab Emirates, Sri Lanka, Iran, Malaysia, etc. are the Asian countries which are included in the category of high human development.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Essay Type Questions
Question 14.
Explain the concept of Human Development in detail.
Answer:
Meaning of Human Development : Human Development is the process of central point to all development processes of extending people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being.
Concept of Human Development:
The concept of human development is not singular, but it is a multifaceted concept. This concept includes several aspects, in which economic, social, cultural, political, institutional, psychological circumstantial and moral factors are included, in which many efforts are made to improve the economic condition of the people, to perform human welfare and to make a growth in living standard of the people.
Human welfare is not possible only by wealth, but it also needs social, cultural and moral development of the people of a country. There are 3 important aspects of human development – the life standard of the people, freedom and the availability of opportunities. For the measurement of life standard of people in a country, education, health and availability of resources are calculated and used as the base.
For a long time, the progress of a country was measured in the form of economic development, but this development had no relation to the change in lifestyle of most of the people.Taking and considering it as base, famous economist Mahaboob-Ul-Haq and Nobel prize winner Prof. Amartya Sen represented the concept of Human Development.
The thought of Human Development is based on the concept of equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment. Equity indicates available opportunities, sustainability expresses the form of stable development, productivity expresses human labour and human work and empowerment shows human capacity of choosing the options.
Question 15.
Explain the differences between the groups of countries with high human development and low human development in detail.
Answer:
Basis of difference | Group of countries with high human development | Group of countries with low human development |
1. Human Development Index | 1. Human development index is found to be more than 0.71. | 1. Human development index is found to be less then 0.5. |
2. Economic Structure | 2. Due to strong and stable economic structure, developed economic conditions are seen. | 2. Due to weak and irregular economic structure, backward economic conditions are seen. |
3. Education Standard | 3. Education standard in these countries is seen to be higher. | 3. The education in these countries is seen to be low. |
4. Medical facilities | 4. Improved medical facilities are seen. | 4. Bad, even pitiable medical facilities are found. |
5. Birth rate | 5. In the countries with higher human development, birth rate is found very low, in some of the countries it is decreasing. | 5. The birth rate in low human development countries is seen to be high. |
6. Death rate | 6. The death rate is seen to be minimum. | 6. The death rate is seen to be very high. |
7. Age structure | 7. More population in the old age group is seen. | 7. More population in the child age group is seen. |
8. Occupational structure | 8. Most of the working population is engaged in secondary, tertiary activities. | 8. Most of the working population is engaged in primary economic and quarternery economic activities. |
9. Population growth rate | 9. Minimum population growth rate is found here. | 9. High population growth rate is found here. |
Map Based Question
Question 16.
On the world map, show the following countries according to the rank order of their Human Development Index.
Answer:
The following countries are shown in the world map with their human development index in rank order:
Source : HDR, UNDP.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Additional Questions with Answers
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Number of the aspects of population migration is:
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(d) 5
Question 2.
The main cause of emigration from Europe is:
(a) Lack of resources
(b) Surplus of resources
(c) Overflow of population
(d) High technology
Answer:
(a) Lack of resources
Question 3.
The main cause of migration from India to other neighbouring countries in ancient time was:
(a) Extension of area
(b) Religious propagation
(c) Trade
(d) Employment
Answer:
(b) Religious propagation
Question 4.
The concept of development is:
(a) Singular concept
(b) Bifaceted concept
(c) Trifaceted concept
(d) Multifaceted concept
Answer:
(d) Multifaceted concept
Question 5.
The exponent of the concept of human development was:
(a) Thompson
(b) Malthus
(c) Ricardo
(d) Mahbub – UI – Haq
Answer:
(d) Mahbub – UI – Haq
Question 6.
The first human development index report was published in:
(a) 1960
(b) 1990
(c) 2004
(d)2015
Answer:
(b) 1990
Question 7.
The leading country of the world from the point of view of human development index is:
(a) Norway
(b) Japan
(c) Australia
(d) Sweden
Answer:
(a) Norway
Question 8.
The leading Asian country from the point of view of human development index is:
(a) Sri Lanka
(b) India
(c) Malaysia
(d) Japan
Answer:
(d) Japan
Question 9.
Number of countries in the group of super high human development category:
(a) 24
(b) 35
(c) 47
(d) 63
Answer:
(c) 47
Question 10.
The index of medium human development is:
(a) more than 0.71
(b) from 0.50 to 0.70
(c) less than 0.5
(d) more than 1
Answer:
(b) from 0.50 to 0.70
Match the Following
Question 1.
Match the options given in column A with correct options given in column B:
Column A (Migration) | Column B (Type of Migration) |
(i) From one country to another country | (a) Interstate migration |
(ii) From one state to another state | (b) inland national migration |
(iii) From one continent to other continent | (c) International migration |
(iv) Inside the country in various regions | (d) Inter continental migration |
(V) To reside at another place during a disaster | (e) Legal migration |
(Vi) Migration under proper rules and regulations | (f) Refugee |
Answer:
(i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (d), (iv) (b), (v) (f), (vi) (e).
Question 2.
Match the options given in column A with correct options given in column B:
Column A (Country) | Column B (Human development index value) |
(i) Norway | (a) 0.916 |
(ii) India | (b) 0.920 |
(iii) Japan | (c) 0.938 |
(iv) Germany | (d) 0.554 |
(V) Sweden | (e) 0.955 |
(Vi) Australia | (d) 0.912 |
Answer:
(i) (e), (ii) (d), (iii) (f), (iv) (b), (v) (a), (vi) (c).
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What are the factors responsible for migration?
Answer:
Natural, social, economical and political factors are responsible for migration.
Question 2.
What is migration according to United Nations Organisation?
Answer:
According to United Nations Organisation (UNO), migration is a geographical or spatial settlement which is seen between two different geographical units, in which original place for living and the destination places are absolutely different.
Question 3.
How did Mr. Bog define migration?
Answer:
According to Mr. Bog, migration is to move from one place of residence to another place by a group of people. Migration may be temporary or permanent.
Question 4.
What is meant by the term Emigration?
Answer:
When a person leaves his own country (motherland) to reside in any other country, it is called Emigration.
Question 5.
What is immigration?
Answer:
Immigration is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship, in order to settle or reside there, especially for permanent residence.
Question 6.
What are the aspects of migration of population?
Answer:
There are five aspects of migration population in which country aspect, time aspect, cause aspect, number and stability aspect are included.
Question 7.
Why did the migration take place from Europe to other continents?
Answer:
There was low living standard due to lack of resources in Europe, so migration of people took place towards other continents.
Question 8.
To which regions did the Europeans migrate?
Answer:
The migration of the Europeans was towards the tropical and temperate regions.
Question 9.
Why did the migration take place from Asian countries?
Answer:
There was a rapid change in climatic conditions. The new races pushed out the old races and there was also a problem of unemployment. So, the migration took place from Asian countries.
Question 10.
Where did the Chinese move as migrants?
The Chinese migrated to South-East Asian countries – Manchuria, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar and some other American and African countries.
Question 11.
Where did Japanese emigrate to?
Answer:
The Japanese emigrated mainly to Hawaiian Islands, United States of America, Canada, Brazil, Australia, Manchuria, Korea, Malaysia, etc.
Question 12.
What is internal migration? Or What is inland migration?
Answer:
Inside a country, movement among different states or areas is known as internal migration.
Question 13.
Into how many parts can internal migration be classified?
Answer:
The internal migration can be classified into two parts – interstate migration and local migration.
Question 14.
What is meant by the term Inter-State migration? Or What do you understand by Inter-state migration?
Answer:
The movement of people from one state to another state inside the extents of a country is called Interstate migration.
Question 15.
What is local migration? Or What do you meant by local migration?
Answer:
The movement of people from one district to another district inside the state is called local migration.
Question 16.
What types of flow are there in local migration?
Answer:
Under local migration, there is a movement of people from rural areas (villages) to urban areas (cities) or from cities to villages.
Question 17.
What are the consequences of migration?
Answer:
The consequence of migration are social, economic, demographic and environmental.
Question 18.
What is human development?
Answer:
The improvement in the living standard of population as well the progress of human welfare is called human development.
Question 19.
On what concept is the idea of human development based?
Answer:
The idea of human development is based on the concepts of equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment.
Question 20.
Into how many categories are the countries of the world divided on the basis of Human Development Index?
Answer:
From the point of view of Human Development Index, the countries of the world are divided into 4 categories. The countries with super high human development index, the countries with high human development index, the countries with medium human development index and the countries with low human development index.
Question 21.
Name the countries with super high human development index.
Answer:
The countries with super high human development are Norway, Australia, United States of America, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, France, United Kingdom, and Argentina.
Question 22.
Name the four major factors of Human Development.
Or
Name the pillars of Human Development.
Answer:
The four major factors of Human Development are:
- Equity
- Sustainability
- Productivity
- Empowerment.
Question 23.
What is the ideology of equability with reference to Human Development?
Answer:
The ideology of equability with reference to human development is to provide equal opportunities to all people without any kind of discrimination.
Question 24.
What is meant by productivity with reference to Human Development?
Answer:
The meaning of productivity with reference to human development is a perpetual increment in human working capacity.
Question 25.
What is meant by empowerment?
Answer:
To obtain the power and the capacity for choosing the options to get through in life is called empowerment.
Question 26.
Why is there high human development index in the state of Kerala?
Answer:
The high literacy rate plays an important role in high human development index in the state of Kerala.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)
Question 1.
Explain the term migration according to United Nations Organisation.
Answer:
According to United Nations, “Migration is a kind of geographical or spatial settlement, which is seen between two geographical units of different types and in which both the regions, the abandoned and the adopted, are quite different from each other. This type of migration is mostly permanent as the new human settlement is permanently changed.”
Question 2.
Explain the process of International migration.
Answer:
Movement of people from one continent to another continent or from a country to another country is called International migration. The movement of persons from one continent to any other continent takes place mostly due to economic, social, political and/or religious reasons. Since the very beginning, man has been changing his settelements due to some abnormal conditions or disasters or after being affected by some religious fanaticism. The migration in modern ages mostly takes place for getting a suitable employment or better living conditions.
Question 3.
Explain the migration from European countries to tropical zones.
Answer:
The migration from European countries towards coastal areas of North America and South America and also to tropical zones took place because people could reach there easily and finding the favourable climatic contitions in Southern – Eastern part of Asian continent, they started the cultivation of commercial crops like cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, cassava, spices, tea, rice, etc.
The people related to these areas needed a large number of labourers to work in these plantations so they captured the people from other areas enslaved them than and made them do the work in the agricultural lands.
Question 4.
Explain migration in Indian sub-continent in ancient period.
Answer:
In ancient time, many people from India went to neighbouring countries for propagation of their religious tenets. The Buddhist monks went to Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, China etc. countries for dissemination of Buddhism in ancient time and migrated there. During British rule upon India, they sent thousand of Indians to South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, Trinidad to make them work in agricultural plantations.
Question 5.
Explain the process of local migration. .
Answer:
Under local migration, movement of people takes place inside the limit of a state or zone. The people of rural areas go to cities for gaining higher education or as industrial labourers. Local migration can take place from village to city or from city towards a village.
The facilities which are seen in the cities attract the people of rural areas. Leaving their dwelling places they make movement to the cities. For example, thousands of people from a distance of 100 or 200 km, migrate to Mumbai daily.
Question 6.
Divide the countries of the world from the point of view of Human Development Index.
Answer:
From the point of view of Human Development Index, 47 countries have been included in the category of super high human development index, other 47 countries are included in the category of high human development category, also in medium human development category other 47 countries have been included and 35 countries have been included in low human development category.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)
Question 1.
Describe the concept of population migration.
Answer:
Population migration is an ancient process of movement. Human being is not only a .social but also a dynamic creature, that’s why he has been wandering here and there due to many reasons. The dynamics of population has been a special feature of every stage in human development. Having affected by natural, social, economic causes, man has many more opportunities for mobility which are due to human nature. There is a great difference between the places which are joined and left. The migration may be possible in both the conditions whether it is favourable or unfavourable.
Question 2.
Describe different aspects of migration.
Answer:
There are five aspects of migration out of which one or more aspects may be directly or indirectly related to migration. These aspects are-region aspect, time period aspect, cause aspect, number aspect and stability aspect. The brief description of all these is as follows:
1. Region Aspect:
Under this aspect, the region or country is considered in which the population lives. On the basis of this aspect; migration is classified as inter – continental migration, international migration, inter – country, inter – state and local migration.
2. Time Period Aspect:
Under this aspect, long term migration, periodical migration and daily migration are included and studied. This aspect is based on time period.
3. Cause Aspect:
The causes of population migration are considered under this aspect. The causes of migration may be natural, physical, economic, social, political or cultural.
4. Number Aspect:
Under this aspect, the number of migrated, emigrated or immigrated population which dwells permanently or temporarily in the country or leaves it is considered. On this basis large numbered, medium numbered and low numbered migration have been included.
5. Stability Aspect:
The migration in which a large number population dwells permanently in the country or leaves it. A large number of Europeans migrated to South America, North America, Australia, South Africa permanently during 18th-19th century.
Question 3.
Explain the migration which took place from Asian countries.
Answer:
Asia is the largest continent. The main causes of migration taking place from this continent include a huge change in the atmosphere and climate and the migration of ancient races of this continent has been continuing since the ancient time. During 18th century, a large number of population from China, India and Japan shifted to nearby countries due to pressure of increasing population.
Before 20th century, emigration of population from China started towards the countries situated in South-East Asia like Manchuria, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar etc. During 1880-1900, a large number of Japanese made movement towards Hawaiian Islands, United states of America, Canada, Brazil, Australia, and Manchuria.
During ancient period, a large number of Indians emigrated to the neighbouring countries due to religious causes. For religious dissemination, a large number of Indians went to nearby countries like Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Tibet, Myanmar, etc. Even today, thousands of Indians are emigrating to other countries of the world due to employment.
Question 4.
Classify the world on the basis of Human Development Index.
Answer:
On the basis of Human Development Index, the world can be classified into 3 main parts:
- High human development category
- Medium human development category
- Low human development category.
1. High Human Development Category:
The score of human development is found more than 0.71 in this category. 94 countries of the world are included in this category. According to HD1 report 2015-16, Norway stands at the top position with score of 0.955, Australia 0.938 (second), USA 0.937 (third) and Germany 0.920 (fourth). In this category, Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, Chile, UAE are included.
2. Medium Human Development Category:
The score of human development index of the countries included in this category is between 0.50 to 0.70. The countries like China, Thailand, Philippines, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh have medium human development Index. There are 47 countries in this category.
3. Low Human Development Category:
In this category, the score of human development index is less than 0.50. There are 35 countries which have low HDI score. Some of these countries are Kongo, Chad, Myanmar, Rwanda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Guinea, Niger, Nepal, Zambia, etc.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain types of Migration.
Or
Explain different types of Migration.
Answer:
The process of migration is the result of different aspects like region, time period, cause, number and stability. Due to these aspects, people make movement from one place to another. This type of human movement produces the forms of emigration and immigration. Migration of population is mainly classified into several parts:
All over the world, the pattern of migration is either internal or external. On this basis, migration is divided into two main classes:
- International migration
- Inland or internal migration.
1. International Migration:
Movement from one continent to another continent or from one country to another country constitutes international migration. For international migration, several factors like social, economic, political, or religious are responsible. In present time,-main cause and factor responsible for it is to get better opportunities of employment or to get a handsome salary.
2. Inland or Internal Migration:
The movement of people inside the extents of a country is called inland migration. This type of migration is again divided into two parts :
(a) Inter – state Migration:
When the movement of people takes place from one state to other, it is known as inter-state migration. In India, thousands of people from Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh settled in Delhi permanently and a large number of people from Rajasthan made movement towards Maharashtra, Gujarat and other states and settled there.
(b) Local or regional migration:
When movement of people takes place inside a state of a country, it is called local or regional migration. Under this type of migration, the people from rural areas move towards urban areas or from urban areas to rural areas.
Question 2.
Describe the migration made by the people of ancient time.
Answer:
Central Asia is considered as the origin of human race. The process of inter-mixing of two races was worked out in this region. Often, every new race which developed in this area, pushed out the people of old races. Due to this cause, ancient migration took place. Ancient migration in the world has been divided at the basis of different areas in the following classes:
- Migration worked out from Asian countries.
- Migration worked out from European countries.
- Migration worked out from African countries.
1. Asian Migration:
Asia has been considered the origin point of human race. Migration of people took place from here due to a fundamental change in climate. Moreover, the old races were driven out by the new developed races. The pattern of Asian migration is seen in three areas :
(a) From China:
Before the 20th century, many people left China and settled in Manchuria, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines.
(b) From Japan:
During the years 1880-1900, a large number of Japanese shifted to Hawaiian Islands, United States Nations of America, Canada, Brazil, Australia, Manchuria, Korea and Malaysia. The main cause of their movement was the pressure of increasing population in Japan.
(c) From India:
The movement of people from India has been taking place towards the nearby countries, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, for religious, propagation. During British rule in India, a large number of Indians were sent to Mauritious, Fiji, Trinidad, as captive labourers.
2. Migration From Europe:
The movement from European countries was due to the lack of resources and low living standard in this continent. The movement of people from Europe was made towards two main areas:
- Towards Tropical climate zones.
- Towards Temperate climate zones.
Tropical Climate Zones:
Europeans made their movement towards the tropical climate zones, i.e., to the coastal areas of North America and South America. They also migrated to Asian tropical zones where plantation of cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, tea and spices was suitable.
Temperate Climate Zones:
The main cause of the movement of people towards this zones was the same climate and living condition as it was in Europe. The countries like United States of America, Canada, South America, New Zealand, have the same climate. So, a large number of Europeans migrated to these countries.
3. Migration from Africa:
The movement of people from African countries took place towards the coastal areas of North America and South America. The worldwide migration is shown on the following map:
Question 3.
Describe the effects of migration.
Or
Describe the economic, social, atmospheric and demographic consequences of migration.
Or
The process of migration is a result of mixed consequences. Explain.
Answer:
The process of human migration largely affects the population both in the regions from where the people move out and where they go. Some of these effects are given below :
1. Demographic Effect:
Population balance is disturbed due to the human migration. In the area which is left by the migrant people, density of population becomes less, and the area which is filled by migrant people becomes over populated. Besides this, the sex – ratio of population in both regions is also affected.
2. Social Effects:
The cultural effects of human migration are also seen in both regions. The migrant people carry along with them their technology, religion, customs, manners, habits, language, and make a remarkable effect on population and their culture where they reside. Also, they adopt the new culture and customs and language of their new domicile. They also raise the eonomic – level by using their technical knowledge.
3. Cultural Effects:
The dressing custom, lifestyle, habit, languages etc. of the migrant people are changed according to the new regions, also the area where they live gets and learns the new customs and habits. As the British people affected Indian culture during the British rule in India.