Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Environment and Natural Resources
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Text book Questions
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
International Ozone Day is celebrated on :
(a) December 16
(b) October 16
(c) November 16
(d) December 16
Answer:
(a) December 16
Question 2.
World Water Day is celebrated on :
(a) March 12
(b) March 22
(c) April 12
(d) April 22
Answer:
(b) March 22
Question 3.
On climate change, at which place, United Nations climate change conference COPE-21 was held?
(a) Kyoto (Japan)
(b) Lima (Peru)
(c) Paris (France)
(d) Rio dejaneiro (Brazil)
Answer:
(c) Paris (France)
Question 4.
Which one of the following is metallic mineral?
(a) Gypsum
(b) Granite
(c) Rock phosphate
(d) Zinc
Answer:
(d) Zinc
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
When and in which village did the incident of sacrifice for environment conservation by Bishnoi society take place?
Answer:
It took place on September 21, 1730 in Khejadli village of Rajasthan.
Question 2.
Which women of Bishnoi society first gave her life for protecting the trees.
Answer:
Amrita Devi.
Question 3.
Write the full name of CFC.
Answer:
Chlorofluorocarbon
Question 4.
When is Earth Day celebrated?
Answer:
April 22
Question 5.
When is world environment day celebrated?
Answer:
June 5
Question 6.
Write the name of main chemical element used in atomic energy.
Answer:
Uranium.
Question 7.
Write the name of two places in Rajasthan producing hydro-electricity.
Answer:
Jawahar Sagar Dam, Kota and Mahi Baja Sagar project, Banswara.
Question 8.
Write the full form of UNF CCC.
Answer:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
In Indian culture, how is environment conservation given importance?
Answer:
In Indian culture, nature is addressed as mother. In Rigveda, importance is given to man and his environment. In this ancient Veda, water and air are worshiped like gods. The essence of earth is mountain, trees, oceans, lakes, rivers, climate, etc. In India, the saints and hermits extolling the importance of trees and forests, stressed on their conservation. Some plants have medicinal importance and religious value, such as pipal, tulsi, palas, Dhurva, “bilva, etc. Similarly, various rivers and nature’s divine description is present in ancient holy books. In Jain religion, non-violence is considered as the greatest duty of man, conservation of animals is also mentioned.
Question 2.
“Sir satey rukh rahe to bhi rasto Jaan”. Describe the incident in brief related with it
Answer:
Amrita Devi was the resident of Khejadali village of Rajasthan. In her village, Khejari trees were being cut by the order of Jodhpur King Abhay Singh, which Amrita Devi opposed. Along with Amrita Devi, her three daughters were there. They embraced the trees. This is incident of September 21,1730. Under the leadership of Amrita Devi, 363 people of Bishnoi society, protecting the trees sacrificed their lives saying that “Sir satey rukh rahe to bhi rasto jaan.” It means “If the tree remains alive at the cost of our heads, we are ready for it.” This is the incident of Tuesday which is known as black Tuesday.
Question 3.
How does air pollution affect human health?
Answer:
The presence of poisonous gases in atmosphere have an adverse effect on human health. In poisonous gases, the main are: Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, different nitrogen oxides, chloro-flourocarbon and formaldyihide. This causes death of several people. Carbon monooxide mixes in blood and destroys hemoglobin and forms toxic carboxy hemoglobin which causes several diseases ‘clarion causes’ swelling in eye, nose and throat. Lead causes cancer. Radioactive particles cause cancer. Dust and magnetic particles cause respiratory illness.
Question 4.
Mention 6 measures to check air pollution.
Answer:
Following are the measures :
- More trees should be planted because trees absorb carbon dioxide and release life-giving oxygen.
- Air purifier equipment should be installed in each industry.
- Chimney height should be sufficient.
- Reducing the use of fossil fuel, solar energy, wind energy etc should be used instead.
- Smokeless fuels should be encouraged at home.
- In petrol cars, catalytic converters should be installed to reduce air pollution.
Question 5.
Write any five effects of water pollution.
Answer:
Following are the effects :
- It causes illnesses such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid, etc.
- The animals living in water die due to the mixing of poisonous chemicals in water.
- Irrigation by polluted water affects the plants. Dangerous diseases are caused by using such plant products.
- Chemicals that are formed by industrial process are packed with poisonous elements such as Chlorine, Ammonia, Hydrogen, Zinc, Mercury, Lead and Nickel, etc. By drinking this water and also by consuming fishes nurturing in this water, dangerous diseases develop.
Question 6.
How is polythene pollution harmful to nature?
Answer:
Following are the harms :
- To prepare it, xylene, ethylene oxide and Benzene are chiefly used. All these are toxic chemicals, which are dangerous to human health.
- It does not decompose for a long time, it ends the fertility of land. In such place, the plants do not grow.
- The edible material thrown in polythene bags causes death to cows, monkeys and other animals.
- On burning, it releases dangerous gases which are harmful to the atmosphere.
Question 7.
Suggest measure to check global warming.
Answer:
Following steps should be taken to check global warming :
- Keep your surroundings green by planting more trees.
- Fossil fuel should be used in less quantity.
- Carbon-less energy resources such as sun, air, nuclear energy, should be encouraged.
- Proper action should be adopted to stop deforestation.
Question 8.
Write the name of any two deserts of the world.
Answer:
Due to less or no rain and high temperature, land turns barren, and generally turns into desert.
For example:
- Thar desert of Rajasthan
- Sahara desert
- Kalahari desert
According to a report prepared under UNO’s environmental program, almost 35% of land part of earth is under desert.
Question 9.
Write a note on biogas.
Answer:
Biogas :
The gas produced by decomposing cattle dung, plant matter and other garbage is called Gobar gas or biogas. In it 50-60% methane gas is found. It is non-conventional source of energy. In rural areas where the livestock breeding is done, biogas can be produced by making biogas plants. It is inflammable gaseous mixture in which mainly methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and oxygen gases are found. The thermal value (heat producing capacity) of biogas is more than that of kerosene and dung cake. This energy can be converted into electrical energy, thermal energy and used as cooking fuel.
Question 10.
Write a short note on Paris agreement
Answer:
On November 30 to December 12,2015 UNO’s climate change conference was held in Paris. It was 21st annual conference of UNO’s UNFCCC. This is also known as COPE-21. In this conference, the representatives of 175 countries including India, signed on the agreement. This is signing record of the signatures on any agreement, not seen on such a scale in a single day. After signing, all the representatives had to inform their parliament. India’s environment minister Prakash jadvekar said, this is not an agreement, it is a new chapter of 7 billion people. Under the agreement, the members have fixed the target to reduce the average global temperature by 2°C.
Question 11.
In the environment conservation act, 1986, which constitutional provisions have been made for environment conservation.
Answer:
On May 23, 1986, President gave his approval to environment conservation act-1986. The provisions of this act are given below.
- On first time, violation of fixed rules of pollution, 5 years imprisonment and penalty of Rs. 1 lakh.
- On continuous violation, ₹ 5000 per day fine and 7 years’ imprisonment.
- On the violation of rule, any person can file a law suit in the public interest by giving two months notice.
- Central government has right to stop electricity and water services of the industries, not ‘ obeying the act.
Question 12.
How is consumer culture harming the environment? Explain in brief.
Answer:
The consumer culture is harming the environment in the following ways :
- Due to this culture, use of air conditioners is increasing at homes and in vehicles. Consequently, global warming in increasing through the effect of greenhouse gases.
- Due to continuous unnecessary purchasing, consumer wealth is wasted and this causes loss of savings and inflation.
- Due to the use of packing materials and the use of disposable products, the disposal of waste products has become a challenge before the world.
- Natural resources are being exploited more and more in making the products.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
How is Indian culture helpful in environment conservation?
Answer:
It becomes clear, after the study of ancient Indian holy books, that in Indian culture, importance has been given to environment conservation from ancient time. It has been considered that for man’s existence, natural atmosphere is essential. In Indian culture, nature is said to be the mother. The earth, as a mother, brings up all the living beings of the whole planet. Thus, her conservation is our moral duty. Indian society from ancient time, has been playing the role of conservator. Vedas, Puranas, Upanishads and other religious books describe the social importance of animals and connect them to ecology.
In Rigveda, water and air are worshipped as god. Our saints and hermits, describing the importance of forests and trees, tell about their conservation. How important are the trees and wild animals for us, this knowledge is put before us by learned men in Rigveda. For example, they clarified which plants are medically important. Attempts have been made to conserve trees by connecting them with religious beliefs. Tree worship has special importance in Indian culture and religious rituals. Pipal is worshiped for ‘Atal suhag’.
In food, tulsi is considered pious. It is the best medicine in several diseases. Bilva tree is associated with God Shankar ji. Dhaak, Paiash, Dhurva and Kush are associated with navgrah. Along with plants, importance is given for the conservation of land and river. In vedic period, the rivers were revered as divine. It is the effect of Indian culture that to make Ganga pollution free, a separate ministry is formed at present. In Yajurveda, gods like Indra, sun, river, mountain, sky, dawn, and water God Varuna are revered.
Question 2.
What do you mean by environmental pollution ? Describe its different kinds.
Answer:
Meaning :
In the main ingredients of environment, the addition of unwanted material in excess quantity is called environmental pollution. It is harmful to all living beings and environment.
Kinds : Following are the kinds of pollution :
I. Air Pollution :
nlimited expansion of cities, industrialization, growth in transportation means are causing the mixing of dangerous gases in atmosphere which are harmful to health. In these harmful gases the main ones are : Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, different nitrogen oxides, chlorofluoro carbons and formaldehyde. Besides lead emitted by vehicles, half-burnt hydrocarbon, and poisonous smoke is polluting the atmosphere. Air pollution has affected our life. Different kinds of diseases are emerging by this. Besides, ozone layer is decaying which stops U.V. rays from coming to earth. Problem of global warming is getting worse due to increasing effect of greenhouse gases.
II. Water pollution :
Addition of harmful organic and inorganic material, radioactive elements, industrial wastes, etc are making the water polluted. The wastes which come out of industries, bring lead and cadmium with itself. Similarly sewage water consists of urea and uric acid. Besides, fertilizers make the water polluted. Contaminated water causes diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, etc. Besides, it also causes some dangerous decreases like cancer, heart disease, high blood-pressure, and Neurological disorders.
III. Soil pollution :
Deformation and degradation of soil structure due to rain, more use of fertilizers, use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers is called soil erosion. This destroys soil fertility. To check it, afforestation should be done.
IV. Radioactive Pollution :
Nuclear bomb and nuclear tests are increasing radioactive pollution. Radioactive elements entering in atmosphere cause harm to water, air and soil. These elements destroy human and other animals cells. Use of polythene is increasing pollution in water and air. On earth its decomposition takes 400 years. The gases which are emitted on its burning are very dangerous.
Question 3.
What do you mean by global warming ? Explaining its causes, describe in detail its effect on the earth.
Answer:
Meaning of Global Warming :
Due to increasing process of industrialization, quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing in atmosphere, which causes greenhouse effect. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide gas on earth prevents the Long-wave radiations emitted by earth upon cooling from escaping into space. Due to this, the average temperature of the earth increases with the concentration of thermal energy in the atmosphere. This is called global warming.
Causes of Global warming :
Following are the major causes :
- Due to human activities, the quantity of greenhouse gases is increasing.
- Emission from industries and vehicles is increasing the amount of carbon dioxide.
- Rapid deforestation is also a major cause of this increase.
- Refrigerators, fire extinguishers, CFC are the major causes of global warming. CFC decays ozone covering which stop U.V rays from reaching the earth. According to scientists, there has become a big hole in ozone layer and the U.V rays are directly reaching on earth.
- The use of fossil fuels is increasing the quantity of carbon dioxide, which is increasing the temperature of earth.
Effects of Global Warming :
- Atmosphere’s increasing temperature is a challenge. In last ten years, the earth’s temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 Celsius.
- Due to increasing temperature of earth, glaciers are melting and the water is going into the sea and this has increased sea levels. Consequently, there is possibility, of the erosion and submergence of coasts and the people living near coastal areas would become homeless.
- This increasing temperature is causing an adverse effect on man’s health. Epidemic diseases are spreading, and there may be crises for fresh water, fresh food and pure air for breathing.
- It is considered that due to increase of temperature, the animals and birds will migrate towards the mountains and some plants, animals and birds will lose their existence.
- Due to more hot summers the air conditioners will be used more, consequently with increase of CFCs, destructive effect will be seen on ozone layer.
Question 4.
What is natural resource ? Describe in detail about water resources, mineral resources and soil resources.
Answer:
Natural Resources :
The materials obtained from nature are directly or indirectly necessary for human beings and human development cannot be imagined without them. These are known as natural resources.
I. Water resources :
Water is used by man in different ways such as domestic use, industries, electricity production, fisheries and irrigation, etc. World’s 97% water is in oceans which is not useful due to salinity. Thus, the quantity of water for human use is less. Excess and shortage of water is dangerous in the form of flood and drought. In the year 2013, the flood in Uttrakhand had caused a great loss to life and property.
II. Mineral Resources :
The resources found under the earth naturally, are called mineral resources. After obtaining them, they are purified through physical and chemical processes. Mineral wealth is the basis of economic prosperity of any country. World’s 40% trade is associated with minerals. The minerals are of two kinds :
- Metallic minerals
- Non-Metallic minerals.
Metallic minerals, after obtaining them, are purified through chemical process, for example : iron, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, etc. Besides, non-metallic minerals are not purified but used directly, for example : asbestos, emerald, limestone, salt, granite and marble, etc. Mining and processing of minerals cause an adverse effect on environment.
III. Soil erosion :
Soil is also a priceless wealth. Soil is made from the decomposition of rocks, vegetative matter and other organic materials. In the lack of this resource, life cannot be imagined. Landslide, soil erosion and desertification are harming our land resources. Thus, attempts should be made to check them. Landslides due to sliding of rocks from mountain slopes cause great losses of life and property. Agricultural production is badly affected by soil erosion and desertification.
Question 5.
Describe in detail, the provisions made for the environment conservation in Indian constitution.
Answer:
Following are the provisions :
- Article 48 of the Directive principles of State Policy says that state will reform and conserve the environment and will provide protection to wild life.
- In the part 4A of article 51 of the constitution, conservation and promotion of the environment has been mentioned.
- In article 21, it is said that each person should be prevented from the activities which are harmful for his fife, health and body.
- Keeping in mind the need for environment conservation, the article 252 and 253 give us right to make law in this regard.
Keeping in the mind the environment conservation, following acts are passed by constitution.
I. Environment Conservation Act – 1986 :
This act got president’s approval on May 23, 1986. In, it, for the first time, for violation of fixed rule of pollution, there is a provision of 5 years imprisonment and 1 lakh rupees fine. On continuous violation, there is 5 thousand rupees fine per day and 7 years imprisonment. On the violation of environment-related rules, anyone can file a case in the court in public interest by giving 2 months notice. Under this act, central government has right to close industries and to stop water and electric supply on the violation of the act.
II. Air Pollution (redress and control) Act – 1981 :
According to this act, the state government with its discretion can declare any area as air pollution control zone. Each industrial unit has to take no-objection certificate from state board. On not obeying the act, industry can be seized.
III. Water pollution (redress and control) Act – 1974 :
The provisions of this act are associated with pollution-free water. Under this act, rigorous punishment and fine are fixed.
IV. Wildlife (Conservation) Act-1972 :
The act was passed on September 9, 1972 in which wild life conservation has been removed from the state list and given place in concurrent list. In it provision are made regarding wildlife conservation. There is a provision of 10 years imprisonment on hunting the national animal tiger and national bird peacock.
Question 6.
Write article on global concern over climate change.
Answer:
The average weather condition of any area is called climate. When in these weather conditions (sunlight, temperature, pressure, rain, and humidity), change takes place, it is called climate change. On tampering with nature, changes take place in balanced environment and several harmful effects are seen. Rapid industrialization, deforestation, increasing number of vehicles, are raising earth’s temperature due to which climate is changing. Polar ice has started melting. With climate change along with all environmental factors- sea, ice, lake, rivers etc are affected. Due to the change of these environmental factors; earth’s creatures and vegetation are also affected.
Global concern on climate change :
Climate change is a serious global problem associated with existence of our life and development. Natural calamities and their incidence are causing increased threats and problems for mankind. The indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources is causing nature related crises. The islands of the world are getting submerged. Hole in ozone layer is a great challenge. In this direction to attract world’s attention for the first time a conference of U.N.O. on human environment was held in Stockholm on 5 to 16 June 1972, in which a great discussion was made regarding the effects of climate change.
To celebrate the 10th anniversary of this conference, a conference of nations was held in Nairobi (Kenya) on 10 to 18 May 1982. On 20th anniversary of this conference. U.N.O’s earth summit was held in Rio De Janeiro (Brazil) on 3 to 14 June 1992, in which to face climate change problems, a UNFCCC treaty was made. Under it, a first joint conference on climate change was held in Berlin (Germany) in 1995. Since then, continuous annual conferences are going on.
From December 1 to 14, 2014, its 20th conference was held in Peru’s capital Lima, in which 194 countries and other organizations had participated. India’s representation was done by our minister, Prakash javedkar. The greatest achievement of this conference was a resolve to cut down on global carbon emission.
The 21st conference of UNO’s climate change was held in Paris from November 30 to December 12, 2015. In it the representatives of 175 countries signed on an agreement. It is a record of largest number of signatures on any agreement in the world in a single day.
Question 7.
Explain the reasons for the consumerist culture and its effects on the environment and human life?
Answer:
Consumerist culture is an economic process that has a direct meaning that every element in the society is a consumable. It only has to be installed in the market as a necessary item in a right way. At present, industrialists create artificial wishes to attract customers to the textile market they sell for their personal interest. The customers think that their work cannot be done in the absence of those items. This is the beginning of the mindless consumption and wastage of savings, and this is called consumerism culture. Ads have an important role in developing this thinking. A quarter of the world’s population lives in developed countries, but three fourths of the world’s total resources are used by them. For example, in the U.S., there are around 5% of the world population, but the use of the world’s total petroleum products is 20%, which is a prime example of increasing consumerism.
Similarly, due to the influence of this culture in the developed countries, the use of air conditioners in homes and vehicles is increasing, the effect of the dazzle of western culture has also been on developing countries like India. For the past few decades, the concept of ‘Economics of Supply’ is going on very well, if the goods continue to be made, then the customers will buy them, and continuous unnecessary purchases result in financial bankruptcy. The lifespan of these products is also less, which requires the purchase of new accessories. The disposal of waste products has become a challenge before the world as the volume of disposable waste growing with production and purchase of the products. In addition, over exploitation of natural resources creates concern for the future.
Question 8.
How is consumer culture harming natural resources ? Describe in detail.
Answer:
In modem era, under consumer culture, mindless exploitation is being done of natural resources such as minerals, forest, water, energy sources to manufacture products. This system, by depleting valuable and health some sources are polluting the atmosphere. According to scientists, if the consumption of natural resources remains at current rate, then underground copper will disappear in 277 years, cobalt and platinum in 400 years, petrol in 49 years, petroleum gas in 60 years and coal in a few years.
Today in the world, whatever energy resources such as petrol, coal, and natural gas are being used, nature had taken 10 lakh years in preparing them. Thus it is clear that in consumer culture, people are not happy and satisfied in the true sense of the word inspite of such sources of luxuries. Due to unending new needs, man is falling prey to mental tension. The earth is not a personal property of anyone. Thus, it is our moral duty to conserve present natural resources, by keeping our needs confined. We should lead a controlled and sensibly frugal life.
Question 9.
Describe the conventional and non-conventional energy resources in detail.
Answer:
Conventional energy resources : These are the following :
- Mineral coal :
Mineral coal is of four kinds- Anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat. Among these, anthracite is the best kind of coal. Mineral coal is the relic of trees and vegetation which remained buried in the soil layers for millions of years. Burning of coal causes pollution. - Petroleum :
It is the mixture of hydrocarbon compounds. High speed petrol, diesel and kerosene are obtained after refining of crude petroleum. 50% oil of the world is obtained from Gulf countries. In Gulf countries, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, U.A.E and Qatar are included. - Natural gas :
These are hydrocarbon resources. It consists a major percentage of methane and inflammable gases. - Hydroelectricity :
Moving turbines by quick stream of water, electricity is produced. It does not harm the atmosphere. In Rajasthan, hydro-electricity projects are established on the rivers Chambal and Mahi. - Atomic electricity :
It is obtained from Uranium. One kg uranium can produce the electricity equivalent to 25 lakh kg mineral oil.
Non-conventional energy resources :
Due to regular exploitation of conventional resources and their depletion, research is being done to obtain non-conventional energy resources. The major resources of this category are :
- Solar energy :
The radiation obtained from the sun is called solar energy. The sun has unlimited energy stock. No other energy is so cheap and pollution-free as solar energy. - Wind energy :
It is also a pollution-less energy resource. In western Rajasthan, the speed of air remains 20 to 40 km/ hour. From it, 2500 KW electricity can be produced. - Geothermal energy :
At many places at the depth of 3 to 15 km, very hot rocks are found where hot water sources are found. The use of this geothermal heat is made to produce electricity by revolving the turbine by steam. - Bio gas :
Bio gas is made by decomposing animal dung and other vegetative waste materials. 50 to 60 % methane is found in it. This gas is used for cooking, lighting, etc.
Question 10.
Describe the important decisions given by Indian judiciary on the environment conservation.
Answer:
- In cinema halls and Video Parlour, at least two short movies/ messages must be shown free in each show. It is a condition before issuing license.
- To show informative movies of short period regarding pollution.
- The broadcast of environment and pollution related messages should be of 5 to 7 minutes duration daily.
- To bring common awareness among the students, it should be a compulsory subject in educational institutions.
- In 1996, the supreme court ordered the federal government and local authorities to clean Delhi’s historic old section everyday and implementing reserved forest laws.
- Supreme court passed the order to stop 292 coal-based industries or to shift them elsewhere or to use CNG or green fuel to save the World Heritage monument Taj Mahal from effects of air pollution.
- Supreme court has issued different directions to stop pollution from vehicles.
- It is the result of supreme court’s order that from the year 2000, lead-less petrol is being used in four metropolitan cities Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai.
- It is the result of supreme court’s order that from April 2001, CNG is being used in buses, taxies and autorickshaws.
- Stress is being given to stop smoke emission and vehicular pollution.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Other Important Questions
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
World Environment Day is celebrated on
(a) June 3
(b) June 4
(c) June 5
(d) June 6
Answer:
(c) June 5
Question 2.
Earth Day is celebrated on:
(a) April 21
(b) April 22
(c) April 23
(d) April 24
Answer:
(b) April 22
Question 3.
Pollution-less energy source is :
(a) Solar energy
(b) Wind energy
(c) Hydroelectricity
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these
Question 4.
The gas which harms the ozone layer is :
(a) Chtorofluoro carbon
(b) Chlorine
(c) Nitric oxide
(d) Carbon dioxide
Answer:
(a) Chtorofluoro carbon
Question 5.
Which one of these is a conventional energy source :
(a) Petroleum
(b) Natural gas
(c) Mineral coal
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these
Question 6.
Which one is a non-conventional energy source :
(a) Solar energy
(b) Petroleum
(c) Mineral coal
(d) hydroelectricity
Answer:
(a) Solar energy
Question 7.
Forest festival is celebrated on :
(a) March 12
(b) July 28
(c) March 22
(d) June 5
Answer:
(b) July 28
Question 8.
Our national animal is :
(a) Chinkara
(b) Deer
(c) Elephant
(d) Tiger
Answer:
(d) Tiger
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Which are four vedas of Indian culture?
Answer:
- Rigveda
- Yajurveda
- Samveda
- Atharva Veda
Question 2.
Whose statement is this : ‘The stability of rule depends upon the cleanliness of the environment’?
Answer:
The great economist and politician Chanakya.
Question 3.
How many people of Bishnoi Community had sacrificed their lives for environment conservation?
Answer:
On September 21, 1730, under the leadership of Amrita Devi, 363 people of Bishnoi community had sacrificed their lives.
Question 4.
Write two effects of population growth.
Answer:
- Cultivation area is decreasing and soil fertility is decreasing.
- Lack of food grains.
Question 5.
What is ozone layer?
Answer:
In stratosphere at the height of 11 to 36 km, a thick layer of ozone is present which stops ultraviolet rays from reaching the earth.
Question 6.
What is harming the ozone layer?
Answer:
Chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigeration and air-conditioning are harming the ozone layer.
Question 7.
Which sect of Rajasthan obeys 29 sutras (points) important for wildlife conservation?
Answer:
Bishnoi sect.
Question 8.
What is the harm in excess quantity of cadmium in air and water?
Answer:
High B.P, decay of blood cells, vomiting, diarrhoea, heart problems.
Question 9.
Write the names of any four greenhouse gases?
Answer:
- Carbon dioxide,
- Methane,
- Nitrogen oxide
- CFC
Question 10.
Which is the biggest riverine island of the world?
Answer:
Majuli Island (Sunderbans).
Question 11.
Which gases are produced by the use of petroleum products?
Answer:
Lead oxide and carbon dioxide.
Question 12.
What is landslide?
Answer:
Due to gravitation, slipping of rocks from mountain slopes.
Question 13.
Where is Central Desert Research Institute located?
Answer:
Jodhpur
Question 14.
What are the mineral resources?
Answer:
Useful materials found naturally under the ground in the earth’s crust are called mineral resources.
Question 15.
Name two harms to environment caused by mining.
Answer:
- Pollution due to dust particles.
- Decreasing forest area.
Question 16.
Name the causes for continuous decrease of forests.
Answer:
- Deforestation by mining process.
- Growth in industrial area.
Question 17.
Give two examples each of metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Answer:
Metallic mineral: Iron, aluminum.
Non-metallic mineral: Gypsum, and mica.
Question 18.
Give two examples each of conventional and and non-conventional energy sources.
Answer:
- Conventional source : mineral coal and petroleum.
- Non-conventional source : solar energy and wind energy.
Question 19.
What are the types of mineral coal ? which one is best?
Answer:
Types of coal are- Bituminous, lignite, pea and antharcite. Anthacite is the best coal.
Question 20.
Which countries of the world produce petroleum?
Answer:
50% of world’s oil is produced in gulf countries like, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE and Qatar. Out of these, Iran and Saudi Arabia produce 40% of world’s petroleum.
Question 21.
In mineral coal and Uranium, which one is high energy giving?
Answer:
1 kg Uranium can produce electricity equivalent to 25 lakh kg of coal.
Question 22.
What do you understand by soil erosion?
Answer:
When upper fertile part of the land is removed due to some reason.
Question 23.
Write the name of national animal and bird.
Answer:
National bird is peacock and national animal is tiger.
Question 24.
Where and when was UNO’s earth conference held?
Answer:
On June-14, 1992: Rio dejaneiro (Brazil)
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Throw light on the need of environment conservation.
Answer:
Man is engaged in continuous development, but in this progress dong with getting many advantages, our environment is getting polluted. Due to cutting of trees, industrilization, urbanization, technical development, population explosion and radioactive pollution, our atmosphere is getting polluted. Due to continuous increasing temperature, global warming has become a challenge before the world.
Due to growing population, agrarian area is becoming limited. Soil’s fertility is decreasing. According to UNO report of 2016, 1.2 billion population of developing countries has no access to fresh drinking water.
Question 2.
Describe the effect of air pollution on ozone layer.
Answer:
Effect of air pollution on ozone layer : In our atmosphere at the height of 11 to 35 km in stratosphere, ozone is found as thick covering. It protects our earth by absorbing ultraviolet rays coming from the sun. It is called the shield of the earth, Here ozone is formed due to action of U.V rays on oxygen. The gases present in our atmosphere such as: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, CFG etc along with polluting atmosphere, are also harming the ozone layer. It has been proved through experiments that one atom of CFC can destroy one lakh atoms of ozone in the stratosphere. The ozone hole found over Antarctica and south pole is affecting not a particular area, but the whole world.
Question 3.
Describe the causes of water pollution and measures to stop it
Answer:
Causes of water pollution : Following are the major causes :
- The industrial waste brings mercury, cadmium and lead into water bodies.
- Sewage water contains harmful material such as urea and uric acid.
- Nitrates and phosphates present in the fertilizers pollute the water.
- Crude petroleum extraction from wells pollutes water by mixing in the sea.
- Pesticides, mixing with rainwater, pollutes water bodies.
Measures to check water pollution :
Following are the measures :
- Organic manure should be used in place of chemical fertilizers.
- Agri-chemicals should be used less.
- Industrial wastes before mixing in the rivers, organic and inorganic pollutants should be destroyed.
- Radioactive elements and hospital wastes should buried in the earth.
Question 4.
Describe the causes and effects of soil erosion.
Answer:
Causes of Soil erosion :
The loss of soil’s quality due to natural and man-made actions is called soil erosion, following are its causes :
- Acid rain destroys soils fertility.
- Wide change in land use such as :soil erosion through deforestation.
- Excessive use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides.
- Improper disposal of urban and industrial wastes.
- Use of polluted water in irrigation containing harmful micro-organisms.
- Burning the forests.
- Water-logging and salinity.
- Drought.
Effects of Soil Erosion :
Following are the effects :
- Soil fertility decreases and several crops and plants do not grow, and ultimately the land becomes barren.
- Lack of vegetation-cover encourages soil erosion due to action of air and water.
- Flies, mosquitoes, rats flourish on heaps of waste, which cause diseases.
- Defecation in open areas increases water pollution and there remains a probability of cholera, dysentery and jaundice.
Question 5.
Suggest the measles to control soil pollution.
Or
How can soil pollution be controlled?
Answer:
Measures to stop soil pollution :
Through following ways, it can be controlled.
- In agriculture work, compost and green manures should be used in place of chemical fertilisers.
- Instead of single crop, several crops should be grown in a field which helps in stopping soil pollution.
- To check it, afforestation is an effective way.
- The cause of it is solid waste material and soil pollution can be reduced if these are disposed off properly.
- Limited use of pesticides and fertilizers should be done.
- Polluted water should not be used for irrigation.
- It can be reduced by public awareness.
Question 6.
Describe the cause of global wanning.
Answer:
Global warming :
Following are the causes :
- CFC gases used in fire extinguisher equipment, refrigerators, air-conditioners.
- Gaseous emission from vehicles and industries is increasing the quantity of carbon dioxide.
- Rampant deforestation is the main cause.
- Use of fossil fuel for electricity production is increasing the emission of carbon dioxide and raising the temperature.
- Due to human activities, the quantity of greenhouse gases is increasing in atmosphere.
Question 7.
Describe the effects of global warning.
Answer:
Effects of global warming :
Following are the major effects:
- The climate will change with global warming. The air will turn hot with temperature’s rise. Due to high temperature, there will be much rain somewhere and somewhere there will be no rain, somewhere there will be drought, cyclone and floods.
- Crops rotation will be affected with this increasing temperature. The number of harmful pests will increase and will spread plant diseases, and there will be a food grain crisis.
- With the growth of temperature, ice-caps of Arctic and Antarctic will melt and the water level of the sea will increase, with the reusing of water level the people living in coastal areas will be affected. Flood situation will arise and several coastal cities will be submerged.
- With this growth of temperature the flora and fauna of the earth will become threatened.
Question 8.
What is the effect of mining on environment?
Answer:
All sorts of minerals are found under the earth. The process of taking out them from the earth is called mining. Mining harms the environment in the following ways :
- Air pollution due to dust and mineral particles.
- Destruction of forest areas.
- Danger to wildlife.
- Loss of fertile land, barren land results.
- Loss of soil fertility.
- Problem of disposing mining waste
- Landsliding.
- Bad effect on miners health.
Question 9.
What is energy resource? Present its classification.
Answer:
Energy resource :
The biotic and non-biotic materials that provide energy, are called energy resources. The development of any country depends on its energy resources. Energy is needed for Industrial production, agriculture, transportation, domestic sphere and in medicine field.
Classification of energy resources : These can be classified into two parts on the basis of use:
- Conventional energy resources :
Those resources of energy, which have been used since ancient times, are called conventional energy resources. Coal, petrol, natural gas, hydroelectricity, etc are included in conventional energy sources. Its continuous and excessive use increases environmental pollution. - Non-conventional energy resources :
Those energy resources, whose utilization has been started recently, are non-conventional energy resources, e.g. solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and biogas, etc. These resources do not pollute the environment.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Describe the cause, effect and measures to check water pollution.
Answer:
The addition of external and unwanted material in natural water which reduces its quality is called water pollution.
Causes of water pollution :
- Effluents coming out of factories.
- Sewage water contains several harmful material and uric acid and microbes.
- Nitrate and phosphate salts are used as fertilizers in the field. These salts mixing with soil and rainwater pollute the water.
- Crude oil, at the time of extraction mixes in rainwater and pollutes the water sources.
Effects Following are the effects:
- Diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid, etc diseases are caused by the use of polluted water.
- By mixing of dangerous chemicals in water, animals living in water die.
- When man comes in contact of polluted water, several parasites enter in his body and cause the deceases like ‘Naru’
- Chemical materials, present in water, cause several disease like small pox.
- In polluted water different pollutants accumulate on the water surface and destroy floating plants.
Measure to Check Water Pollution : Following are the measures :
- Use of chemical soap should be stopped.
- Use of excess chemicals, fertilizers should be stopped and organic manure should be used.
- Radioactive material and hospital wastes should be buried into the earth instead of throwing them on garbage heaps or water. Before mixing into river water, the organic and inorganic materials should be destroyed from industrial wastes.
- The domestic sewage should not be mixed directly into water.
- The water of sewage and gutter should be treated in treatment plants and should be used in irrigation or other works.
Question 2.
Write a details note on greenhouse effect
Answer:
Greenhouse effect: Universal temperature rise has become a complicated problem of the world. This problem can be understood on the basis of greenhouse effect. Green house is an enclosure in which plants are grown. The wall of this room is made of anti-heat material and roof is made of such a glass through which sunlight can enter into the room but cannot get out of the room. The temperature of this house remains high in winter and the tropical plants can be grown there.
The temperature of earth’s atmosphere is increasing in the same way. Sun rays passing through atmosphere heat up the earth and this heat then escapes into atmosphere through long wave radiations. Earth’s atmosphere is made of several gases. These many gases make a natural cover above the earth. This cover stops a part of returning heat similarly to glass wall of greenhouse. Consequently, the earth becomes like a room of hot gases. This sort of gases are known as greenhouse gases. The main greenhouse gases are : carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, etc.
Thus increment of some gases in earth’s atmosphere do not let earth’s heat go out. Thus earth’s temperature is increasing continuously. This effect is known as greenhouse effect. According to Oxford dictionary, due to effect of man-made covering of carbon dioxide, the progressive heating of earth’s surface is called greenhouse effect.
Reasons for greenhouse effect: Following are the reasons :
- Release of greenhouse gases into atmosphere due to rapid industrialization.
- Spreading pollution due to increasing numbers of vehicles.
- Burning of coal, wood, mineral oil, volcanic erruption, etc.
- Reaching of CO2 into atmosphere due to respiration.
Control of greenhouse effect: It can be controlled through the following ways :
- By reducing the compounds of carbon dioxide, chlorofluoro carbons mixing in atmosphere.
- In Industries, such plants should be installed which emit less carbon compounds and other gases, and equipment should be used that destroys/reduces such gases.
- By reducing the use of fossil fuels.
- The forests should be conserved and developed so that the greenhouse gases may be absorbed more.
Harm from greenhouse effect : Following adverse effects arise from greenhouse phenomenon.
- Growth in temperature :
Due to it the heat of the earth is creating the problem of globed warming. - Melting of ice on poles :
With the growth of temperature, the melting of polar ice-caps will increase oceanic water levels and coastal areas will submerge. - Increase in Rainfall :
It would cause more rain and weather discrepancies will arise. - Effect on agriculture:
By greenhouse effect the change in climate will take place and crop production and life will be affected.
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