Class 11

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 Laws of Motion

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 Textbook Exercises with Solutions

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 Very Short Answer Type Questions

An inclined plane’s normal force formula is never equal to the object’s weight.

Question 1.
If the net force on an object is zero, then, what will be its acceleration?
Answer:
Zero because F = ma ⇒ a = \(\frac{F}{m}\),
when, F = 0 ⇒ a = \(\frac{0}{m}\) = 0 .

Question 2.
Write the formula for momentum of a body.
Answer:
\(\vec{p}=m \vec{v}\) where m = mass of body and \(\vec{v}\) = velocity of the body.

Question 3.
Write the Newton’s second law of motion in terms of a formula.
Answer:
\( \vec{F}=\frac{d \vec{p}}{d t}=\frac{d}{d t}[m \vec{v}]=\frac{m d v}{d t}+\frac{v d m}{d t}\)

Question 4.
What are the directions of action and reaction in Newton’s third law of motion?
Answer:
Opposite to each other but act on different bodies.

Question 5.
Give an example of a system with variable mass.
Answer:
Rocket propulsion.

Question 6.
Of two contact surfaces, whose value is more : Static or kinetic friction?
Answer:
Static because f_s > f_k i. e., static friction is more than dynamic friction.

Question 7.
Whose value is more μ_s or μ_k?
Answer:
μ_s > μ_k because f_s > f_k.

Question 8.
Which force acts on a uniform circular motion?
Answer:
Centripetal.

Question 9.
How does a vehicle obtain a centripetal force on a levelled circular path?
Answer:
By frictional force.

Question 10.
How does a centripetal force other than frictional force is obtained on a banked circular path?
Answer:
By the horizontal component of the normal force i.e., by N sinθ.

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain why passengers are thrown forward from their seats when a speeding bus stops suddenly?
Answer:
The lower part of the body of passengers (which is in contact with the bus) comes to rest, but because of inertia, the upper part of the body tends to keep on moving. As a result of it the rider falls forward.

Question 2.
Why is Newton’s first law of motion called law of inertia?
Answer:
According to Newton’s first law of motion, in absence of external force, there is no change in state of a body and inertia is the property of a body due to which it opposes the change in its state. That is the reason. Newton’s first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia.

Question 3.
Explain why a cricketer moves his hand backwards while holding a catch?
Answer:
The impulse received by the hand, while taking a catch is equal to the product of force applied and time taken to complete the catch. By moving his hand backward, the cricketer increases time interval so that he does is not hurt due to the applied lower impulsive force on the hand.

Question 4.
Define force.
Answer:
Force is a physical quantity which tries to change the state of body. It is a vector quantity. It’s S.I. unit is Newton (N).

Question 5.
When the acceleration of a particle is measured in an inertial system as zero. Can we say that no force acts on the particle? Explain.
Answer:
In inertial frame of reference, Newton’s first and second laws are valid. The motion is defined on relative basis. Generally, we define the motion assuming the earth to. be stationary and the Earth is supposed to be the inertial frame of reference. Therefore, the gravitational force acts on a body on the , Earth even when its acceleration is zero.

Question 6.
According to Newton’s third law of motion, in a game of tug, each team pulls the opposing team with equal force. Then, why a team wins and the other one loses?
Answer:
In the game of tug, till both the teams pull the rope with the same force, the net force on the system remains zero. As the force applied by one team increases than the other one, the whole system starts moving in the direction of net force. Thus one team wins and the other one loses.

Question 7.
A book is placed on a table. The weight of the book and the normal force by table on the book is equal in magnitude and direction. Can it be an example of Newton’s third law of motion? Explain.
Answer:
Yes; because according to the third law of motion, the magnitude of both the forces should be – equal and directions opposite and both forces should act on two different objects. Here both above conditions are fullfilled.

Question 8.
Define impulse acting on a body.
Answer:
Impulse is total effect of force on motion of a body. It’s value is equal to the product of applied force and time interval for which force is applied.
If a force is applied for a small time interval ‘dt then impulse of force. \(\vec{I}=\vec{F} \cdot d t\)

Question 9.
What is an impulsive force?
Answer:
Those forces of large magnitude which act for a very short time interval (e.g, time of contact), are known as impulsive force.

Question 10.
Write the impulse-momentum theorem?
Answer:
According to this theorem, impulse of a force is equal to change in momentum due to that force.
i.e., I = \(\Delta \vec{p}=\vec{p}_{2}-\vec{p}_{1}\)

Question 11.
Write the law of conservation of momentum.
Answer:
According to this law, net linear momentum of a system remains constant in absence of external force.
According to Newton’s second law of motion
F = \(\frac{d p}{d t}\)
If external force is zero i.e., F = 0
then \(\frac{d p}{d t}\) = 0
⇒ p = constant

Question 12.
What is an isolated system?
Answer:
Such a system which have no relation with external environment is called an isolated system.

Question 13.
Why a gun recoils backward when a bullet is fired?
Answer:
Bullet and gun form a system together. Before shooting the bullet by the gun, net momentum of this system is zero. The momentum of the gun is equal to the momentum of the bullet and is in opposite direction to conserve the momentum, when the gun is fired.

Question 14.
How many types of friction are there?
Answer:
There are two types of friction :
(i) Static friction : This type of friction acts till the body does not move, therefore this type of friction is known as static friction. The maximum static friction is known as “Limiting friction”.

(ii) Dynamic or kinetic friction : When the body starts moving,then the acting friction is known as dynamic or kinetic friction. Its value is some less than the limiting friction.

Question 15.
Define centripetal acceleration.
Answer:
When a particle moves on a circular path then an acceleration acts on the particle towards the centre of the circular path, this is known as centripetal acceleration.

Question 16.
Why is a road banked on a circular turn?
Answer:
Since circular motion of a particle is possible only when a centripetal force acts on it. Without centripetal force, the path cannot be circular. While passing through a circular turn of the road, its path becomes circular, therefore to obtain the required centripetal force, the vehicle bends towards the centre of the road. By this action, if the road is horizontal, then the outer wheels of the vehicle will not remain in contact with the road and it may overturn. To award this unhappening the road is banked towards the centre of the path.

Thus, on banked road, all the wheels of the vehicle remain in contact with the road and required centripetal force is obtained by a horizontal component of normal reaction of the road and the vehicle passes safely through the turn of the road.

Question 17.
Define inertial frame of reference.
Answer:
Inertial frame of reference : The frame of reference in which Newton’s first and second laws are valid is known as inertial frame of reference.

Question 18.
Define non-inertial frame of reference.
Answer:
The frame of reference in which Newton’s first and second laws are not valid, are known as non-inertial frame of reference. .

Question 19.
Is Earth an inertial frame of reference?
Answer:
Earth is revolving round the Sun. Therefore, it possesses centripetal acceleration. Therefore, it should be treated as non-inertial frame of reference. However, value of centripetal acceleration of the Earth,

Which is negligible small compared to acceleration due to gravity (g= 9.8m/s2). Hence for terrestrial experiments, the Earth can be considered as an inertial frame.

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Newton’s second law of motion? Define it. Obtain Newton’s first law from it.
Answer:
Momentum and Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Linear momentum : Momentum of body is the physical quantity of motion possessed by the body and mathematically, It is defined as the product of mass and velocity of the body.

As the linear momentum or simply momentum is equal to a scalar times a vector (velocity), it is therefore a vector quantity and is denoted by \(\vec{p}\). The momentum of a body of mass m moving with velocity \(\vec{v}\) is given by the relation :
\(\vec{p}=m \vec{v}\)
Dimensional formula = [M¹L¹T^-1]
Unit = Kg m/s
Suppose that a ball of mass m₁ and a car of mass m₂ (m₂ > m₁) are moving with the same velocity v. If P₁ and p₂ are momentum of ball and car respectively then :
\(\frac{p_{1}}{p_{2}}=\frac{m_{1} v}{m_{2} v}\) or \(\frac{p_{1}}{p_{2}}=\frac{m_{1}}{m_{2}}\)

As m₂ > m₁: It follows that p₂ > p₁. If a ball and a car are travelling with the same velocity, the momentum of the car will be greater than that of the ball. Similarly, we can show that if two objects of same masses are thrown at different velocities, the one moving with the greater velocity possesses greater momentum. Finally, if two objects of masses m₁ and m₂ are moving with velocities v₁ and v₂ possesses equal momentum.
m₁v₁ = m₂ v₂
\(\frac{v_{1}}{v_{2}}=\frac{m_{2}}{m_{1}}\)
In case m₂ > m₁ then v₂ < v₁ i. e, two bodies of different masses possess same momentum, the lighter body possesses greater velocity.
The concept of momentum was introduced by Newton in order to measure the quantitative effect of force.
Momentum of body in term of kinetic energy
E_k = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv² ……….. (1)
but p = mv
∴ v = p/m
put in equation (1)
E_k = \(\frac{1}{2} m \frac{p^{2}}{m^{2}}=\frac{p^{2}}{2 m}\)

Question 2.
Explain Newton’s third law of motion with the help of two examples.
Answer:
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
If an object ‘A’ exerts force on object ‘B’, then object B must exert a force of equal magnitude and opposite direction back on object ‘A’.

This law represents a certain symmetry in nature : forces always occur in pairs, and one body cannot exert a force on another without experiencing a force itself. We sometimes refer to this law loosely as action-reaction, where the force exerted is the action and the force experienced as a consequence is the reaction.

According to Newton’s third law, “To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction”.

It must be remembered that action and reaction always act on different objects. The third law of motion indicates that when one object exerts a force on another object, the second object instantaneously exerts a force back on the object. These two forces are always equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction.

These forces act on different objects and so they do not cancel each other. Thus Newton’s third law of motion describes the relationship between the forces of interaction between two objects.

For example, when we placed a wooden block on the ground, this block exerts a force equal to its weight, W = mg acting downwards to the ground. This is the action force. The ground exerts an equal and opposite force N = mg on the block in upward direction. This is the reaction force.

Illustrations of Newton’s Third Law
Some of the examples of Newton’s third law of motion are given below :
1. A gun recoils when a bullet is fired form it: When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun exerts a force on the bullet in the forward direction. This is the action force. The bullet also exerts an equal force on the gun in the backward direction. This is the reaction force. Due to the large mass of the gun it moves only a

little backward by giving a jerk at the shoulder of the gun man. The backward movement of the gun is called the recoil of the gun.

2. Walking: In order to walk, we press the ground in backward direction with our feet (action). In turns, the ground gives an equal and opposite reaction R, (figure 4.4 (a). The reaction R can be resolved into two components, one along the horizontal and other along the vertical. The component H = R cosθ along the horizontal, help us to move forward, while the vertical component, V = R sinθ opposes our weight, [figure 4.4 (b)]

Question 3.
Write impulse-momentum theorem and prove it. How will you find out the impulse from a graph?
Answer:
Impulse-Momentum Theorem .
A force which acts on a body for short interval of time is called impulsive force or impulse.

For Example : Hitting, jumping, diving, catching etc. are all examples of impulsive forces or impulse.

An impulsive force does not remain constant, but changes first from zero to maximum and then from maximum to zero. Thus it is not possible to measure easily the value of impulsive force because it changes with time. In such cases, we measure the total effect of the force, called impulse hence, impulse is defined as the product of the average force and the time interval for which the force acts. If \(\vec{F}\) is the value of force during impact at any time and \(\vec{p}\) is the momentum of the body at that time, then according to Newton’s second law of motion,
\(\vec{F}=\frac{d \vec{p}}{d t}\)
or \(\vec{F} d t=d \vec{p}\)
Suppose that the impact lasts for a small time t and during this time, the momentum of the body changes from \(\vec{p}_{1}\) to \(\vec{p}_{2}\) then integrating the above equation between the proper limits, we have :

It may be noted that \(\vec{F}\) has not been taken out of the integration sign for the reason that \(\vec{F}\) varies with time and does not remain constant during impact. The integral \(\int_{0}^{t} \vec{F}\) dt is measure of the impulse, when the force of impact acts on the body and from equation (1) we find that it is equal to total change in momentum of the body. Since impulse is equal to a scalar (time) times a vector (force) or equal to the change in momentum (vector), it is a vector quantity and it is denoted by \(\vec{I}\).
Therefore, \(\vec{I}=\int_{0}^{t} \vec{F} d t=\vec{p}_{2}-\vec{p}_{1}\)
However if \(\vec{F}_{a v}\) is the average force (constant) during the impact, then

i. e., the change in momentum of an object equals to the impulse applied to it. This statement is called
impulse-momentum theorem.
I = Δp
Dimensional Formula and Unit :
I = FΔt = [M¹L¹T^-2] [T¹]= [M¹L¹T^-1]
So, the dimensional formula of impulse is same as that of momentum.
The SI unit of impulse are (N-s) and kg m/s.
In C.G.S. system unit of impulse are dyne-sec and g cm/s.

Force Time Curve : In the real world, forces are often not constant. Forces may build up from zero over time and also may vary depending on many factors.

Finding out the overall effect of all these forces directly would be quite difficult. As we calculate impulse, we multiply force by time. This is equivalent to finding out the area under a force time curve. For variable force the shape of the force-time curve would be complicated but for a constant force we will get a simpler rectangle. In any case, the overall net impulse only matters to understand the motion of an object following an impulse.

In the figure, the graph of change in impulsive force with the time is shown :

The force-time curve and the area between the time axis can be divided in the form of many slabs. Suppose the value of force F is considered as constant along the change in time dt, then area of slab is given by F. dt.

Total effect of the force for time t₁ to t₂
= \(\int_{0}^{t} \vec{F}\) dt = sum of area of all slabs
= graph of force-time and area covered between the time axis
∵ By the impulse – momentum theorem t
Impulse I = \(\int_{0}^{t} F d t\) = p₂ – p₁ = change in momentum. Thus force-time graph and the area covered with the time axis is equal to the total change in the momentum of the body.

Question 4.
Write the law of conservation of momentum for a,system of N particles. Obtain it from Newton’s second law of motion. Explain the law of conservation of momentum with the help of an example.
Answer:
Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum and its Applications
If the net external force acting on a system of bodies is zero, then the momentum of the system remains constant. This is the basic principle of conservation of linear momentum.
According to Newton’s second law

If net force (or the vector sum of all forces) on system of particle is equal to zero, the vector sum of linear momentum of all particles remains conserved.

Consider a system of two bodies on which no external force acts. The bodies can mutually interact with each other. Due to the mutual interaction of the bodies the momentum of the individual bodies may increase or decrease according to the situation, but the momentum of the system will always be conserved, as long as there is no external net force acting on it.

Thus, if \(\vec{p}_{1}\) and \(\vec{p}_{2}\) are momentum of the two bodies at any instant, then in absence of external force
\(\vec{p}_{1}+\vec{p}_{2}\) = constant ……………. (3)
If due to mutual interaction, the momentum of two bodies becomes \(\overrightarrow{p_{1}^{\prime}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{p_{2}^{\prime}}\) respectively, then according to principle of conservation of momentum
\(\overrightarrow{p_{1}}+\overrightarrow{p_{2}}=\overrightarrow{p_{1}^{\prime}}+\overrightarrow{p_{2}^{\prime}}\)
or \(m_{1} \overrightarrow{u_{1}}+m_{2} \overrightarrow{u_{2}}=m_{1} \overrightarrow{v_{1}}+m_{2} \overrightarrow{v_{2}}\) ……………. (4)
Where \(\overrightarrow{u_{1}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{u_{2}}\) are initial velocities of the two bodies of masses m₁ and m₂ and \(\overrightarrow{v_{1}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{v_{2}}\) are their final velocities.
Therefore, the principle of conservation of linear momentum may also be stated as follows :

For an isolated system (a system on which no external force acts), the initial momentum of the systerA is equal to the final momentum of the system.

Practical Applications of the Principle of Conservation of Momentum
1. Recoiling a Gun : Lets consider the gun and bullet in its barrel as an isolated system. In the beginning when bullet is not fired both the gun and the bullet are at rest. So the momentum before firing is zero
or \(\overrightarrow{p_{c}}\) = 0
Now when the bullet is fired, it moves , in the forward direction and gun recoils back in the opposite direction.

Let m_b be the mass and v_b be the velocity of the bullet and m_g and v_g be the mass and velocity of the gun after firing.

Total momentum of the system after the firing would be
\(\overrightarrow{p_{f}}=m_{b} \overrightarrow{v_{b}}+m_{g} \overrightarrow{v_{g}}\)
Since, no external forces are acting on the system, we can apply the law of conservation of linear momentum therefore,
Total momentum of gun and bullet before firing
= Total momentum of gun and bullet after firing
\(0=m_{b} \overrightarrow{v_{b}}+m_{g} \vec{v}_{g}\)
or \(\overrightarrow{v_{g}}=-\frac{m_{b} \vec{v}_{b}}{m_{g}}\)
The negative sign shows that \(\vec{v}_{g}\) and \(\vec{v}_{b}\) are in opposite directions i.e., as the bullet moves forward, then the gun will move in backward direction. The backward motion of the gun is called recoil of the gun.

2. While firing a bullet, the gun must be held tight to the shoulder : This would save hurting the shoulder of the man who fires the gun as the recoil velocity of the gun. If the gun is held tight to the shoulder, then the gun and the body of the man recoil as one system. As the total mass is quite large, the recoil velocity will be very small and the shoulder of the man will not get hurt.

3. Rockets works on the principle of conservation of momentum : The rocket’s fuel burns and pushes the exhaust gases downwards, due to this the rocket gets pushed upwards. Motorboats also work on the same principle, it pushes the water backwards and gets pushed forward in reaction to conserve momentum.

Second Law of Motion is the real law of Motion :
(A) First law is contained in the second law :
According to Newton’s second law of motion, the force acting on a body is given by :

Thus there is no force is applied on the body then the body at rest will remains at rest and a body in uniform motion will continue to move uniformly along the same straight path. Hence first law of motion is contained in the second law.

Question 5.
Explain the motion of a rocket and obtain the important formula for its velocity?
Answer:
Motion of a Rocket: As the fuel in the rocket is burnt and the exhaust gas is expelled out from the rear of the rocket in the downward direction. The force exerted by the exhaust gas on the rocket is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the rocket to expel it. This force exerted by the exhaust gas on the rocket provides an upthrust to the rocket. The more gas is ejected from the rocket, the mass of the rocket decreases.

To analyze this process let us consider a rocket being fired in upward direction and we neglect the resistance offered by the air to the motion of the rocket and variation in the value of the acceleration due to the gravity with height.

Figure 4.9. (a) shows a rocket of mass ‘m’ at a time ‘t’ after its take off moving with velocity v. Thus at time ‘t’ momentum of the rocket is equal to ‘Mv’
Thus \(\vec{p}_{c}=M \vec{v}\) ………………(1)
Now after a short interval of time dt, gas of total mass dm is ejected from the rocket. If v_g represents the downwards speed of the gas relative to the rocket then velocity of the gas relative to the earth is
\(\overrightarrow{v_{g e}}=\vec{v}-\overrightarrow{v_{g}}\)
At time (t + dt), the rocket and unburned fuel gases mass (M – dm) and it moves with the speed of (\(\overrightarrow{V}+d \vec{V}\)). Thus, momentum of the rocket is :
=(M – dm)(\(\vec{v}+d \vec{v}\))
Total momentum of the system at time (t + dt) is
\(\vec{p}_{f}=d m\left(\vec{v}-\vec{v}_{g}\right)+(M-d m)(\vec{v}+d \vec{v})\) ………………. (2)
Here, the ejected gas and rocket constitutes a system at time (t + dt).
External force on the rocket is weight (-mg) of the rocket (the upward direction is taken as positive)
Now Impulse = Change is momentum

In equation (iii) \(\frac{d \vec{V}}{d t}\) represent the acceleration of dt the rocket, so M\(\frac{d v}{d t}\) = resultant force on the rocket. dt
Therefore,
Resultant force on rocket = Upthrust on the rocket – Weight of the rocket
Here the upthrust on the rocket is proportional to both the relative velocity (\(\vec{v}_{g}\)) of the ejected gas and the mass of the gas ejected per unit time \(\left(\frac{d m}{d t}\right)\)
Again from eq. (3)
\(\frac{d \vec{v}}{d t}=\frac{\vec{v}_{g}}{m} \frac{d m}{d t}-g\) ………………. (4)
As the rocket goes higher and higher, value of the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ decreases continuously. The values of (vg) and {dm! dt). Practically remains constant while fuel is being consumed but remaining mass decreases continuously. This result increases in acceleration continues until all the fuel is burnt up.

Velocity of the rocket at any time ‘t’
Now we will find out the relation between the velocity at any time ‘t’ and remaining mass. Again from equation (4) we have
\(d \vec{v}=\vec{v}_{g}\left(\frac{d m}{M}\right)-g d t\) ………………. (5)
Initially at time t = 0 if the mass and velocity of the rocket are m0 and u0 respectively. After time ‘t’ if m and v are the mass and velocity of the rocket. On integrating equation (5) within these limits
\(\int_{v_{0}}^{v} d v=-\int_{M_{0}}^{M} v_{g} \frac{d m}{m}-\int_{0}^{t} g d t\) ……………….. (6)
Note : Here dm is a quantity of mass ejected in time ‘dt’ so change in mass of the rocket in time dt is -dm that’s why we have changed the sign of dm in equation (6).
On evaluating this integral we get

Equation (7) gives the change in velocity of the rocket in terms of exhaust speed and ratio of initial and final masses at any time ‘t’.
At time t = 0 the velocity of the rocket (initial velocity)

Note : The speed acquired by the rocket when the whole of the fuel is burnt out is called burn-out speed of the rocket.

Question 6.
How many types of friction are there? Write their laws.
Answer:
Explanation of Newton’s Second Law
According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied external force on the body, and this change takes place always in the direction of the applied force.
Let, m = mass of a body
v = velocity of the body
The linear momentum of the body
\(\vec{p}=m \vec{v}\) ………… (1)
let \(\vec{F}\) = External force applied on the body in the direction of motion of the body. .
\(\Delta \vec{p}\) = a small change in linear momentum of the body in a small time Δt.
Rate of change of linear momentum of the body = \(\frac{\Delta \vec{p}}{\Delta t}\)
According to Newton’s second law

Where k is proportionality constant. Taking the limit Δt → 0, the term \(\frac{\Delta \vec{p}}{\Delta t}\) becomes the
derivative or differential coefficient of \(\vec{p}\) w.r.t. time t.
It is denoted by \(\frac{d \vec{p}}{d t}\)
\(\vec{F}=k \frac{d \vec{p}}{d t}\)
Where k = 1 in all the system

As accelerationtion is a vector quantity and mass is scalar, therefore force \(\vec{F}\) being the product of m and \(\vec{a}\) is a vector. The direction of \(\vec{F}\) is the same as the direction of \(\vec{a}\). Equation (4) represents the equation of motion of the body. We can rewrite equation (6) in scalar form as :
F = ma …………. (7)
Thus, magnitude of force can be calculated by multiplying mass of the body and the acceleration produced in it. Hence, second law of motion gives a measure of force.

Dimension and Unit of Force :
As F = ma
∴ F= [M¹] [L¹T^-2 ] = [M¹L¹T^-2 ]
This is the dimensional formula of force.
Unit of force
The unit of force is Newton in (M.K.S.) system and dyne in C.G.S. system and Poundal in (F.P.S.) system.
Definition of 1 Newton
F = ma
When m = 1kg and a = 1 m/s^-2
then F = 1 Newton
The force which produces the acceleration of 1m/s^-2 in the 1 kg body, is equal to the 1 Newton.
1 Newton = 1 kg m/ s²
In C.G.S. System F = ma
If m = 1 g and a = 1 cm/s²
then F = 1 dyne
Thus 1 dyne is that force which produces 1 cm/s² acceleration in the mass of 1g body.

Question 7.
Explain how will you find out the direction of static friction?
Answer:
Static Frictional Force : Static friction is the friction that exists between a stationary object and the surface on which it resting. Static friction keeps an object at rest. It must is overcome to start moving the object.

Imagine trying to push an object across the floor. You push on it with a small force, but it does not move, this is because it is not accelerating. However, according to Newton’s second law, the object must move with an acceleration.
a = \(\frac{F}{m}\)
Now, as the body remains at rest, it implies that an opposing force equal to the applied force must have come into play resulting in zero net force on the object. This force is called static friction. It is denoted by F_s.

Thus, static friction is the opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over the surface of another, but the actual motion has not started.

• The static friction depends upon the nature of surfaces of the two bodies in contact.
• The static friction does not exist by itself. When there is no applied force, there is no static friction. It comes into play only when the applied force tends to move the body.
• The static friction is a self-adjusting force.

Limiting Friction : If the applied force is increased, the force of static friction also increases. If the applied force exceeds a certain (maximum) value, the body starts moving. This maximum value of static friction up to which the body does not move, is called limiting friction.

1. The magnitude of limiting- friction between any two bodies in contact is directly proportional to the normal reaction between them.
(f_s)_max ∝ N
(f_s) _max ∝ μ_s N ………….. (1)
Where the constant of proportionality p s is called the coefficient of static friction. Its value depends upon the nature of surfaces of the two bodies in contact that means whether dry or wet; rough or smooth; polished or non polished. For example, when two polished metal surfaces are in contact, ps = 0.2, when these surface are lubricated, μ_s = 0.1
The value of μ_s lies between 0 and 1 or 0 < μ_s < 1
∵ N = Mg
(F_s)_max = μ_s m_g ……………… (2)

2. Direction of the force of limiting friction is always opposite to the direction in which one body is at the verge of moving over the other.

3. Coefficient of Static Friction :
μ_s is called coefficient of static friction and is defined as the ratio of force of limiting friction and normal reaction
From(1), μ_s = \(\frac{\left(f_{s}\right)_{\max }}{N}\)
Dimension: [M⁰L⁰T⁰]
Unit: It has no unit.
Value of μ_s does not depend upon apparent area of contact.

Question 8.
Define the coefficients of static and kinetic friction. How will you find out their value?
Answer:
1. Static Frictional Force : Static friction is the friction that exists between a stationary object and the surface on which it resting. Static friction keeps an object at rest. It must is overcome to start moving the object.

Imagine trying to push an object across the floor. You push on it with a small force, but it does not move, this is because it is not accelerating. However, according to Newton’s second law, the object must move with an acceleration.
a = \(\frac{F}{m}\)
Now, as the body remains at rest, it implies that an opposing force equal to the applied force must have come into play resulting in zero net force on the object. This force is called static friction. It is denoted by F_s.

Thus, static friction is the opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over the surface of another, but the actual motion has not started.

• The static friction depends upon the nature of surfaces of the two bodies in contact.
• The static friction does not exist by itself. When there is no applied force, there is no static friction. It comes into play only when the applied force tends to move the body.
• he static friction is a self-adjusting force.

Limiting Friction : If the applied force is increased, the force of static friction also increases. If the applied force exceeds a certain (maximum) value, the body starts moving. This maximum value of static friction up to which the body does not move, is called limiting friction.

1. The magnitude of limiting- friction between any two bodies in contact is directly proportional to the normal reaction between them.
(f_s)_max ∝ N
(f_s) _max ∝ μ_s N ………….. (1)
Where the constant of proportionality p s is called the coefficient of static friction. Its value depends upon the nature of surfaces of the two bodies in contact that means whether dry or wet; rough or smooth; polished or non polished. For example, when two polished metal surfaces are in contact, ps = 0.2, when these surface are lubricated, μ_s = 0.1
The value of μ_s lies between 0 and 1 or 0 < μ_s < 1
∵ N = Mg
(F_s)_max = μ_s m_g ……………… (2)

2. Direction of the force of limiting friction is always opposite to the direction in which one body is at the verge of moving over the other.

3. Coefficient of Static Friction :
μ_s is called coefficient of static friction and is defined as the ratio of force of limiting friction and normal reaction
From(1), μ_s = \(\frac{\left(f_{s}\right)_{\max }}{N}\)
Dimension: [M⁰L⁰T⁰]
Unit: It has no unit.
Value of μ_s does not depend upon apparent area of contact.

2. Kinetic Friction : We know that when the applied force on a body is small, it may not move but as the applied force becomes greater than the force of limiting friction, the body is set into motion. The force of friction acting between the two surfaces in contact which are moving relatively, so as to oppose their motion, is known as kinetic frictional force.
1. Kinetic friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction i. e.,
f_k ∝ N
or f_k ∝ μ_kN ………….. (1)
Where μ_k, is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.
∵ N – mg
∴ f_k = μ_kmg …………… (2)
2. Value of μ_k depends upon the nature of surface in contact.
3. Kinetic friction is always lesser than the limiting friction
f_k < (f_s)_max
∴ μ_k < μ_s
i. e., Coefficient of kinetic friction is always less than coefficient of static friction. Thus we require more force to start a motion than to maintain it against friction. This is because once the motion starts actually; inertia of rest has been overcomed. Also when motion has actually started, irregularities of one surface have little time to get locked again into the irregularities of the other surface.
4. Kinetic friction does not depend upon the velocity of the body.

Question 9.
Explain the circular motion of an object in horizontal plane and determine the formula for its time period.
Answer:
Motion in a Horizontal Plane
Figure 4.19 shows a mass m tied to an end of a string of length L. The mass m moves in a horizontal plane with a constant speed. As the mass moves in the circle, the string sweeps a cone of an angle θ with the surface where θ is the angle made by the string with the normal. The forces that act on the mass m at any instant are shown in figure 4.19. If T is the tension in the string, then the components of T will be T cosθ and T sinθ. There is no vertical acceleration on m. So, the component T cos θ balances the weight W of m. This way


Here, the value of θ cannot be 90°, because then x will be zero or v = ∞.
The maximum value of τ will be
τ_max = \(2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{L}{g}}\)
It is possible for very small angle (θ ≈ 0°) so that cosθ = cos 0° = 1.

Equation (5) represents the formula for the time period of a simple pendulum (we will study in chapter 8). With this similarty, the above device is called conical pendulum.

Question 10.
Explain the circular motion of an object in vertical plane. Find out the formula for the tension produced at the highest and lowest points in the string.
Answer:
Motion in a Vertical Plane Consider a body of mass m tied at the end of a string and whirled in a vertical circle of radius r. Let iq & v2 be velocities of the body and T₁and T₂ be tensions in the string at the lowest point A and the highest point B respectively. The velocities of the body at points A and B will be directed along tangents to the circular path at these points while tensions in the string will always act towards the fixed point O as shown in figure 4.20. At the lowest point A, a part of tension T, balances the weight of the body and the remaining part provides the necessary centripetal force. Therefore.
T₁ – mg = \(\frac{m v_{1}^{2}}{r}\) ……….. (1)
At the highest point, the tension in the string and the weight of the body together provide the necessary centripetal force.

Let us now find the out minimum velocity, the body should possess at the lowest point, so that the string does not slack when it is at the highest point. The body is then said to just loop the vertical circle. It is obvious that the velocity at the lowest point will be minimum. When the velocity at the highest point is also minimum.

Minimum velocity at the highest point :
From equation (2), it follows that the velocity at the highest point will be minimum when the tension in the string at the highest point is zero.
T₂ = 0 . ………… (3)
In that case, the whole of the centripetal force will be provided by the weight of body. Therefore in such a case, the equation (2) becomes :
0 + mg = \(\frac{m v_{2}^{2}}{r}\)
or v₂ = \(\sqrt{g r}\) …………… (4)
This is the mininum velocity the body should possess at the top, so that it can just loop the vertical circle without the slackening of the string. In case the velocity of the body at point B is less than \(\sqrt{g r}\). The string will slack and the body will not loop the circle. Therefore, a body will just loop the vertical circle if it possesses velocity equal to \(\sqrt{g r}\) at the top.

Minimum velocity at the lowest point : According to the principle of conservation of energy.
K.E. of the body at point A = (P.E. + K.E) of the body at point B
\(\frac{1}{2} m v_{1}^{2}=m g(2 r)+\frac{1}{2} m v_{2}^{2}\)
or \(v_{1}^{2}=4 g r+v_{2}^{2}\)
As said earlier, when the velocity at the highest point is minimum. The velocity at the lowest point will also be minimum.
Setting v₂ = \(\sqrt{g r}\), we have
\(v_{1}^{2}\) = 4gr + gr
or v₁ = \(\sqrt{5 g r}\) ……….. (5)
’The equation (5) gives the magnitude of the velocity at the lowest point with which body can safely go round the vertical circle of radius r or can loop the circle of radius r. Let us find out the tension in the string at the lowest point in such a case.
In equation (1),
setting v₁ = \(\sqrt{5 g r}\), we have
T₁ – mg = \(\frac{m \times(\sqrt{5 g r})^{2}}{r}\)
or T₁ – mg = 5mg
or T₁ = 6mg

Question 11.
Explain the motion of a vehicle on a circular path and give the formula for maximum velocity.
Answer:
Motion of Vehicle on a Plane on a  Circular Path
A circular turn on a level road : Consider a car of weight ‘mg’ going around on a circular turn of radius ‘r’ with velocity nona level road as shown in the figure 4.21. While rounding the curve, the wheels of the vehicle have a tedency to leave the curved path and regain the straight line path.

Force of friction between the wheel and the road opposes this tendency of the wheel. Therefore, this frictional force acts towards the centre of the circular path and provides the necessary centripetal force.
Three forces are acting on the car Figure 4.21.

(i) The weight of the car, mg, acting vertically downwards,
(ii) Normal reaction N of the road on the car, acting vertically upwards,
(iii) Frictional force F, along the surface of the road, towards the centre of the turn,
As there is no acceleration in the vertical direction,
N – mg = 0
or N = mg ……….. (i)
Since, for safe driving of a car, on the circular path, the centripetal force must be equal to or less than friction force.

Here, μ is coefficient of static friction between the tyres and the road.
Hence, the maximum velocity with which a vehicle can go round a level curve; without slidding is
v = \(\sqrt{\mu r g}\)
The value of v depends upon :
(i) Radius r of the curve.
(ii) Coefficient of friction (μ) between the tyre and the road.
Clearly v is independent of the mass of the car

Question 12.
Why is a road banked on a circular turn? Obtain the maximum velocity of a vehicle on such a turn. If we assume that the friction on road is negligible, then obtain the banking angle.
Answer:
Banking of roads : The value of maximum velocity for a vehicle to take a circular turn (without skidding) on a level road is quite low. This limiting value of the velocity decreases further due to decrease in the value of the coefficient of friction p on a slippery road and for a vehicle, whose tyres have worn out. Therefore especially in hilly areas, where the vehicle has to move constantly along the curved tracks, the maximum speed at which it can be run, will be very low. If any attempt is made to run it at greater speed, the vehicle is likely to skid and go off the track. In order that the vehicle can go round the curved tracks at reasonable speed without skidding, the sufficient centripetal force is managed for it by raising the outer edge of the track a little above the inner one. It is called the banking of the circular tracks.

Consider a vehicle of weight ‘mg’ moving round a curved path of radius r with speed v on a road banked through angle θ. If OA is banked road and OX is a horizontal line, then ∠AOX = θ is called angle of banking, (figure 4.22).


The vehicle is under the action of following forces :
(i) Weight ‘mg’ of the vehicle acting vertically downwards.
(ii) Normal reaction W of the ground to the vehicle acting along normal to the banked road OA in the upward direction.
(iii) Force of friction F’ between the banked road and the tyres, acting along OA
‘N’ can be resolved into two rectangular components :
(a) N cosθ, along vertically upward direction.
(b) N sinθ, along the horizontal, towards the centra of the curved round.
F’ can also be resolved into two rectangular components :
(a) Fsinθ, along vertically downward direction
(b) Fcosθ, along the horizontal, towards the centre of curved road.
As there is no acceleration along the vertical direction, the net force along this direction must be zero.
Therefore, N cosθ = mg + Fsinθ ………… (1)
The horizontal component N sinθ and Fcosθ will provide the necessary centripetal force to the vehicle,
Thus N sinθ + F cosθ = \(\frac{m v^{2}}{r}\) …………….. (2)
But F ≤ μ_sN, where μ_s is coefficient of static friction between the banked road and tyres. To obtain v_max, we Put F = μ_sN in equation (1) and (2)
∴ Ncosθ = mg + μ_sNsinθ …………. (3)
N sinθ + μ_sN cosθ = \(\frac{m v^{2}}{r}\) ……………….. (4)
From equation (3)
N (cosθ – μ_s sinθ) = mg
⇒ N = \(\frac{m g}{\left(\cos \theta-\mu_{s} \sin \theta\right)}\) …………… (5)
From equation (4) N (sinθ – μ_s cosθ) = \(\frac{m v^{2}}{r}\)

Equation (6) represents the maximum velocity of vehicle on a banked road.

Discussion :
(i) If μ_s = 0 i. e., if banked road is perfectly smooth, then from equation (6)
v_max = (rgtanθ)^1/2 ………… (7)
This is the speed at which a banked road can be rounded even when there is no friction. Driving at this speed on banked road will cause no wear and tear of the tyres.
From equation (7) \(v_{\max }^{2}\) = rgtanθ
or tan = \(\frac{v_{\max }^{2}}{r g}\) …………….. (8)
(ii) If h is the height AB of outer edge of the road above the inner edge and l = OA is breadth of the road then from the figure 4.23.

Roads are usually banked for the average speed of vehicles passing over them. However, if the speed of a vehicle is some what less or more than this, the self adjusting static friction will operate between the tyres and the road, and the vehicle will not skid.

On the same basis, curved railway tracks are also banked. The level of outer rail is raised a little above the level of inner rail, while lying a curved railway track.

Question 13.
Explain the motion of a body on an inclined plane.
Answer:
Motion on an Inclined Plane
Consider an inclined plane as shown in the figure (4.24) that makes an angle 0 with the horizontal plane OA Assume an object of mass m moving on this plane. Initially, let us suppose that the object does not move due to friction. Various forces act on the object.
(i) Weight of the object, W = mg
(ii) Normal reaction, N
(iii) Frictional force, f_s
In the vertical direction, there is no acceleration. Balancing the components of weight, W = mg,

mg sinθ = f_s …………. (1)
and, mg cosθ = N …………. (2)
Now, if we move the plane OB upwards so that 0 increases, then at a position, the object will start moving on the inclined plane OR At this postion
(f_s)_max = μ_sN
Where, μ_s is the coefficient of static friction between the object and the plane. In this position, let θ = θ_s (maximum value of the angle) and (f_s)_max are placed in the above expressions,
mg sinθ_s = μ_sN
mg cosθ_s = N
From above equations,
tanθ_s = μ_s ……….. (3)
From equation (3), we can determine the coefficient of static friction between the inclined plane and the surface of the object.
When the value of θ is slightly more than θ_s, then a small net force acts on the object and object starts to slide. We further increase the value of θ so that the object moves downward with accelerated motion.

Then, we keep on decreasing the value of θ so that the object moves with a constant velocity at θ = θ_k,. At this position, kinetic frictional force acts on the object.
Substituting f_k in place of f_s, μ_k in place of μ_s and θ_k in place of θ_s in equation (1 & 2), we get the following equations :
mg sinθ_k = f_k ………….. (4)
mg cosθ_k = N ………….. (5)
Again, putting f_k = μ_kN in above expressions,
tanθ_k = μ_k ……………. (6)
From equation (6), we can determine the coefficient of kinetic friction between the inclined plane and the surface of the object.
Knowing the distances of the horizontal plane OA and inclined plane OR we can find tanθ_s and tanθ_k using the relation, tanθ = \(\frac{A B}{O A}=\frac{\sqrt{O B^{2}-O A^{2}}}{O A}\) this way, we can find out the coefficient of friction.
Note that BA is perpendicular to OA.

Question 14.
Distinguish between the inertial and non-inertial frames of reference. Is Earth an inertial frame of reference? Explain.
Answer:
Inertial and Non-inertial Frames of Reference ;
Frame of Reference
Motion of a body is always described with reference to some well defined coordinate system. This coordinate system is referred to as ‘frame of reference’.

In three dimensional space a frame of reference consists of three mutually perpendicular lines called ‘axis’ or ‘frame of reference’ meeting at a single point or origin. The coordinates of the origin are O (0, 0, 0) and that of any other point ‘P in space are P(x, y, z). The line joining the points O and P is called the position vector of the point P with respect to ‘O’.

Inertial Frame of Reference
A frame of reference that remains at rest or moves with a constant velocity with respect to the other frame of reference is called ‘Inertial Frame of Reference’. An inertial frame of reference is actually an unaccelerated frame of reference. Newton’s law of motion are valid in all inertial frames of reference. In this frame of reference, a body is not acted upon by external forces. All inertial frames of reference are equivalent for the measurement of physical phenomena.
Examples :
1. Our Earth.
2. A space shuttle moving with a constant velocity relative to the earth.
3. A rocket moving with a constant velocity relative, to the Earth.

Non-inertial Frame of Reference
A frame of reference is said to be a non-inertial frame of reference when a body, not acted upon by an external force, is accelerated. In non-inertial frame of reference, Newton’s law of motion are not valid unless we introduce a force, called pseudo force.
For example : A freely falling elevator may be taken as a non-inertial frame.

Is Earth an Inertial-Frame of Reference?
The Earth rotates around its axis and also revolves around the Sun. In both these motions, centripetal acceleration is present. Therefore, strictly speaking the Earth or any frame of reference fixed on Earth can not be taken as an inertial frame. However, as we are dealing with speed ≈× 10⁸m/s, (speed of light) and speed of Earth is only about 3 × 10⁴ m/s, therefore when small time intervals are involved, effect of rotation and revolution of Earth can be ignored. Further more, this speed of the Earth can be assumed to be constant. Hence, the Earth or any other frame of reference set up on the Earth can be taken as approximately inertial frame of reference.

On the contrary, a frame of reference which is accelerated is non-inertial frame.
Other examples of inertial frames of reference are :

• A frame of reference remaining fixed w.r.t. Stars.
• A spaceship moving in outer space, without spinning and with its engine cut off.

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 Numerical Questions

Question 1.
Determine the maximum acceleration of the train in which a box lying on its floor will remain stationary. It is given that the coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor of the train is 0.13. (g = 9.8m/s²)
Solution:
Given ; μ_s = 0.13; g = 9.8m/s²; a_max =?
The frictional force acting between the floor of the train and the surface of the box, will oppose the slipping of the box on the floor of the train.
∴ Limiting friction force
f_s = ma_max
and f_s = μ_sN = μ_smg

∴ m.a_max = μ_smg
or a_max = μ_sg = 0.13 × 9.8
or a_max = 1.274 ms^-2
or a_max = L27 ms^-2

Question 2.
A cyclist speeding at 18 km/h on a level road takes a sharp circular turn of radius 3 m without reducing the speed. The coefficient of static friction between the tyres and the road is 0. 1. Will the cyclist slip while taking the turn?
Solution:
Given; v = 18km/h = 18 × \(\frac{5}{18}\) = 5 m/s,
r = 3m
μ_s = 0.1; g = 9.8 m/s²
The limiting friction available to cyclist,
f_s = μ_sN = μ_smg
Required centripetal force,

Therefore, cyclist will slip on the turn and fall down.

Question 3.
A bomb at rest explodes into three fragments. Two fragments fly off at right angles to each other. These two fragments: the one with mass 2 kg moves with a speed of 12 m/s, and the other one with mass 1 kg moves with 8 m/s. The speed of the third fragment is 20 m/s, then calculate its mass.
Solution:
Given; m₁ = 2 kg; v₁ = 12 m/s; m₂ = 1kg;
v₂ = 8 m/s; m₃ = ?; v₃ = 20 m/s

The momentum of all the three fragments,
P₁ = m₁v₁ = 2 × 12 = 24 kg m/s
p₂ = m₂v₂ = 1 × 8 = 8 kg m/s
p₃ = m₃v₃ = m₃ × 20
or p₃ = 20 m₃ kg m/s

According, to the conversation of linear momentum,

Question 4.
Two masses 8 kg and 12 kg are connected at the two ends of a light inextensible string that goes over a frictionless pulley. Find out the acceleration of the masses and the tension in the string when the masses are released.
Solution:
Given; m₁ = 12 kg; m₂ = 8kg

When the masses are released, mass being heavier will move downwards and m₂ will move upwards with the same acceleration.
Now equation of motion for mass m₁,
m₁g – T = m₁a ……………. (1)
and that for m₂,
T – m₂g = m₂a …………….. (2)
On adding equation (1) & (2), we get

or a = 1.96 m/s ²
≈ 2m/s²
From equation (2),
T₂ = m₂g + m₂a
= m₂ (g + a)
= 8 (10 + 2)
= 8 × 12
= 96N

Question 5.
A batsman deflects a ball by an angle of 45° without changing its initial speed which is equal to 54 km/h. What is the impulse imparted to the ball when the mass of the ball is 0.15 kg?
Solution:
Given; v = 54 km/h
or v = 54 × \(\frac{5}{18}\) = 15 m/s

As is clear from the adjoining diagram, that there is no change in momentum in Y-direction,
Therefore, Δp_y = 0
∴ I_y = 0
Change in momentum in X-direction
Δp_x = p₂ – p₁ = -mv cos 22.5° – mv cos 22.5°
or Δpx = -2 mv cos 22.5°
∴ Impulse, I_x = Δp_x
(From – Impulse-momentum theorem).
or I_x = -2mv cos 22.5°
= -2 × 0.15 × 15 × 0.9239
= -4.15755
= – 4.2 N.s.
Total impulse,
I = I_x + I_y
= -4.2 + 0 = – 4.2 N.s.
or I = – 4.2 N.s.
Here, the negative sign indicates that this impulse is acting in -X direction.
∴ Magnitude of impulse I = 4.2 N.s.

Question 6.
A constant retarding force of 50 N is applied to a body of mass 20 kg moving initially with a speed of 15 m/s. How long does the body takes to stop?
Solution:
Given; u = 15m/s; v = 0; t = ?
F = 50N, m = 20kg
∴ Retardation,
a = \(\frac{F}{m}=\frac{50}{m}=\frac{50}{20}\) = 2.5 ms^-2
Now applying the equation, v = u + at
0 = 15 – 2.5t ⇒ 2.5t = 15
∴ t = \(\frac{15}{2.5}\) = 6 sec
or t = 6 sec

Question 7.
A shell of mass 0.020 kg is fired by a gun of mass 100 kg. If the muzzle speed of the shell is 80 m/s, then what is the recoil speed of the gun?
Solution:
Given; Mass of the gun M = 100kg; mass of shell m = 0.02 kg; speed of the shell v = 80 m/ s; speed of the gun v = ?
Applying the law of conservation of momentum,
Total momentum after fire = Total momentum before fire

Question 8.
The motion of a particle of mass 0.1 kg is described by y = \(0.3 t+\frac{9.8}{2} t^{2}\). Find out the force acting on the particle.
Solution:
Given; m = 0.1kg; y = \(0.3 t+\frac{9.8}{2} t^{2}\); F = ?
∴ Velocity v = \(\frac{d y}{d t}=\frac{d}{d t}\left(0.3 t+\frac{9.8}{2} \cdot t^{2}\right)\)
or v = 0.3 + \(\frac{9.8}{2}\) × 2t
or v = 0.3 + 9.8t
Now, the acceleration,
a = \(\frac{d v}{d t}=\frac{d}{d t}(0.3+9.8 t)\) = 0 + 9.8
or a = 9.8 m/ s²
Therefore, the force acting on the particle,
F = ma = 0.1 × 9.8
or F = 0.98 N

Question 9.
A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round in a circle of radius 1.5 m with a speed of 40 rev/min in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the string? What is the maximum speed with which the stone can be whirled around if the string can withstand a maximum tension of 200 N?
Solution:
Given; m = 0.25kg; r= 1.5 m; T_max = 200N;

Question 10.
A body of mass 5 kg is acted upon by two perpendicular forces 8N and 6N. Give the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the body.
Solution:
Given; m = 5 kg; F₁ = 8N; F₂ = 6N;
a = ?; θ = 90°

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Physics

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 13 Thermodynamics

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 13 Textbook Exercises With Solutions

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
If two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium with C, then will A and B also be in thermal equilibrium?
Answer:
Yes; according to Zeroth law of Thermodynamics.

Question 2.
On which law is the first law of thermodynamics based on?
Answer:
Law of conservation of energy.

Specific heat calculator is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.

Question 3.
Write the Mayer’s relation.
Answer:
Mayer’s relation ⇒ C_p – C_v = R
where R = universal gas constant
C_p = molar specific heat at constant pressure
C_v = molar specific heat at constant volume

Question 4.
Write the P-V relation for adiabatic expansion of ideal gas.
Solution:
PV^γ = constant, where γ = \(\frac { { C }_{ p } }{ { C }_{ v } } \) which is known as atomicity of gas

Question 5.
What are the dimensions of efficiency of heat engine?
Answer:
Efficiency of heat engine,

Q₁ = heat taken out from source.
∵ W and Q have same unit,
∴ efficiency η is dimensionless.
∴ Dimensional formula for η
= [M⁰L⁰T⁰]

Question 6.
What is the effect on pressure on change of state in a system in an isobaric process?
Answer:
Answer:
In an isobaric process, the pressure remains constant hence the change in pressure ∆P = 0.

Question 7.
Can heat be supplied without increasing the temperature of gas?
Answer:
Yes, when the gas is allowed to do the work on the surroundings.

Question 8.
Which thermodynamical variable is defined by the Zeroth law of Thermodynamics?
Answer:
Temperature.

Question 9.
What is the specific heat of a gas in isothermal and adiabatic process?
Answer:

In isothermal process ∆T = 0 ∴s = ∞ (infinity)
and in adiabatic process Q = 0 ∴ s = 0 (zero)

Question 10.
What type of process is a Carnot cyclic?
Answer:
Reversible cyclic process.

Question 11.
On what factors does the efficiency of a Carnot engine depend?
Answer:
Efficiency of a carnot heat engine,

∴ It depends on the temperatures of source and sink.

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Reversibility is the basis of an ideal engine. Briefly explain the statement.
Answer:
In a reversible process, the system and its surroundings return to the original states if the forward cycle is followed by the reverse cycle. Carnot engine is a theoretical thermodynamical cycle proposed by Leonard Carnot. It gives the estimate of the maximum possible efficiency that a heat engine during the conversion process of heat into work and conversely, working between two reservoirs can possess. Thus we can say that reversibility is the basis of an ideal engine.

Question 2.
Explain the efficiency of heat engine.
Answer:
For a heat eng`ine, the total thermodynamical process is generally irreversible. The ratio of work done to convert heat and the heat absorbed by the source is called efficiency.

From the above relation, it is clear that the efficiency of engine depends upon the temperature of source (T₁) and sink (T₂).
Here T₁ > (T₁ – T₂). Efficiency is always less than one, i. e., less than 100%.
If T₁ = T₂, then η = 0, which represents that when source and sink are at same temperature. Then, in this situation, heat energy can not be transformed to mechanical energy. It is to be noted here that the value of η will be 100% in two situations : if T₁ = ∞ or T₂ = 0, and both these situations are not possible. So, efficiency can not be 100%.

Question 3.
What is Thermodynamics? Explain the Zeroth law of Thermodynamics and give its importance.
Answer:
Principle : It is based on the principle of temperature.

To understand this law, consider two systems A and B, separated by an adiabatic wall, each of these are in contact with a third system C by a conducting wall. The states of the system will change until A and B are in equilibrium with C. Now, let the adiabatic wall between A and B be replaced by a conducting wall and C is insulated from A and B by an adiabatic wall. It is found that A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This is the basis of Zeroth law of thermodynamics. This law states that the two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately, then both are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

The zeroth law apparently suggests that when two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium, then, there must be a physical quantity that has the same value for both. The thermodynamic variable whose value is equal for the two systems (in thermal equilibrium) is called temperature (T). If A and B are separately in equilibrium with C, then, T_A = T_C and T_B = T_C – This means that T_A = T_B. So, the systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium.

Question 4.
Explain heat, work and internal energy of a system.
Answer:
Temperature determines the direction of flow of heat when two bodies are in thermal contact. Heat flows from the body at a higher temperature to a lower temperature. The flow stops when the two bodies are in thermal equilibrium. This type of heat transfer is a non-mechanical energy transfer.

When thermal energy is transferred from an object into the atmosphere then the thermal energy of the object is taken to be negative while on giving heat to an object from the atmosphere the thermal energy of the object is taken to be positive. If the temperature of the object remains constant then due to the exchange of heat in the object the state of the object changes.

Question 5.
Explain the work done in an isothermal process.
Answer:
Essential conditions for an isothermal process:
(i) The process of compression or expansion should be infinitely slow. So as to provide a sufficient time for the exchange of heat.
(ii) The walls of the container must be perfectly conducting to allow free exchange of heat between container and surroundings.

Consider a cylinder with µ, moles of an ideal gas at isothermal expansion, then it reaches its final state (P₂, V₂) from initial state (P₁, V₁). Meanwhile, in the stage when pressure is P and change in volume is V + dV from V, then pressure (P).


Since pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other in an isothermal process, then from equation (13.20 a), from Boyle’s law for ideal gas

The above expression shows the work done for p moles of an ideal gas in an isothermal process. State equation for isothermal process,

The slope for P.V curve in an isothermal process is negative.

Question 6.
Explain the First Law of Thermo-dynamics.
Answer:
According to figure 13.6, consider a cylinder with n moles of ideal gas made of completely insulated material in which a frictionless insulated piston is placed. Let the pressure of gas be P and the area of cross-section of piston be A If piston is moved upwards by a distance dx, i.e:, the work done by the gas on expansion of the gas,

dW = P A dx = P dV …(13.33)
Here, dV = Adx represents the increase in the volume. Now, let the gas expands adiabatically and the initial state (P₁ V₁ T₁) becomes final state (P₂, V₂, T₂). Then, the total work done by the gas

The above expression shows that work done by p moles of an ideal gas in adiabatic process. It is clear that if work is done by the gas, then the value of W_adiabatic is positive and it is possible when T₁ > T₂. When gas is compressed, work is done on the gas, then the value of W_adiabatic is negative and it is possible when T₁ < T₂, i. e., there is increase in the temperature of gas.

Question 7.
Derive the Mayer’s relation.
Answer:
Consider one mole of an ideal gas. Let dQ be the amount of heat is given to the system to raise the temperature by dT, and change in internal energy be dV. Then, from first law of Thermodynamics,
dQ = dU + PdV …(13.14)
If heat is supplied to one mole at constant volume, i.e.,
V = constant,
then, dV = 0
From equation (13.14),
dQ = dU …(13,15)
Molar specific heat (C_V ) at constant volume,

From equation (13.15),
dQ = dU = Cv dT …(13.16)
If one mole of gas is supplied heat at constant pressure, i.e., from equation (13.13) of molar specific heat Cp at constant pressure,

The above expression is called Mayer’s relation where R = 8.31 J.mol-1 K-1. This relation is for one mole of gas.

Question 8.
Differentiate between reversible and irreversible process.
Answer:
Reversible Process :

1. The process is carried out infinitesimally slowly
2. At any stage, the equilibrium is not disturbed
3. It takes infinite time for completion.
4. Work obtained in this process is maximum.

Irreversible Process :

1. It is carried out rapidly
2. Equilibrium may exist only after the completion of the process.
3. It takes a finite time for completion.
4. Work obtained in this process is not maximum

Question 9.
Explain the work done by gas in an adiabatic expansion.
Answer:
Adiabatic process is that process in which temperature (T), pressure (P) and volume (V) can be changed, but there is no transfer of heat between a thermodynamical system and its surroundings. In this process, energy is transferred only as work. This process provides a rigorous conceptual basis to explain the first law of Thermodynamics.

A process in which transfer of heat is not involved in the system, so that Q = 0, is called an adiabatic process. For example, the compression of a gas within an engine’s cylinder is assumed to take place so fast that on the time scale of the process of compression, little energy of the system can be transferred out as heat.

Essential conditions for an adiabatic process:

• The process of expansion or compression should be sudden, so that heat does not get time to get exchanged with the surroundings.
• The walls of the container must be perfectly insulated so that there cannot be any exchange of heat between the gas and surroundings.

Question 10.
Derive the formula for efficiency of Carnot engine.
Answer:
In 1824 scientist Sadi carnot imagined a theoretical engine by which the heat taken from high temperature object when changed completely into useful work then the efficiency of the engine will be more. Carnot tried to find out if the maximum efficiency of an engine could be 100%. An ideal reversible heat engine working between two temperatures is called carnot’s engine.

Carnot Cycle : In carnot’s engine, starting from a definite state of working material passing through different reversible processes again gaining the initial position is called carnot cycle. Carnot engine has following parts :
(i) Working substance
(ii) Source
(iii) Insulating Stand
(iv) Sink

(i) Working substance: The substance by which work is done is called working substance. In carnot engine ideal gas is taken as working substance in a cylinder with a friction less piston P.

(ii) Source: This is an object of high temperature whose temperature T1K is constant. Is heat capacity should be infinite so that if the takes heat is no change in its temperature.

(iii) Insulating Stand: This is a completely non conducting object on which the working substance is kept and passed through adiabatic process.

(iv) Sink: This is a low temperature object with constant temperature T2K. It shodld also have infinite heat capacity so that on giving heat to its temperature does not change.

Question 11.
Derive the formula for the efficiency of carnot heat engine and explain it.
Answer:
For a heat engine, the total thermodynamical process is generally irreversible. The ratio of work done to convert heat and the heat absorbed by the source is called efficiency.

From the above relation, it is clear that the efficiency of engine depends upon the temperature of source (T₁) and sink (T₂).
Here T₁ > (T₁ – T₂). Efficiency is always less than one, i. e., less than 100%.

If T₁ = T₂, then η = 0, which represents that when source and sink are at same temperature. Then, in this situation, heat energy can not be transformed to mechanical energy. It is to be noted here that the value of q will be 100% in two situations : if T₁ = ∞ or T₂ = 0, and both these situations are not possible. So, efficiency can not be 100%.

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain briefly the zeroth, first and second law of Thermodynamics.
Answer:
Principle : It is based on the principle of temperature.

To understand this law, consider two systems A and B, separated by an adiabatic wall, each of these are in contact with a third system C by a conducting wall. The states of the system will change until A and B are in equilibrium with C. Now, let the adiabatic wall between A and B be replaced by a conducting wall and C is insulated from A and B by an adiabatic wall. It is found that A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This is the basis of Zeroth law of thermodynamics. This law states that the two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately, then both are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

The zeroth law apparently suggests that when two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium, then, there must be a physical quantity that has the same value for both. The thermodynamic variable whose value is equal for the two systems (in thermal equilibrium) is called temperature (T). If A and B are separately in equilibrium with C, then, T_A = T_C and T_B = T_C – This means that T_A = T_B. So, the systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium.


The first law of thermodynamics states the equivalence of heat and work. This law is based on the principle of conservation of energy.

The internal energy U of a system can change through two modes of energy transfer : heat and work.

Let ∆Q = Heat supplied to the system by the surroundings,
∆W = Work done by the system on the surroundings.
∆U = Change in internal energy of the system.
From the general principle of conservation of energy, i.e..
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W …(13.9)
The energy ∆Q, supplied to the system goes in partly to increase the internal energy of the system (∆U) and work (∆W). Equation (13.9) is called the first law of Thermodynamics. This is the general law of conservation of energy applied to any system in which the energy transfer from or to the surroudnings.
We can write equation (13.9) as
∆Q – ∆W = ∆U …(13.9a)

Now, the system go from an initial state to final state in a number of ways.

To change the state of a gas from (P₁,V₁) to (p₂, V₂), we first change the volume from V₁ to V₂, keeping the pressure constant. This means that we first go to state (P₁ ,V₂) Changing the pressure from P₁ and P₂, keeping volume constant to the state (P₂,V₂). We can also first keep the volume constant and then keep the pressure constant.

U is a state variable. ∆U depends only on the initial and final states and not on the path taken by the gas to .move from one to the other. However ∆Q and ∆W depends on the path in moving from initial to final states.

From equation (13.9 a), (∆Q – ∆W) is path independent for a system with ∆U = 0,
∆Q = ∆W
This implies that heat supplied to the system is completely used up by the system in doing work on the environment. Work done by the system against a constant pressure P is
∆W = P∆V

Here, ∆V is the small change in volume of gas.
Sis, equation (13.9 a) gives
∆Q = ∆U + P∆V …(13.9 b)

The second law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system increases over time, or it remains same in ideal cases (where the system undergoes a reversible process or when it is in a steady state). The first law of Thermodynamics tells the basic definition of internal energy and states the law of conservation of energy. The second law of Thermodynamics deals with the direction of natural process. It states that a natural process is not reversible. For e.g., heat flows from hot to cold region, and never the reverse, unless some external work is done on the system.

In Terms of Entropy
In a reversible process, a very small increase in the entropy (dS) of a system is defined to result from a small heat transfer to a closed system divided by the common temperature (T) of the system and the surroundings that supply of the heat :
dS = \(\frac { dQ }{ T } \) (closed system)

Question 2.
Explain the various processes of thermodynamics and work done in these processes.
Answer:
Every equilibrium state of a thermodynamical system is completely described by specific values of some macroscopic variables. If in a thermodynamic system, variables like temperature (T), pressure (P), volume (V), etc. changes with time, then the process is called thermodynamical process. There are various types of thermodynamical processes :
(i) Isothermal process
(ii) Isochoric process
(iii) Isobaric process
(iv) Adiabatic process
(v) Cyclic process

(i) Isothermal process :
An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant, ∆T = O.This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir and the change takes place slowly to allow the system to continually adjust to the reservoir’s temperature through heat exchange.

Isothermal process takes place in any type of system that regulates the temperature. In the thermodynamic analysis of chemical reactions, it is first analyzed what happens under isothermal conditions. In an isothermal process, the internal energy of an ideal gas is constant. This is due to the fact that there are no intermoleculaf forces in an ideal gas. In the isothermal compression’of a gas, there is work done on the system to decrease the volume and increase the pressure. Doing work on the gas, can increase the internal energy and increase the temperature. For constant temperature, energy must leave the system. For an ideal gas, the amount of energy entering the environment is equal to the amount of work done on the gas, as the internal energy does not vary.

(ii) Isochoric process :
If in a physical change of thermodynamic system, there is change in pressure (P) and temperature but volume remains constant, then, it is called an isochoric process. So, no work is done by the gas in this process. No work is done on the gas because V is constant. Then, dV = 0

(iii) Isobaric process :
If temperature (T) and volume (V) changes in a physical change in a thermodynamic system and pressure (P) is constant, the process is called isobaric i.e, when the state of the substance changes, then the pressure (P) is constant. For example, freezing of water, formation of steam, etc.

(iv) Adiabatic process :
Adiabatic process is that process in which changed, but there is no transfer of heat between a thermodynamical system and its surroundings. In this process, energy is transferred only as work. This process provides a rigorous conceptual basis to explain the first law of Thermodynamics.

A process in which transfer of heat is not involved in the system, so that Q = 0, is called an adiabatic process. For example, the compression of a gas within an engine’s cylinder is assumed to take place so fast that on the time scale of the process of compression, little energy of the system can be transferred out as heat.

Essential conditions for an adiabatic process :

• The process of expansion or compression should be sudden, so that heat does not get time to get exchanged with the surroundings.
• The walls of the container must be perfectly insulated so that there cannot be any exchange of heat between the gas and surroundings.

(v) Cyclic process :
The process of thermodynamics in which system undergoes various changes and comes back to the initial state, is called a cyclic process. In this process, dU = 0. Since, internal energy is a function of state. Now, according to the first law of Thermodynamics:
dQ = dU + dW
dQ = 0 + dW
dQ = dW
This means that the total absorbed heat in the system is equal to the work done by the system.

Question 3.
Differentiate between the isothermal and adiabatic processes and calculate the work done in these process.
Answer:
An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant, ∆T = O.This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir and the change takes place slowly to allow the system to continually adjust to the reservoir’s temperature through heat exchange.

Isothermal process takes place in any type of system that regulates the temperature. In the thermodynamic analysis of chemical reactions, it is first analyzed what happens under isothermal conditions. In an isothermal process, the internal energy of an ideal gas is constant. This is due to the fact that there are no intermoleculaf forces in an ideal gas. In the isothermal compression’of a gas, there is work done on the system to decrease the volume and increase the pressure. Doing work on the gas, can increase the internal energy and increase the temperature. For constant temperature, energy must leave the system. For an ideal gas, the amount of energy entering the environment is equal to the amount of work done on the gas, as the internal energy does not vary.

Adiabatic process is that process in which changed, but there is no transfer of heat between a thermodynamical system and its surroundings. In this process, energy is transferred only as work. This process provides a rigorous conceptual basis to explain the first law of Thermodynamics.

A process in which transfer of heat is not involved in the system, so that Q = 0, is called an adiabatic process. For example, the compression of a gas within an engine’s cylinder is assumed to take place so fast that on the time scale of the process of compression, little energy of the system can be transferred out as heat.

Essential conditions for an adiabatic process :

• The process of expansion or compression should be sudden, so that heat does not get time to get exchanged with the surroundings.
• The walls of the container must be perfectly insulated so that there cannot be any exchange of heat between the gas and surroundings.

Question 4.
Write the working principle of Carnot’s reversible engine and plot the P-V curve for work in each process, and obtain the formula for efficiency.
Answer:
In 1824 scientist Sadi carnot imagined a theoretical engine by which the heat taken from high temperature object when changed completely into useful work then the efficiency of the engine will be more. Carnot tried to find out if the maximum efficiency of an engine could be 100%. An ideal reversible heat engine working between two temperatures is called carnot’s engine.

Carnot Cycle : In carnot’s engine, starting from a definite state of working material passing through different reversible processes again gaining the initial position is called carnot cycle. Carnot engine has following parts :
(i) Working substance
(ii) Source
(iii) Insulating Stand
(iv) Sink

(i) Working substance : The substance by which
work is done is called working substance. In carnot engine ideal gas is taken as working substance in a cylinder with a friction less piston P.

(ii) Source : This is an object of high temperature
whose temperature T₁K is constant. Is heat capacity should be infinite so that if the takes heat is no change? in its temperature.

(iii) Stand : This is a completely non conducting object on which the working substance is kept and passed through adiabatic process.

(iv) Sink : This is a low temperature object with constant temperature T₂K. It should also have infinite heat capacity so that on giving heat to its temperature does not change.

Question 5.
Write the statements of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius of second law of Thermodynamics and show the equivalence of the two statements.
Answer:
The second law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system increases over time, or it remains same in ideal cases (where the system undergoes a reversible process or when it is in a steady state). The first law of Thermodynamics tells the basic definition of internal energy and states the law of conservation of energy. The second law of Thermodynamics deals with the direction of natural process. It states that a natural process is not reversible. For e.g., heat flows from hot to cold region, and never the reverse, unless some external work is done on the system.

In Terms of Entropy
In a reversible process, a very small increase in the entropy (dS) of a system is defined to result from a small heat transfer to a closed system divided by the common temperature (T) of the system and the surroundings that supply of the heat :
dS = \(\frac { dQ }{ T } \) (closed system)

Various Statements of the Planck’s Law :

1. Statement of Kelvin : According to this statement “It is not possible to make an engine in which the working substance can take heat from the source and change it completely into .work and remain unchanged itself in one complete cycle.” It is concluded from this statement that it is not possible to get work continuously from heat source. Actually the sink in necessary and it is necessary to release. Some heat to the sink. This statement is based on the principle of carnot heat engine.

2. Statement of Clausius : According to this statement, “It is an impossible process that in cyclic process the working substance transfers heat from low temperature object to high temperature object directly in the absence of external work.”

It is concluded from this statement that transfer of heat from a low temperature object to a high temperature object on its own is not possible. For this it is important that external work be done on the working substance. This statement is based on the principle of refrigerator.

Equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin Statements :

Let there be an engine violating the Kelvin statement : i.e., one that drains heat and converts it completely into work in a cyclic manner without any other result. Now, pairing it with a reverse Carnot engine.

The newly created engine (consists of two engines) transfers heat ∆Q = Q(\(\frac { 1 }{ \eta } \) – 1) from the colder region (sink) to the hotter region (source), which violates the statement of Clausius. Thus, violation of Kelvin statement means violation of Clausius statement i.e., the Clausius statement implies the Kelvin statement. Similarly, we can prove that the Kelvin Statement implies the Clausius statement and hence both the statements are equivalent.

Question 6.
Write and obtain the Carnot’s theorem.
Answer:
Carnot’s theorem states :
(a) All heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a Carnot heat engine operating between the same reservoirs. The efficiency of Carnot (reversible) engine is maximum.
(b) The efficiency of and each every Carnot heat engine working between a pair of heat reservoirs are equal, regardless of the working substance employed.

Proof:
Figure 13.11 shows two reservoirs of different temperatures. The engine with less efficiency is being driven as a heat pump and hence it is a reversible engine. If the less efficient engine is not reversible, then the device could be built, but the expressions for work and heat flow would not be valid.

If one of the engines is irreversible, it must be the engine (I), placed so that it reverse drives the less efficient but reversible engine (R). But if the irreversible engine is more efficient than the reversible engine, then the second law of Thermodynamics is violated.

Efficiency of irreversible engine (η_I)

If the reversible engine takes the heat Q’₁ from the source at temperature T₁ and does work W and provides heat (Q’₁ – W) to the sink. Then, the efficiency of reversible process (η_R),

According to figure 13.11, both the engines are connected so that the irreversible engine does work in the same direction and the reversible engine performs work in the opposite direction, then the reversible engine does the work as the refrigerator (working on irreversible engine). The temperature T₂ takes the heat (Q’₁ – W) from the sink and work W is done on it. Here at temperature T₁ it gives Q’₁ heat to the source. Work done (W) on the reversible engine is fulfilled by the irreversible engine; and irreversible engine and refrigerators works as an automated device.

Since, the source provides Q₁ heat to the irreversible engine and takes Q’₁ heat from the reversible engine. Then,

Heat taken by the source = Q’₁ – Q₁

Similarly, the sink takes (Q₁ – W) heat from the irreversible engine and gives (Q’₁ – W) heat to the reversible engine. Then, loss in heat by the sink,

= (Q’₁ – W) – (Q₁ – W) = Q’₁ – Q₁
Since, Q’₁ > Q₁
∴ It is a positive quantity.

This means that the automated device, in every cycle, is transferring (Q’₁ – Q₁) heat from sink at T₂ (low temperature) to the source at T₁ (high temperature), which is not possible as second law of thermodynamics, i.e., our assumption η_I > η_R is not possible. Therefore, we can say that of all the engines working between similar temperature, reversible engines have maximum efficiency.

For the second statement of Carnot’s theorem, we replace the irreversible engine with another reversible engine (R’), i.e., two reversible engines are working between similar temperatures T₁ (High) and T₂ (low). Now, if we consider the efficiency of R engine (η_R) to be greater than that of engine R’ (η_R’)-

Then, the result again violates the second law of Thermodynamics. This implies the transfer of heat from low temperature to high temperature without heat loss. Therefore ηR > ηR, then the result is same and violation is obtained, i. e., it must be η_R = η_R’. So, we can say that all the reversible engines working at similar temperatures will have similar efficiency.

Refrigerator : A refrigerator is a carnet’s heat engine working in the reverse direction.

In a refrigerator or heat pump, the working substance absorbs an amount of heat O₁₂ from the sink at temperature (T₂). An amount of work W is done on it by the external agency and rejects a larger quantity of heat to the source at temp T₁.

Coefficient of performance : It may be defined as the ratio of the amount of heat removed (Q₂) percycle to the mechanical work (W) required to be done on it :

RBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter 13 Numerical Questions

Question 1.
The efficiency of an ideal engine is 75% and it emits heat 2 × 103 W to sink at 283 K, then calculate :
(i) Temperature of source.
(ii) Work done per minute by the engine.
(iii) Absorbed heat from the source in a cycle.
Solution:

Question 2.
Calculate the efficiency of a Carnot engine working between freezing point and boiling point.
Solution:
Given, T₁ = 100°C = 100 + 273 = 373K;
T₂ = 0°C = 273K

Question 3.
The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 40%. If the temperature of the source is 193.6°C, then determine the temperature of the sink.
Solution:

Question 4.
A Carnot refrigerator is operated between 260 K and 400 K. It takes 600 cal heat from sink at low temperature, then calculate the heat given to source at high temperature and the work in every cycle.
Solution:

Question 5.
The efficiency of a Carnot engine at temperature 100 K and T K; and 180 K and 900 K is same, then calculate T.
Solution:

Question 6.
Two Carnot engines A and B are working in series. First engine A takes heat at 900 K and gives heat to the sink at T K. Another engine B, takes the heat from A and emits it to sink at 400 K. Calculate the temperature T in following conditions :
(i) when same work is done by both the engines.
(ii) when efficiency of both the engines is equal.
Solution:
(i) When same work is done by both the engines,
Let’s assume that engine A takes heat Q₁ from the source and gives heat Q₂ to the sink, then
Carnot cycle


Now, lets assume engine Stakes heat Q₂ from its source (at temperature T) and gives away Q₃ to its sink (at temperature T = 400K). Then again from Carnot’s cycle.

Question 7.
A gas (γ = 1.5) is compressed in an adiabatic process, then its volume changes from 1600 cm³ to 400 cm³. If the initial pressure is 150 kPa, then calculate the final pressure, and the work done on the gas.
Solution:
Given, γ = 1.5;
V₁ = 1600 cm³ = 1600 × 10^-6 m³ = 1.6 × 10^-3 m³;
V₂ = 400 cm³ = 400 × 10^-6 m³ = 0.4 × 10^-3 m³;
P₁ = 150kPa
or P₁ = 150 × 10³ Pa = 1.5 × 10⁵ Pa; P₂ = ?
∵ In an adiabatic process

Question 8.
If a gas (γ = 1.5) is compressed at pressure 27 times the initial pressure, then calculate the change in temperature if the initial temperature is 27°C.
Solution:
Given, γ = 1.5; P₁ = P; P₂ = 27P;
T₁ = 27 + 273 = 300K; T₂ = ?
∴ Relation between pressure and temperature in an adiabatic process

Question 9.
A refrigerator transfers 200 J average heat per second from temperature -10°C to 27°C. Taking the cycle to be reversible, calculate the average power when there is no loss of heat.
Solution:

Question 10.
P-V curve of a cyclic process is shown below, then calculate the work done in the cyclic process.
Solution:
The given cyclic process is anticlockwise, hence work done will be positive.

Question 11.
A Carnot engine operates between 373K and 283 K. Then, calculate the efficiency and deduce that when would its efficiency be 100%.
Solution:

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Physics