Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Primary Occupations
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Text Book Questions
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Which of these tribes does not live in northern Siberia?
(a) Semoyad
(b) Tung
(c) Yakut
(d) Eskimo
Answer:
(d) Eskimo
Question 2.
Which of the following activities is not a primary occupation?
(a) Hunting
(b) Gathering
(c) Fishing
(d) Manufacturing
Answer:
(d) Manufacturing
Question 3.
Which of these is not a plantation crop?
(a) Coffee
(b) Wheat
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Tea
Answer:
(b) Wheat
Question 4.
Which of these agricultural types was developed by European colonial communities?
(a) Truck – farming
(b) Mixed agriculture
(c) Plantation agriculture
(d) Subsistence agriculture
Answer:
(c) Plantation agriculture
Question 5.
Out of these regions, where is commercial food grain agriculture not done?
(a) Prairies
(b) Savanna
(c) Pampas
(d) Downs
Answer:
(b) Savanna
Question 6.
Where is lumbering business done on commercial scale?
(a) Coniferous forests
(b) Mediterranean forest
(c) Tropical forests
(d) None on these
Answer:
(a) Coniferous forests
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 7.
Name any two temperate grasslands of the world.
Answer:
Steppes of Eurasia and Prairies of Northern America.
Question 8.
What are cassava plantations in Brazil called?
Answer:
Cassava plantation in Brazil are called Fazendas.
Question 9.
About how many species of fish are important from commercial point of view?
Answer:
From the commercial point of view, about 1000 species of fish are important.
Question 10.
How many types of Intensive Subsistence agriculture are there?
Answer:
There are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture:
- Rice Dominant Intensive Subsistence Agriculture.
- Without Rice Intensive Subsistence Agriculture (Wheat dominant subsistence agriculture).
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 11.
Give any four examples of primary occupation.
Answer:
Four examples of primary occupation are:
1. Hunting:
It is one of the oldest economic activities. Living or livelihood at lowest basis is possible in this occupation.
2. Gathering:
Gathering of forest produce is also one of the oldest occupations. In this occupation, people gather fruits, roots – tubers, nuts, berries leaves, etc. from the forest.
3. Fishing:
It is also an ancient occupation. Man has to struggle continually against natural obstacles in fishing activity.
4. Grazing Animals:
Grazing the animals is also an ancient occupation adopted by man for his living. The cattle are reared to obtain food, meat, skin (leather) and wool.
Question 12.
Give the names of the regions of commercial animal husbandry.
Answer:
Commercial animal husbandry is mainly done in tropical and temperate grasslands, mountainous regions and desert regions. The object of rearing the animals is different in the different regions. Denmark, New Zealand, Australia and America are the chief centres of this occupation. Denmark and New Zealand are famous for milk production, Australia for milk and wool – production, and in United States of America cattle are reared for milk and meat. Besides, Argentina, Uruguay, Sweden and Holland are also known for commercial animal husbandry.
Question 13.
What is the meaning of truck-farming? Describe its main features.
Answer:
Truck – farming is a specialised form of agriculture in which vegetables are grown. The vegetables and other agricultural products are sold in nearby urban markets by transporting them daily by trucks. Distance between farms and markets are defined by the distance travelled by a truck in one night of travel, hence its name is truck farming. The main features of truck farming are:
- This type of agriculture is done very close to urban areas.
- Only vegetables are cultivated under this agriculture.
- The vegetarian population motivates truck agriculture.
Question 14.
What are the main features of plantation agriculture?
Answer:
Plantation agriculture is a large scale form of agriculture that specializes in cash crops. The crops grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugarcane, sisal, oil-seed, oil-palms, rubber trees and fruits. Its main features are given below:
- Heavy capital investment, advanced management and technology base and scientific methods are used.
- A large number of workers is needed.
- It is a seasonal type of agriculture.
- It provides the raw materials to industries.
- Plantation agriculture is prevalent in Indonesia, Malayasia, Southern and Eastern India, Southern China, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Central Africa, Brazil, Fiji, Cuba and Hawaiian Islands.
Question 15.
Mention the factors influencing mining activities.
Answer:
Factors Influencing Mining Activities:
Mining of minerals is made possible by the considerable presence of minerals in a region, but physical and human conditions also influence mining of minerals:
1. Natural Conditions:
Natural conditions mainly include location of mineral deposits, quality of minerals, quantity, type, richness of minerals in ores and proximity to market regions.
2. Human Conditions:
Human conditions mainly include demand for minerals, transportation facilities, capital, labour, level of technology and its advancement, government policy, etc.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Essay Type Questions
Question 16.
Describe the main types of agriculture in the world.
Answer:
Agriculture has an important place among primary economic activities. It is the most prevalent occupation. Agriculture, which is the primary source of food in the world, supplies 71 per cent of food needs. According to the varying physical, social and economic conditions, there are different types of agriculture in the world.
1. Shifting Agriculture:
It is a ancient form of agriculture. It is a form of agriculture used especially in tropical Africa, in which an area of land is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility is naturally restored.
2. Primitive Permanent Agriculture:
Gradually, shifting agriculture took the form of permanent cultivation and became primitive permanent agriculture.
3. Subsistence Agriculture:
This types of agriculture is a base of employment. By this type of agriculture many forms of human needs are fulfilled. So, this type of agriculture is called subsidence agriculture. This agriculture is divided into two parts:
(a) Rice Dominent Subsistence Agriculture:
Rice is the main crop grown in this type of agriculture. In this agriculture, per unit production is more, but per farmer production is low. Fields are small due to family size.
(b) Without Rice Subsistence Agriculture:
This type of agriculture is done in Monsoon Asia. Wheat, barley and millet are major crops grown, instead of rice.
4. Commercial Foodgrain Agriculture:
In fact, when subsistence agriculture took on the form of extensive livelihood, agricultural production began to be done with commercial view – point. This kind of agriculture is done extensively in developed countries, where land is ample and population is less.
Wheat is the major crop of this type of farming. In this type of farming, size of the field is very large and all activities right from ploughing the field to crop harvesting are done by machines. Per acre production is less in this type of agriculture, but per person yield is more.
5. Plantation Agriculture:
Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming under which, crops like tea, coffee, fruits, rubber, etc. are grown. It was developed by the Europeans in colonial era in tropical regions. Its primary purpose was to make available those essential crops to European countries which could be grown only in tropical climate. The Britishers developed tea plantations in India and Sri Lanka, rubber plantations in Malaysia and Sugarcane and banana plantations in the western islands groups.
6. Mixed Agriculture:
Under mixed agriculture, animal husbandry is also done along with crop cultivation. This kind of agriculture is done in very advanced countries. These types of agriculture areas are in North – west Europe, Eastern part of North America, some parts of Euresia and Southern Islands. Size of fields is medium. Wheat, barley, millet and maize are the major crops.
7. Dairy Agriculture:
Under this type of agriculture special attention is paid to reproduction, grazing and genetic improvement of animals. With conventional farming, animals are cared for scientifically. Milking and milk processing is done with the help of machines. Dairy agriculture requires a lot of capital, modern machinery, intensive farming, and modern cattle care.
8. Truck Farming:
Under this type of agriculture, seasonal and non – seasonal vegetables are grown in nearby urban areas and sold in the nearest cities. Distance between farms and markets is measured by the distance covered by truck in one night, hence its name is ‘truck – agriculture’.
9. Horticulture:
The other name of horticulture is the farming of fruits and flowers. It is another type of commercial agriculture. The demand of fruits and flowers in the cities motivates it. India cultivates different types of fruits and flowers in different regions. Banana, mango, coconut are grown in tropical regions, apple, pear are grown in temperate regions and lemon, orange, mandarin are grown in mediterranean regions.
Question 17.
Write an article on animal husbandry as an occupation.
Answer:
When man engaged in hunting and gathering forest produce, he realised that these activities are insufficient for his livelihood and then he adopted animal husbandry as another occupation. People inhabiting various natural surroundings, selected animals found in those regions and domesticated them. The purpose of herding animals was to get food in form of milk and meat, leather, wool, etc. The main regions of animal husbandry are:
1. Tropical Grassland:
These are located near the equator between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Most of the tropical grasslands are found in between 5° to 30° latitudes. Here average rainfall is 100 cm. Savannas, lanos, compass and Parkland are the major ones among these.
2. Temperate Grasslands:
Temperate grasslands are located between 30° to 45° latitudes in the western parts of the continents. Average rainfall is 50 cm here. These grasslands are known as Steppes in Russia, Pampas in USA, and Downs in Australia.
3. Desert (Arid) Region:
Thar Desert, Kalahari, Arabian Desert.
4. Mountainous Regions:
All mountainous areas of the world.
Depending on geographical factors and technological development, animal rearing today is practiced either at the primitive subsistence level or at the commercical level.
1. Nomadic Pastoralism:
Nomadic Pastoralism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, and transport. They move from one place to another place along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures. Each Nomadic community occupies a well identified territory as a matter of tradition. A wide variety of animals is kept in different regions.
In tropical Africa, cattle are the most important livestock, while in Sahara and Asiatic deserts, sheep, goats and camel are reared. In mountainous areas, Yak and Lamas, in Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, reindeer are the most important animals. Three major areas of Nomadic pastoralists are :
- Atlantic coast of North America to Arabian peninsula through Mangolia to Central China.
- Tundra region of Europe and Asia.
- South – Western Africa and Madagascar Island.
2. Commercial Animal Grazing:
Commercial animal grazing is essentially associated with western cultures and is practised on permanent animal farms. These farms cover large areas and are divided into a number of parts which are fenced to regulate grazing. The number of animals are kept in a pasture according to its capacity. This is a specialised activity in which only one type of animal is reared.
The animals are reared for meat, wool, milk and skin which are processed and packed scientifically and exported to different markets of the world. New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United States of America are important commercial animal – rearing countries.
Question 18.
Describe the main primitive human occupations of man.
Answer:
Man has been changing his occupations and economic activities to satisfy his daily needs since the beginning along with his increasing needs and progress, but primitive occupations have been its fundamental. The following are the primitive occupations of man.
1. Hunting:
Hunting is considered to be the oldest economic activity. It needs the least number of persons, but it requires a larger area in the comparison to any other human economic activity. It provides a minimum level of sustenance. Hunting requires very less capital and low – level technical knowledge. Sharp – tools, poisoned arrows, nooses, etc. are used for hunting. Hunting is completely banned in India.
2. Gathering:
Food gathering too has been a primitive and economically inferior occupation. With the development of social and technological advancement, the importance of food gathering has been declining. Now, only a few people are engaged in it at world level. Man has been gathering various things for satisfying his basic requirements.
Without harming the environment, people have been engaged in this activity to gather roots-tubers, fruits, nuts, berries leaves, etc. from the forests. These people neither cultivate land nor rear animals. There is no need of any kind of skill or much effort for gathering.
3. Fishing:
This occupation also has been in practice since ancient time. Man has to struggle continuously against natural obstacles in this activity. Fish are caught from ponds, rivers, canals, lakes, and coastal seas. In this occupation, fish, naturally obtained are caught for earning livelihood. Fish are caught for food or to obtain oil or leather and also as a fodder for milch animals and to make fertilizers.
4. Herding:
Herding is a primitive subsistence human activity. It is also known as nomadic pastoralism. When human groups engaged in hunting and gathering forest produce realised that these two occupations, were insufficient for their livelihood, they started animal herding as an additional occupation. People inhabiting various natural surroundings, selected animals found in those regions and they domesticated them. Food, leather, wool, etc. are obtained from domestic animals.
5. Agriculture:
Agriculture has an important place in economic activities of the primary level. This is the most prevalent occupation. Agriculture enabled man to live a settled life. Agriculture which is the main source of food in the world, supplies 71 per cent of food needs. Agriculture is the main occupation in developing or under developing countries.
6. Lumbering:
It is also a major primary occupation of man. It includes cutting wood from forests, making logs and sending them to saw-mills. Lumbering too has undergone important changes, like other primitive occupations. In past time, wood was cut only for fuel, but in the present time, it is used as a raw material in many industries. Paper and furniture industries are based on it.
Map Based Question
Question 19.
Show the regions of primary occupations on the world – map.
Ans.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Additional Questions with Answers
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Which of these economic activities is considered to be the oldest in the world?
(a) Hunting
(b) Animal herding
(c) Wood cutting
(d) Mining
Answer:
(a) Hunting
Question 2.
Which of the following is the native habitat of Bushman Tribe?
(a) Tundra region
(b) Amazon region
(c) Kalahari region
(d) Taiga region
Answer:
(c) Kalahari region
Question 3.
Which of the following is the habitat of Bodo Tribe?
(a) Malaya Peninsula
(b) Amazon Basin
(c) Arabian desert
(d) Taiga region
Answer:
(b) Amazon Basin
Question 4.
The largest oceanic fishing area of the world is:
(a) Northern Altantic Ocean
(b) Southern Atlantic Ocean
(c) Northern Indian Ocean
(d) Southern Pacific Ocean
Answer:
(a) Northern Altantic Ocean
Question 5.
What are tropical grasslands called in Sudan?
(a) Llanos
(b) Pampas
(c) Parkland
(d) Savanna
Answer:
(d) Savanna
Question 6.
Where are ‘Downs’ grasslands found?
(a) Russia
(b) Brazil
(c) Australia
(d) India
Answer:
(c) Australia
Question 7.
The oldest form of agriculture is:
(a) Truck agriculture
(b) Shifting agriculture
(c) Subsistence agriculture
(d) Dairy agriculture
Answer:
(b) Shifting agriculture
Question 8.
Rice dominated agriculture is performed in regions of how much rainfall?
(a) less than 50 cm
(b) 50 – 100 cm
(c) less than 20 cm
(d) more than 100 cm
Answer:
(d) more than 100 cm
Question 9.
What is shifting agriculture called in Mexico?
(a) Jhooming
(b) Milpa
(c) ladang
(d) Ray
Answer:
(b) Milpa
Question 10
Where was truck agriculture started?
(a) Asia
(b) Denmark
(c) USA
(d) New Zealand
Answer:
(c) USA
Match the Following
Question 1.
Match the options given in column A with correct options given in column B:
Column (A) (Tribe) | Column (B) (Habitat Area) |
(i) Eskimo | (a) Congo basin |
(ii) Yakoot | (b) Malaya Peninsula |
(iii) Pigmy | (c) New Guinea |
(iv) Papuan | (d) Kalahari desert |
(v) Yagua and Jivaro | (e) Northern Siberia |
(vi) Sakai Saimang | (f) Amazon basin |
(vii) Bushman | (g) Very cold regions (Tundra and Taiga) |
Answer:
(i) (g), (ii) (e), (iii) (a), (iv) (c), (v) (f), (vi) (b), (vii) (d).
Question 2.
Match the options given in column A with correct options given in column B:
Column (A) Area | Column (B) Name of Shifting Agriculture |
(i) India | (a) Milpa |
(ii) Mexico | (b) Ray |
(iii) Malaysia | (c) Chena |
(iv) Vietnam | (d) Jhooming |
(v) Sri Lanka | (e) Ladang |
Answer:
(i) (d), (ii) (a), (iii) (e), (iv) (b), (v) (c).
Question 3.
Match the options given in column A with correct options given in column B:
Column (A) Types of Agriculture | Column (B) Characteristics |
(i) Subsistence agriculture | (a) Minimum human labour |
(ii) Commercial agriculture | (b) Primary of Plantation crops |
(iii) Shifting agriculture | (c) Agriculture along with animal husbandry |
(iv) Plantation agriculture | (d) Prepare agricultural land by burning forests |
(v) Mixed agriculture | (e) Excessive human labour |
Answer:
(i) (e), (ii) (a), (iii) (d), (iv) (b), (v) (c).
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is meant by primary occupation?
Answer:
Such activities of man which are directly related to the use of natural resources under which man uses land, water, vegetation and minerals to fulfil his requirements are called primary occupations.
Question 2.
Name the primary occupations.
Answer:
Hunting, gathering forest produce, fishing, animal herding, agriculture, wool shearing, mining, etc. are the primary occupations.
Question 3.
What do you mean by the term ‘hunting’?
Answer:
Hunting is a human activity in which animals are killed or trapped with a view to getting food or for recreation.
Question 4.
Why is hunting banned in India?
Answer:
Since many species of wild animals have vanished or are endangered due to illegal hunting, therefore hunting in India is completely banned.
Question 5.
What is meant by the term ‘gathering’?
Answer:
A human activity in which forest produce like roots-tubers, fruits, nuts, berries, leaves are collected for livelihood is called gathering.
Question 6.
Why is fishery industry modernised at present time?
Answer:
Due to technological development and demand of sustenance of growing population, the fishery industry has undergone modernisation.
Question 7.
Which are the major fishing regions in the world?
Answer:
Major fishing regions are North Pacific coastal regions, North Atlantic coastal area of America, North – Western European region and Japan sea region.
Question 8.
What is animal grazing?
Answer:
It is a method in which livestock are reared at grasslands.
Question 9.
Which are major regions of animal herding?
Answer:
Major regions of animals herding are tropical grasslands (Sudan, Venezuela, Brazil) Temperate grasslands (Argentina, Australia), Desert regions (Arabian Desert) and mountainous areas.
Question 10.
Where are tropical grasslands found?
Answer:
Tropical grasslands are found in between 5° – 30° latitudes.
Question 11.
Where are Llanos grasslands found in the world?
Answer:
Lianos grasslands are found in Venezuela in Southern America. It is actually Los – Lianos.
Question 12.
Where are Campos grasslands found?
Answer:
Campos grasslands are found in Brazil, a country in South America.
Question 13.
What is Parkland?
Answer:
Tropical grasslands which are found in South Africa known as Parkland.
Question 14.
Where are Temperate grasslands found?
Answer:
Temperate grassland are found in between 30° – 45° latitudes western sides of continents.
Question 15.
Where are Steppes found?
Answer:
Steppes are found in Europe and Asia.
Question 16.
Where are Pampas found?
Answer:
Pampas grasslands are found in a country named Argentina in South America.
Question 17.
What do you understand by the term nomadic herding?
Answer:
The movement of animal herders in process of grazing their cattle according to the climate and availability of water and grasslands is called nomadic herding.
Question 18.
What is Transhumance?
Answer:
Movement of animal herder to a new area or region or country in order to find food, herding their cattle or sustaining livelihood for a short period is called Transhumance.
Question 19.
Name the tribes from Himalayan regions who come to the plains for transhumance.
Answer:
Groups of Gujjar, Bakarwal, Gaddi and Bhutiya tribes come in the plains from Himalayan regions in winter.
Question 20.
What are the main causes of decreasing population of Nomadic pastoralists at present?
Answer:
The main causes of decreasing population of nomodic pastoralists are:
- Imposition of political limits.
- The planning for settlement for tribes by the government.
Question 21.
What is meant by commercial herding?
Answer:
The act of rearing the cattle with a view of business and earning more profit is called commercial animal herding. The animals are reared to obtain dairy products, meat, wool and leather. This type of herding is more organised and capital intensive.
Question 22.
In which regions is commercial animal husbandry mainly done?
Answer:
Commercial animal husbandry is mainly done in temperate grasslands. New Zealand, Australia, USA, Denmark, Argentina, Uruguay, Sweden and Holland.
Question 23.
Why are many types of agricultural procedures found in the world?
Answer:
Due to different physical, social, economic conditions in the world, many types of agriculture methods are found in the world.
Question 24.
What is meant by the term agriculture?
Answer:
Agriculture is a human activity to manage his environment in order to produce food. It is defined as the cultivation of the soil in order to grow crops and rear livestock.
Question 25.
What is meant by shifting agriculture?
Or
What is meant by slash and burn agriculture?
Answer:
Under this method, agriculture is performed on a piece of land for a few years or till the fertility of soil is partially eliminated or till the time weeds grow upon that land. After that, the land is left idle for natural vegetation to grow and agriculture is performed at some other place. As time passes, when the natural vegetatiori re – establishes the fertility of soil, then agriculture is again performed on the intial piece of land. As the trees are cut and burnt in this type of agriculture, it is also called slash and burn agriculture.
Question 26.
By what names Is shifting agriculture known in different parts of the world?
Answer:
Shifting agriculture is known as jhooming in the eastern estates of India, walra in southern part of Rajasthan, Milpa in Central America and Mexico, Ladang in Malaysia and Indonesia. Ray in Vietnam and Chena in Sri Lanka.
Question 27.
What is primitive stable agriculture?
Answer:
Primitive stable agriculture a early stage of shifting agriculture.
Question 28.
What is meant by life subsistence agriculture?
Answer:
The agriculture performed by man which has the ultimate objective of fulfilling the requirement of food, is known as life subsistence agriculture.
Question 29.
Where is Rice dominant subsistence agriculture performed?
Answer:
Rice dominent subsistence agriculture is performed in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia, Combodia, Thailand and Southern and Central China.
Question 30.
Write a short note on extensive commercial food grain agriculture.
Answer:
Wheat is the major crop of extensive commercial farming. Apart from it, maize, millet, canola and oats are also sown. The size of fields under this type of agriculture is very large and machines are used. In this type of agriculture, per acre yield is low but per person production is high. This type of farming is performed in Steppes of Eurasia, Prairies of North America, Pampas of Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Downs of Australia and regional grasslands of Canterbury in New Zealand.
Question 31.
What is meant by plantation agriculture?
Answer:
This is a method of agriculture in which agriculture is done in the form of plantations. Like – Tea, rubber, coffee, cocoa and coconut plantations etc.
Question 32.
What is mixed agriculture?
Answer:
The agriculture, in which animal husbandry is also practiced along with crop cultivation. In it, crop production and animal husbandry both are given equal importance.
Question 33.
What is dairy farming?
Answer:
Dairy farming is a type of agriculture for long – term production of milk. This is done by rearing cattle on a farm or at a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy products.
Question 34.
What is meant by truck agriculture?
Answer:
This is such form of agriculture under which fruits and vegetables are grown and these are daily loaded into trucks and sold into the nearby local markets. Therefore, this type of agriculture is called truck agriculture.
Question 35.
What is Horticulture?
Answer:
Horticulture is an art or science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants.
Question 36.
Define mining.
Answer:
Mining is the process of extraction of minerals from deep inside the earth’s surface, which is performed by human labour or by machines.
Question 37.
What is a mine?
Answer:
Those places from where minerals are excavated are called mines.
Question 38.
Which are the factors which affect mining?
Answer:
Natural and human factors are the major factors which affect mining. Under natural factors, size, category and condition of availability of mineral deposits, and under human factors demand of minerals, present level of technical know how and its use, basic infrastructure, available capital and human labour are included.
Question 39.
Name the types of rocks from which minerals are extracted?
Answer:
There are three types of rocks-igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Question 40.
Name the minerals that are extracted from igneous rocks?
Answer:
The minerals like gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, magnesium, mica, sulphur, etc.
Question 41.
What minerals are extracted from sedimentary rocks?
Answer:
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, rock – phosphate salt, etc. minerals are extracted from sedimentary rocks.
Question 42.
Why are developed countries reducing mining?
Or
Why are developed nations moving back in context to mining processing and refining work?
Or
Developing nations are giving more importance to mining, processing and refining works. Why?
Answer:
Developed countries are reducing mining processing and refining activities because these require higher number of labour.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)
Question 1.
What are primary activities? Why are these dependent on environment?
Answer:
Hunting, gathering food from forests, animals herding, fishing, wood-cutting in the forests, agriculture and mining are primary activities. All the primary activities depend on environment as they are directly related to use of land, vegetation, building materials, minerals and domestic or other animals.
Question 2.
How did primitive man sutain his living?
Answer:
In the primitive age of civilisation, man was dependent on the nearby environment. He fulfilled his basic needs by adopting two activities:
- Hunting animals.
- By gathering root-tubers, fruits, nuts, berries, leaves, herbs, etc. from forests. People living in extremely cold or hot regions survived by hunting.
Question 3.
In which regions of the world hunting is considered a main occupation even today?
Answer:
Even today, hunting is a main occupation in the following regions:
- In Tundra and Taiga regions by Eskimos.
- In Northern Siberia by Samoyed, Tung, Yakut, Miet, Chakahi, Koryak etc. tribes.
- In Kalahari desert by Bushman tribe.
- In Congo Basin by Pygmis.
- In Malaya by Semong and Sakai tribes.
- In Borneo by Punans etc.
- In New Guinea by Papuans.
- In Amazon Basin by Zivaro and Yagua tribes.
Question 4.
“In primitive age, man was completely dependent on wild animals”. Explain the statement.
Answer:
The primitive human society was completely dependent on animals because there was very low level of human development as well as of technology. Due to limited knowledge and capacity, there were no methods of agriculture. So, man survived by hunting wild animals and gathering forest produce like root-tubers, fruits etc.
Also, he had to keep animals like dog for his safety. He also used the animals as the modes of transportation. ‘In this way, we see that there was a close relation between man and animals and primitive man was dependent on animals for his food, safety and transportation.
Question 5.
Mention main regions, where activity of gathering of forest-produce is still in fashion and why and by whom is it done?
Answer:
At present, the main regions of the occupation of gathering of forest-produce are as follows:
1. Malaya Peninsula:
In this region, Semong and Sakai tribes are engaged in the occupation of gathering occupation.
2. Amazon Basin:
In this basin, Boro and other few tribes are engaged in gathering activity.
3. Kalahari Region:
Bushman tribe gathers forest produce for its livelihood.
4. In mountainous regions:
Idukki, Palakkad, and Paniya tribes are engaged in this occupation.
5. In interval areas of South – East Asia:
Ethnic groups are known for gathering activity.
Question 6.
Why has gathering occupation lost its importance at the world level in present time?
Answer:
Food gathering has been the oldest and economically inferior human occupation. But with social and technological development, the importance of this occupation has been declining day by day. Now, only a few thousand of people are engaged in it. Man has been gathering various things for his food, clothes, shelter and to fulfil other needs since begining.
But in this industrial age, he has many more options to satisfy his daily needs more easily and comfortably, and also with less labour. The produce obtained from gathering activities cannot compare to global trade. So the occupation of gathering has lost its importance at world level in present time.
Question 7.
Describe the characteristics of the occupation of gathering forest produce.
Answer:
Main characterstics of the occupation of gathering of forest produce are given below:
- It is one of the oldest economic activities.
- At present it is done only in dry and polar regions.
- This occupation is performed only for food provision and subsistence.
- It needs no capital to invest.
- This occupation is done by individuals of primitive society.
- This occupation is done without harming the environment.
- In some regions it has been commercialised.
- At present only few thousand people are engaged in this activity at global level.
Question 8.
Name the tropical and temperate regions, where animal herding is adopted at large scale.
Answer:
Animal herding becomes an easier occupation in those regions, where enough fodder (grass, leaves etc.) is available for the cattle. Some of such regions are given below:
1. Tropical Grasslands:
These grasslands extend between 5° to 30° latitudes where annual rainfall is hot more than 100 cms. These grasslands are called Savanna in Africa, Lianos in Venezuela, Campos in Brazil and Parkland in South Africa.
2. Temperate Grasslands:
These extend between 30° to 45° latitudues. Average rainfall is 50 cms. These grasslands are called Steppes in Russia, Prairies in USA, Pampas in Argentina and Downs in Australia.
Question 9.
How did animal herding develop in the world? Describe briefly.
Answer:
When man engaged in hunting realised that animal hunting could not provide him enough means for his living, and he found that rearing the animals was easier and more beneficial than hunting them, instead of hunting, many people started herding animals.
People inhabiting in various natural surroundings selected animals found in those surrounding, and they domesticated them for their food, leather wool, etc. On the basis of physical factors and technical development, occuptation of animal hereding has been adopted in two forms in present time – nomadic pastoralism and commercial animal rearing. In this way, occupation of animal herding developed.
Question 10.
What is meant by the term “Nomadic Pastoralism”? How are basic requirements fulfilled by this?
Answer:
Nomadic herding is a primitive subsistence activity, in which herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter. Grazing is a lifestyle of people in which they have to change their Settlement time to time along with their livestock in search of better pastures and better conditions of water availability.
Migratory herders do not have permanent dwellings. They always wander in search of fodder and water for their cattle. Sometimes they set up their tents for a night or for a week or for some more time. Nomadic pastoralists depend on animals for their food, clothing, shelter, tools and transportation. They roam along with their animals in search of food, water and pastures from one place to another and fulfil their requirements through their animals.
Question 11.
What is the difference between nomadic pastoralism and commercial animal herding?
Or
How is nomadic pastoralism different from commercial animal herding? Explain.
Answer:
Following differences are found between nomadic pastoralism and commercial animal herding:
Base of difference | Nomadic Pastoralism | Commercial Animal Herding |
Place | They wander from one place to another in search of fodder and water. | This type of animal herding is done at a fixed place in enclosures. |
Method of animal rearing | Animals are reared naturally and no special care is taken of them. | Animals are reared with scientific method and special care is taken of them. |
Objective | Nomadic pastoralism is a type of economic activity of life sustenance. | This is an economic activity based on trade. |
Expansion | This is limited to the primitive world. | This is mainly spread in countries of modern world. |
Animal security | No special attention is provided to the breeding, species development, control upon diseases and health of animals. | Special attention is provided to breeding, species development, control upon diseases and health of animals. |
Regions | This occuption is mainly performed in the desert of western Asia, Mongolia, Central China, Mountainous parts of Tibet and Andes, Tundra regions of Eurasia, South-west Africa and Madagascar island. | This occupation is mainly performed in New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay, USA, etc. countries. |
Question 12.
What is agriculture? Mention its types.
Answer:
Agriculture in an occupation of a man to manage his environment in order to produce food. It is defined as the cultivation of the soil in order to grow crops and rear livestock.
Types of Agriculture:
Major types of agriculture are as follows:
- Shifting Agriculture.
- Primitive Permanent Agriculture.
- Subsistence Agriculture.
- Extensive Commercial Agriculture.
- Plantation Agriculture.
- Mixed Agriculture.
- Dairy Farming.
- Truck Farming.
- Horticulture.
Question 13.
Explain primitive subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
Primitive subsistence agriculture is practiced widely by many tribes in tropics, especially in Africa, South and Central America and South – East Asia. Under this type of agriculture, the cultivated patches are very small and the tools used are primitive as sticks and hoes. After some years, the soil loses its fertility and the farmers shift to another part and clear some other patch of forest for cultivation. The farmers may return to the earlier patch after sometime. One of the major problems of this type of cultivation is that the cycle of fertility becomes less and less in different patches.
Question 14.
Which is an agricultural method which is known by different names according to the region?
Answer:
Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting agriculture is known by different names in different regions. This agricultural method is known as Jhooming in north – eastern states of India, Milpa in central America and Mexico, Ladang in Malaysia and Indonesia, Chena in Sri Lanka and Nagasu in Sudan.
Question 15.
Write major characteristics of Rice dominant intensive subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
Following are the major characteristics of Rice dominant intensive subsistence agriculture:
- Rice is the major crop in rice dominant intensive subsistence agriculture.
- Intensive use of land is done in this type of agriculture.
- In comparison to machines, human labour is given more importance in this type of agriculture.
- Per unit production is more but per farmer production is less in this type of agriculture.
- The entire family of the farmer is engaged in agricultural work in this type of agriculture.
- In order to retain the productivity and fertility of land in this type of agriculture, cow-dung manure and green compost is used.
Question 16.
Write a brief note on extensive commercial agriculture.
Answer:
Wheat is the major crop of extensive commercial agriculture. Apart from this maize, millet, canola and oats are also sown. The size of fields employed under this type of agriculture is very large and machines are largely used. Per acre production is less but per person average production is more. This type of agriculture is performed in Steppes of Eurasia, Prairies of North America, Pampas of Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Downs of Australia and grasslands of Canterbury of New Zealand.
Question 17.
In which areas is the activity of wood – cutting practiced? Also write its objectives.
Answer:
Lumbering is a major primary primitive occupation. It includes cutting wood from forests, making logs and sending them to saw mills. Earlier, wood was cut only for fuel, but today, it is practiced for getting raw material for many industries. Paper and furniture industries are based on wood cutting.
The occupation of wood cutting is found in the primary level in tropical regions. The important trees of tropical forests are Sal, Sagon, Mahogany, Sandalwood, Rosewood etc. which are used in many industries. Wood cutting is practiced commercially in Canada, Norway, Finland, and USA.
Question 18.
What is the economic importance of minerals in present age?
Answer:
Minerals are natural chemical elements or compounds. The places from which minerals are obtained are called mines. The time period of history is also classified as stone-age, copper-age, bronze-age and iron – age. Today, civilisation and economic life lie in the quantity of minerals used. Since it is an axis of industry and trade.
Minerals are the natural wealth of a country, in which iron metal is most useful. Coal and petroleum are the basis of energy. Various ferrous and no-ferrous metals are essential for the industrial development of a country. Human progress could be possible due to discovery of various types of minerals.
Question 19.
Give the basic characteristics of minerals.
Answer:
- Distribution of minerals across the world is unequal.
- Most of the minerals have a definite composion and they are non-renewable.
- Most of the minerals are found inside the earth’s surface and their extraction needs huge capital, labour and advanced technology.
- Quantity of minerals is decreasing day by day.
- No country is self-sufficient in production of minerals.
- The extraction and use of minerals depends on market and demand.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)
Question 1.
What are the characteristics of economic activities, namely, hunting and food gathering? Also mention their major regions.
Answer:
Major Characteristics of Economic Activities, namely, food gathering and hunting:
- Economic activities of food gathering and hunting are performed by primitive man in regions of extreme climatic conditions.
- This work is performed in different parts of the world at different levels and in different forms.
- Their occupation is practiced to fulfil very important primary requirements of food, clothing, shelter, etc.
- Very less capital, low level technique and excessive human labour is required in this occupation.
- Per person productivity is less in this type of economic activities.
Major Regions:
At present, hunting and food gathering occupation is practiced in northern Canada, northern Eurasia and Southern Chile located in high latitudinal regions and in Amazon Basin, Congo Basin and internal parts of south – east Asia in lower latitudinal regions.
Question 2.
In modern time, what changes have taken place due to the commercialisation of food gathering in some parts?
Answer:
In some parts of high latitudinal and low latitudinal regions, commercialisation of the occupation of food gathering has been done through increased capital investment and improved technique. Under this, collection of leaves of precious trees, bark and medicinal herbs is done taking help of local people and they are refined and sold in the international market. For example, following forest products are collected and refined using modern machines and various useful products are obtained from them:
Collected Products | Refined Products Obtained |
(i) Husk of plants | Quinine and cork. |
(ii) Leaves of plants | Beverages, medicines and cosmetics. |
(iii) Plant fibre | Thread for clothes. |
(iv) Seeds of plants | Food and oil. |
(v) Trunk of plants | Rubber, raisin, gum, bitumen and furniture. |
Question 3.
Describe major characteristics of nomadic pastoralism and show the major regions of this occupation on the map.
Answer:
Major characteristics of Nomadic pastoralism:
- It is an ancient subsistence activity, in which pastoralists completely depend on animals for food, clothes, transportation and weapons. In this agriculture, animals are fed on natural vegetation.
- Herders change their location along with their family in search of water and pastureland.
- In this agriculture, extensive use of land is made.
- Most of the nomadic herders live in tribes.
- Each nomodic community occupies a well identified territory as a matter of tradition and animals are their wealth.
- The method of animal grazing is primitive.
Question 4.
Describe major characteristics of commercial herding and show its major regions on the map.
Answer:
Major characteristics of commercial herding:
- It is a managed and capital dominated activity influenced by western culture.
- Farms cover a large area and are permanent.
- Farms are divided into a number of parts which are fenced to regulate grazing.
- The number of animals are kept in an enclosure according to its capacity.
- The animals are reared for meat, wool, milk and skin.
- Only one type of animals are reared. Sheep, goat, cow – ox and horses are major animals reared.
- Animals are reared with scientific method employing modern technology.
- Commercial herding is done mainly in temperate grassland areas.
Question 5.
Describe major characteristics of shifting agriculture.
Answer:
Following are main characteristics of shifting agriculture:
- The patches of fields are very small in this type of agriculture.
- In this agriculture, the primitive tools like sticks, spades and hoes are used.
- The patch loses its fertility in 3 – 5 years and farmer starts search for another patch of land.
- Shifting agriculture is known as Jhooming in north – east India, Milpa in central America and Mexico, Landang in Malaysia and Indonesia and Ray in Vietnam.
- It is practised widely by many tribes in Tropical regions.
- In this agriculture, vegetation is usually cleared by fire and the ashes add to the fertility of soil.
- At present, rice, maize, millet, barley, pulses, oil seeds are also grown under this agriculture.
Question 6.
Describe characteristics of primitive permanent agriculture.
Answer:
Following are the main characteristics of primitive permanent agriculture:
- Gradually shifting agriculture took the form of permanent-cultivation and became primitive permanent agriculture.
- In this agriculture, available water is used for irrigation.
- In this agriculture, fields are prepared by clearing the land.
- Other occupations also originate due to increase in agricultural production.
- Animal rearing is also done along with this agriculture.
- Animals are used for cultivaton and transportation.
- This type of agriculture is done in north – east India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Central Indies countries.
Question 7.
Write the characteristics of subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
Following are main characteristics of subsistence agriculture:
- It is a permanent pattern of agriculture.
- This type of agriculture is found in the regions where density of population is high.
- In this agriculture, fields are small in size and dispersed.
- Two or three crops cultivated during a year due to high agricultural intensity.
- In this agriculture, machines are also used along with human labour.
- In this agriculture, productivity increases due to use of hybrid seeds, chemical fertilizer and pesticides.
- Major areas of this type of agriculture includes dense regions of Monsoon Asia.
- Food grains are mostly cultivated in this type of agriculture due to high density of population.
- Crop rotation system is used in this agriculture due to facility of irrigation.
Question 8.
Write the characteristics of extensive commercial food grain agriculture.
Answer:
Major characteristics of extensive commercial food grain agriculture are the following:
- This type of agriculture is done in extensive fields, normally their size is 240 – 1600 hectare.
- All the work related to agriculture right from preparing field to harvesting the crops is done by machines in which tractor, harvestor, thresher, combine and winnowar are used.
- Wheat is the main crop of this type of agriculture.
- Big storehouses are used for food grains protection.
- Very less use of human labour is done in this agriculture.
- In this agriculture, there is less production per hectare, but high production per. person.
- Temperate grassland areas of the world are the major regions of this type of agriculture. This type of agriculture is done in Steppes of Eurasia, Prairies of North America, Pampas of Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Downs of Australia and Canterbury grasslands of New Zealand.
- Agricultural area under this type of agriculture is continuously decreasing due to rapid growth in population.
- All the countries practicing this type of agriculture are developed.
- This agriculture is based on high technique and machinery.
Question 9.
Describe major characteristics of mixed agriculture.
Answer:
Following are the main characteristics of mixed agriculture:
- Under this type of agriculture, animal husbandry is also done along with crop cultivation.
- This type of agriculture is done in very advanced countries.
- The size of agricultural land is medium and crops like wheat, millet, barley, canola, soyabean and fodder are grown.
- Scientific methods are used for mixed agriculture.
- This type of agriculture needs skilled and expert farmers.
- More capital developed agricultural tools and advanced technology are used.
- To maintain the fertility of soil, costly fertilizers along with green manure is used extensively.
- This types of agriculture is done nearby metro cities.
Question 10.
Describe the features of dairy farming.
Or
Mention the characteristics of dairy farming.
Answer:
Main features of dairy farming:
- In this occupation, high breed milch animals are reared scientifically.
- It is high capital intensive agriculture.
- Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching increase the cost of farming.
- It needs highly experienced labour for rigorous care in feeding and milching always and every time.
- There is no off season in this farming as we see in the farming of crops.
- Special attention is paid to animal-reproduction, grazing And genetic improvement of animals.
- Dairy farming is practiced mainly near urban and industrial areas, which provide it nearby markets for fresh milk and dairy products.
Question 11.
Mention the characteristics of truck agriculture.
Or
Mention the features of vegetable farming.
Answer:
Characteristics of Truck Farming/Vegetable Farming:
1. Under this type of agriculture, cultivation of such profitable agricultural crops (fruit and vegetables) is done, which are in demand in the nearby urban regions.
2. More capital and intensive labour is required in this type of farming.
3. Size of fields is small under this farming and these fields are directly related through the excellent modes of transport with those nearby towns where these agricultural products are needed and consumed.
4. In this farming occupation, abundant irrigation, fertilizers, high yielding variety of seeds and insecticides are used.
5. Those regions in which the farmer grows only vegetables is called a truck farm. As the distance from the truck farm to the market is covered by the truck in maximum one night, therefore this type of farming is called truck farming.
Question 12.
What are the characteristics of horticulture?
Following are the characteristics of horticulture:
- Horticulture is a specific type of agriculture in which fruits, flowers and ornamental plants are cultivated.
- It needs large farms which are modern scientific and self contained units.
- Only one crop is grown on a large scale.
- Enormous capital investment is required to set up a horticulture unit.
- Large number of labourers are employed.
- These farms provide raw material to factories for processing of crops.
- Banana, mango, apple, pear, lemon, mandarin, orange, etc. and flowers such as rose, marigold, tulip, etc. are mainly cultivated under this farming.
Question 13.
Describe the classification of minerals.
Answer:
Minerals found in the world are mainly classified into the following parts on the basis of their origin and composition:
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Mention major types of subsistence agriculture and describe their distribution and characteristics of shifting agriculture.
Answer:
Subsistence agriculture is one in which the farming areas consume all or nearly all of the products locally grown. It can be divided into two categories.
- Primitive subsistence agriculture
- Intensive subsistence agriculture.
1. Primitive subsistence agriculture:
Primitive subsistence agriculture is also called shifting agriculture. It is practised widely by many tribes in tropical regions. In this agriculture, vegetation is usually cleared by fire. The ashes add to the fertility of soil. Thus, shifting cultivation is also known as Slash and Bum agriculture. The patches of fields are very small. In this agriculture the primitive – tools like sticks and hoes are used. The patch loses its fertility in 3 – 5 years and farmers start search for another patch of land. Other names of shifting agriculture are Jhooming, Milpa and Ladang.
2. Intensive subsistence agriculture:
This type of agriculture is found in the regions where density of population is high. Basically, there are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture:
(a) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by Wet Paddy Cultivation:
Basic crop of this type of agriculture is rice, Size of crop – lands are very small. Family members of the farmers have tq help them like labourers to make intensive use of land. Use of machinery is limited. The primitive manure from farms is used to maintain the fertility of soil. The yield per unit area is high but per labour productivity is very low.
(b) Intensive subsistence agricultural dominated by crops other than paddy:
Due to uncertainty of monsoon and climate, soil and other geographical factors, it is not possible to grow paddy crops in many parts of Asia. So wheat, soyabean, barley and sorghun are grown in China, Manchuria, North Korea and North Japan. In India, wheat is grown in western parts of the Indus – Gangetic plains and millets are grown in dry parts of western and south India.
Characteristics of shifting agriculture:
- The patches for cultivation are obtained by cutting the forests or clearing them by fire. The ashes add to the fertility of soil.
- The size of patches is very small and primitive tools like sticks and hoes are used.
- The patches lose their fertility in some years and farmers shift to other patches of land.
- The farmers may return to the earlier patches.
- The cycle of Jhoom becomes less and less productive due to loss of fertility in different patches.
Question 2.
Explaining the characteristics of mixed-cultivation, describe major global areas of mixed cultivation on the map.
Answer:
Mixed Agriculture:
This type of agriculture is found in the highly developed parts of the world, e.g. North – western Europe, Eastern – Northern America, some parts of Eurasia and the In mixed agriculture, animal husbandry is also practiced along with crop cultivation. So, it is known as mixed cultivation. Under this type of cultivation, cattle, sheep, camel, goats, horses, poultry (hens) are domesticated and grains like wheat barley, canola, millies, maize, soyabean and fodder crops are grown. Major regions of this farming are shown as given below:
Characteristics of Mixed Agriculture:
- Under this type of cultivation, domestication of animals is practised along with crop farming.
- The size of agricultural land is medium and crops like wheat, barley, canola, millets, maize, soyabean and fodder are grown.
- Under this type of agriculture, farmers earn profits on both agricultural crops and also by domesticating animals like cows, pigs, poultry etc.
- To maintain the fertility of soil, costly fertilizers along with green manure is used extensively.
- This type of agriculture needs skilled and expert farmers.
- Huge capital developed agricultural tools and advanced technology are used.
- Scientific methods are used for mixed agriculture.
Major Area of Mixed Agriculture:
- North – West Europe.
- Eastern part of North America.
- Eastern part of Eurasia, South Europe and Southern part of Siberia.
- Some coastal areas of South America and Africa.
Question 3.
Describe dairy farming and horticulture along with their characteristics in the world?
Answer:
Dairy Farming:
Dairy farming is the most advanced and efficient type of agriculture. The production of milk and its processed products like butter, paneer, milk-powder, curd, cheese, etc. is called dairy farming. Man has been attached with milch animals since ancient age, but now it has taken commercial form. At present, several countries are known only for their dairy farms. In this type of farming, agricultural crops are also grown to feed the cattle.
Main features of Dairy farming:
- In this occupation, high breed milch animals are reared scientifically.
- It is a highly capital intensive agriculture.
- Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines increase to the cost of farming.
- It needs highly experienced labour for rigorous care in feeding and milching always and every time.
- There is no off – season in this farming as we see in the farming of crops.
- Special attention is paid to animal – reproduction, grazing and genetic improvement of animals.
- Dairy farming is practiced mainly near urban and industrial areas, which provide it nearby markets for fresh milk and dairy products.
- The development of transportation, refrigeration pasteurisation and other preservation processes have increased the duration of storage of various dairy products.
Major Regions of Dairy farming:
There are three types of regions of commercial dairy farming which are shown in the adjoining map:
- The largest is North Western Europe.
- Canada
- South – eastern Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania.
Horticulture:
Horticulture is a specific type of agriculture in which fruits, flowers-and ornamental plants are cultivated.
Characteristics of Horticulture:
- Only one crops is grown on a large scale.
- Large number of labourers are employed.
- It needs large farms which are modern scientific and self – contained units.
- These farms provide raw material to factories for processing of crops.
- Enormous capital investment is required to set up a horticulture unit.
Major Area of Horticulture:
- North – Western Europe.
- North – Eastern part of USA.
- Mediterranean type climatic regions of world.
Question 4.
Define mining and write down the factors which influence mining activities. Classify minerals.
Or
Give a brief note on mining activity in the world.
Answer:
Mining:
The process or occupation of extracting ore or minerals or other geological materials from deep beneath the earth usually is called mining. These deposits form a mineralised package that is of economic interest to the miner.
Factors Influencing Mining Activities:
Mining of minerals is made possible by the considerable presence of minerals in a region. But physical and human conditions also influence mining of minerals.
1. Natural Conditions:
Natural conditions mainly include situation of mineral deposits, quality of minerals, quantity, type, richness of mineral ores and proximity to market regions.
2. Human Conditions:
Human conditions mainly include demand for minerals, transportation facilities, capital, labour, level of technological advancement, government policies, etc.
Distribution of Minerals:
Minerals are directly related to the rocks. There are three types of rocks:
- Ingeous rocks
- Metamorphic rocks
- Sedimentary rocks.
Gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, manganese, mica, sulphur etc. are found in igneous rocks, Graphite, diamond, marble, etc. are found in metamorphic rocks. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, rock phosphate, potash, salt, etc. minerals are found in sedimentary rocks. Minerals found across the world are classified on the basis of their nature, origin, structure and composition; which are given below:
Distribution of Minerals Production in Major Countries: