Class 8

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Chapter 24 Our Pride

India’s history is splendid. To achieve this pride there is an important role of scholars, scientists and artist, amongst them knowledge about a few scholars like Chandra Bardai, Brahmagupta (Mathematician) Maharishi Sushruta, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Mahakavi Magh, Sutradhar Mandan, Maharishi Parashar, Chakrapani Mishra, Sharangdhar etc. are given here.

Chandra bardai:
Born in Lahore in 1148. His father Rao Vain was Purohit of Ajmer Chauhans. Because of this he came in contact of Royal family. He proved to be meritorious right from his childhood and very soon, he acquired the knowledge of language, literature, grammar, sonet, puran, astrology etc. He was not only declared as the state poet of Samrat of Delhi by Prithviraj Chauhan but also become his advisor and friend.

He was not only a poet, he also gain formal knowledge of weapons, at the time of war, he always remained with the army and showed his warfare skills. ‘Prithviraj Raso’ was his famous creation. It was called the first Maha Kavya (epic) of Hindi. From this scripture introduction of Chandbardai’s intelligence, bravery, kindness and friendship is found in a great quantity.

Great Mathematician – Brahma Gupta:
He was born in 598 at Bhinmal (Jalore) in Rajasthan. He was a great astronomist. At the age of 30 years in 628, he composed Brahmasphut Sidharta Scripture. His another well known work was Khandkhadkam. In this specially interpolation and in both plane trigonometry and circular trigonometry principles of sine (jya) and cosine (kotijya) are available by the medium of translation of these Brahamagupta’s scripture in Arabi and Persian languages. India’s knowledge of Arithmetic and astronomy, reached to Arab and later in western countries.

He has given simple method to write cube root and square root in his scriptures, properties of zero is also explained. He has a special contribution in geometry. His scriptures were translated in the Arabic and Persian languages.

Maharishi Sushruta:
Generally it is a suspicious that surgery first started in Europe, but in our country it was in advance stage from ancient times. In the field of surgery the foremost name is of Sushruta. He was the first surgeon who gave surgery a systematic form. He was from the great Rishi Vishwamitra’s generation.

The First Surgeon of the world: His famous scripture is Sushruta Sahinta. It is considered as an authentic scripture even today. Plastic surgery is considered an important achievement of medical sciences. Though American Scientists took its credit, but Sushruta had illustrated about it in his scripture hundreds of years ago. This is a great contribution of India to the world. For his plastic surgery he had invented more than 100 tools and devices, amongst them the most are even used today.

Srinivas Ramanujan:
He was a great mathematician, was born on 22^nd December, 1887 in Irod city of Tamil Nadu. His parental place is Kumbakounam in Tanjore district. His father’s, name was Srinivas Ayenger and mother’s name was Komal Tammal.

His mother was a religious lady. From his early childhood he was very inquisitive and intelligent and had a great interest in Mathematics. He passed his high school examination in 1904 and for his good rank he was given scholarship. On 16th Jan, 1913 Ramanujan wrote a letter including 120 theorems to G.H. Hardy, the famous Mathematician, Prof, of Cambridge University.

G.H. Hardy was so impressed by his work that he called him in London. On 14th April, 1914 he reached London and there he did research work with Prof. Hardy. Within a year Prof. Hardy and Ramanujan published nine research work. Ramanujan was awarded graduation degree in March, 1916 without appearing for examination on the basis of his research work.

On 27th March, 1919 he came back to India and on 29th April, 1920 he breathed last, at the age of 33 years. He was so spendthrift that he used to solve his mathematical problems on slate and then write the final result on his note book. He was decent in culture and civilization. During his stay in London he cooked his own food and did his own personal works. Despite all this he lived in lacking of facitilies but he continued his studies, research and written works till the last moment of his life.

Mahakavi Magh:
The Great Sanskrit poet was born in Shrimalnagar (Bhinmal, Rajasthan). Time period of Magha is considered in between later 7th century and early 8th century. He was very generous, benefactor, a great donor and kind. He was married to a girl named Malhan Devi who belonged to a higher family. Some of his critics considered that if you want to worship Lord Krishna then study Kavya of Magha. Perhaps Magha created Shishupal Vadham for the worship of Lord Krishna. His father’s name was the Duttak. He was very great philanthropist and his wife was like him.

It is believed that he lived the last days of his life in poverty because of his and his wife’s nature of being great donors. It is said once in condition of economic backwardness one Brahamin came to him as beggar for his daughter’s marriage. It was the first part of night Magha went inside and take out golden bangle from his wife’s hand and gave it to Brahmin. His wife awoke and came out with bangle of other hand and gave it to Brahmin and said your daughter should wear bangle in both hands.

By seeing this view tears flew down from the eyes of Mahakavi Magha. In his epic Shishupal Vadham, he incorporated literature, grammar, ethics, puran, ayurveda, justices, astrology, natural beauty, rural life, birds and animal’s life, beauty, Kavya, Padlalitya and principles of politics in one scripture ‘Shishupal Ved’. Hence, there was no need to create these scriptures.

Sutradhar Mandan:
Sutradhar Mandan gave a great contribution through his scripture to Indian tradition of architecture and keeping it immortal. He belonged to that era when temples sketches and paintings art were in danger. In such conditions he gave rules for architecture through his scriptures and contributed in the construction of palace, house, residence, ponds, temples, sculptors etc. His greatest contribution is considered in the field of vastu shastra. Fort of Kumbhalgarh which is unaccessible constructed under the planning and guidance of Mandan.

His plan was to make a Pratima Griha under banyan tree in Kumbhalgarh, which was not completed but those sculptors are preserved even today in the state Museum of Udaipur. Amongst the famous Indian Architects in theoritical and practical knowledge about the rules of the Indian Vastu Shastra, the name of Sutradhara is important. In Vastu Shastra his facts in the field of art, arithmetic, astrology are followed from last five hundred fifty years.

He had a great experience of architectural work regarding Dev Prasad, Vapi, Pratima etc. Mandan was the dearest Vastu Shilps of Maharana Kumbha of Mewar. He was related to sompura shilpagya family of Gujarat. His relatives were perhaps related to Somnath which is called as sompur in puranas. His fathers name was khetrark (kheta). The main scriptures wrote by him are Devta Murti prakarn, Prasad mandanam, Raj vallabham, Vastu Shastra, Vastu mandanam, vastusar and vastu Manjari.

Maharishi Prashar:
According to him grain is produced from crops and crops by agriculture. Hence by leaving every thing agriculture should be done with great efforts. The main creator Maharishi Parashar’s birth place was present day’s Pushkar (Ajmer). He wrote, “Krishi Prashar” scripture in which he had written about ancient concept of cow-worship on Padava after Deepawali. He gave agriculture a very high status that in many shastras Parashar Rishi is remembered as the founder of agriculture. In his scripture he has forecasted about rain which are even today used by the farmers.

The scripture act as a agriculture calendar (panchang). This scripture was rewritten in 10th century. It deals with crop right from souring seeds to heavy and scare rainfall, behaviours with animals used in agriculture, maintenance of Goshalas, direction of wind, forecasts of weather etc.

Chakrapani Mishra:
He was the great Pandit in Maharana Pratap’s court and has written four granthas-Vishv-vallabha, Muhuratmala, Vyavaharadarsh and Rajyaabhishek Padyati. He took inspiration from Varahmihir and his material source for writing ‘Vishvavallabha’ was Varahmihir’s creation vrihatsahinta. In his second creation Rajyaabhishek Padyati, he had used Varahmihir’s material. He had written about Haravas who know about underground water and through signals he says about the availability and depth of water. He possessed all knowledge about nature of different trees and their medicinal uses. He was a great botanist.

Chakrapani was the son of Ugra Mishra. The village Pupli located at the foots of Chittor was donated to them. He used material from Vishnu Dharmattar Puran to Vrihat Sahinta of Varahmihir and created ‘Vishwavallabha’. In his scripture Vishwa Vallabha, mantras about irrigation of trees, plant bath (fountain or sprinkling). Dhoopan are main. These are used even today. He also said to give stress on water resources. Under Vastu Shastra he had knowledge about water resources. In his scripture Rajyabhished padyati prepared the shlokas of Raj Vallabha and in vrikshayurveda in context of description of ponds were extended. As a creator of scriptures on architect, his place is comparable to a Rishi.

Sharang Dhar:
He was the son of Darnodar and grand son of Rashav Dev. He wrote ‘Hammir Raso’ and ‘Sharangdhar Samhita’, The musical style created by him gave him a great name and fame and it is known as the Sharangdhar style.

In this the Invisible scripture of music Gandharva Shastra’s short form is preserved which is a base to know about the Medieval periods of Indian art and music. In the same method (padyati) the short form of ‘Vrikshayurveda Scripture’ is included on the basis of which many kings and subjects have contributed in the development of grants and construction of environment. In his method yoga is also included in this scripture. The scientific form of ‘Ashtang Yoga’ is joined with health and Nirapad life (spiritual life). His contribution of presenting use of knowledge in a scientific way is praised by foreign intellectuals.

RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Chapter 23 India after Independence

India became independent on 15th August, 1947. At that time there were many challenges before Independent India like:

• Rehabilitation of 70 to 80 lac refugees who came to India after Partition.
• Integration of 562 Indian states.
• Fixation of boundaries with the neighboring countries and making good relations with them.
• Reviving and strengthening India’s economy.
• Arousing spirit of unity among the diversities of language, caste and regionalism by recognizing elements of unity in them and in calculating feeling of glory towards nation.

Organisation of Constituent Assembly and the Formation of the New Constitution:
Before 1947 India had British rule and in that period to run administration essential rules were made by the British Parliament. British Parliament while making laws kept only the interest of British in mind. There was no participation of Indians in it, on and off just to please Indians some demands of Indians were accepted. Hence from a long period Indian people were demanding their participation in constitution making.

Organisation of Constituent Assembly:
When resentment of Indians increased after Second World War against British, Bombay Navy Revolt and struggle of Azad Hind Fauj made realized British rulers that now they have to leave India. They sent a commission of ministry in which demand of making Constitution by Indian was accepted.

On the basis of report of the Cabinet Mission, the Indian constituent Assembly was formed in 1946. The representative from provinces and from the British India were included by the British Governor. It was democratically structured body, with one elected member representing the population of 10 lacs. Provincial representatives were elected on the basis of restricted franchise and the representatives from British India were nominated by the rulers. Out of total of 389 members in the Constituent Assembly, 292 were from the British ruled provinces, four from Chief Commissioner Governed provinces and 93 from the Riyasats.

Dr. Rajendar Prasad was the Chairman of the constituent Assembly. With the partition of India by the British into India and Pakistan, the constituent Assembly too was bifurcated. Now Indian constituent Assembly was left with 299 members as Pakistan was separated and Hyderabad representatives did not join. It took nearly three years to prepare the constitution based on the system of Parliamentary Democracy.

In which interests of all classes of Indian society were kept in mind, the objective of Parliamentary democratic admistrative system was to give opportunity to participate common people and able people could give leadership to the nation. In this way the constituent assembly prepared a new constitution for Indians and even today India is world’s main Democratic Republic. The President of this constituent assembly was Dr. Rajendra Prasad who later became the first President of Independent India.

Few facts about constituent assembly:

• On 9th December, 1946 the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the Central Hall of Lok Sabha.
• It had 389 members.
• After the Partition of Pakistan on June 3, 1947, 299 members were left in the Constituent assembly.
• 17 samities were formed for preparing the constitution. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution.
• On 26th November, 1949 the Constitution was notified, dedicated and adopted.
• Finally on 26th January, 1950 it was enforced in the country.

Merger of the Princely States in India:
In British India there were two types of states in Indian Empire.

• The state ruled over by the British Governor.
• Desi riyasats (provincial States) ruled over by the Indian kings under the British. These provincial states were located in all parts of India. Amongst them few had very large area while few were very small. These riyasats were under the British Empire by the pacts and agreements.

British divided India at the time of making it free and divided all regions in two Nations-Bharat and Pakistan. English ended all the pacts done with riyasats before, and left their rights over them and give them right that to either join Pakistan or India or to remain independent. It made the condition typical because rulers of some riyasats wanted to remain free while some wanted to merge with Pakistan.

Though these Riyasats located in the centre of the India and subject of here too wanted to merge with India. Due to such step of these rulers there could be danger to the integrity of India. So to sort out this problem, the interim government of India set up a riyasat deparment under the chairmanship of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. He inspired the rulers of the Indian states to merge with India and suggested to keep in mind the geographical, economical and wishes of the people in mind.

The rulers of Baroda and Bikaner were the first to join the Indian union. Nawab of Bhopal on the encouragement of India made a plan to merge with Pakistan by merging few rulers of Rajasthan with him, but Rajasthan Mewar was in mid of their state and Pakistan hence, they sent their representative to contact Maharana of Mewar Bhoopal Singh, but he replied that my fore father have already given decision regarding the merger of Mewar, if treacherous would be done them. I would have large riyasats than Hyderabad. In this way he set an example of patriotism and decided to merge with India and failed the plan of Jinnah of merging desi riyasat in Pakistan. Prior to 15^th August, 1947, except Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir, all the states gave their consent to join the Indian union. Later the Junagarh public revolted against the Nawab and Junagarh was merged with India. Hyderabad was merged with India after military action by Sardar Patel. Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir and the political parties too gave their consent to join the Indian union.

In this way with the great efforts of Sardar Patel desi riyasats merged in Indian Union and rest of the India saved from disintegration. The way in which Sardar Patel showed his firm determination during whole incident because of it he was called ‘Iron Man’.

Rehabilitation of Refugees:
About 70 – 80 lakhs of people had migrated to India due to division of India and Pakistan. It was the biggest challenge for India to rehabilitate them. Migration from Pakistan to India – Sindhis in the West India, Punjabis in the North India and Bengalis in the East India. They were, in the beginning, sheltered in camps with all the facilities. Gradually they were provided work facilities too to earn their livelihood. After sometime they contributed a lot to the progress of Indian industry.

The Sindhis developed new cities as Ulhaspur (Maharashtra), Gandhidham (Gujarat), Aadipur (Gujarat) etc. The Punjabis developed farming in Peelibhit (U.P), Shivpuri (M.P) and Sriganganagar (Rajasthan) Many of the migrator set up small and large scale factories in Delhi, Karnal and Kanpur. In fact they contributed in every field such as political, cinema, business, research, journalism, etc. They proved whether adverse condition may be they can face any challenge.

India’s Relations with the Neighbouring Nations:
When India and Pakistan were separated a commission under the chairmanship of a British officer, Redcliff was organised. It determined the boundary line between India and Pakistan. This line is today known as the Redcliff Line. The Indian states were free to join either Pakistan or India or remain independent.

Kashmir ruler Maharaja Hari Singh along with other rulers had given their consent to merge with India, but Pakistan attempted to occupy Kashmir in the shadow of tribes though the Indian army pushed the tribal and Pakistani army back, but it succeeded in having its unauthorised occupation over a part of Kashmir territory. After the war in 1948, there have been wars between India and Pakistan in 1965, 1971 and 1994. Though Pakistan has suffered a defeat every time yet the tension continue to exist in the area.

On the Northern side there is a dispute with China over territories. China has occupied a large part of the Indian territory illegally. We have good relations with other neighboring nations such as Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Maldives. Our boundaries are open with Nepal and Bhutan.

Economic Development:
English converted Indian economy according to their interest. During the period of Dominionism in India, the British had ruined our cottage industries and made our country a producer of raw material for the British Industries. Some of the fertile areas of India were transferred to Pakistan as a result of partition.

To restructure India’s economy and eliminate poverty there was a need of well managed planning. In 1950 the Planning Commission was organised and under it plans for the periods of five years were prepared to boost the Indian economy, known as the Five Year Plans. In the second Five Year Plan stress was given on the development of heavy industries and construction of huge dams. Later five year plans aimed at the agricultural and community development. Presently 12th five year plan started from 2012.

In order to give representation to all the states and to speed up the economic development, a new institution the Niti Aayog was organized in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. Prime Minister is its Ex- office Chairman and Chief ministers of all the states and the governors of union territories are its members. A well known economist, Arvind Pangaria is its first Deputy Chairman. In independent India demand remarking of State boundaries arose. So people could easily communicate with the administration.

Reorganisation of States:
Post Independence Integration of India: Before independence some states had very large size, like – Bombay in this state present Maharashtra and Gujarat were included. In Madras state present Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and few parts of Karnataka, were included.

In state named Central Province and Barar many parts of Central Hindustan were included. Among the state some in view of population and area were bigger than many countries of the world. Beside them there were more than 500 riyasats which had to be merge in another unit. For solving this problem from administrative point of view the States Reorganisation Commission was formed. Decision was taken after discussions and consultations that the states should be reorganised on the basis of language.

Accordingly, Madras was divided into Mysore, Andhra Pradesh and Madras. Later Madras was named Tamil Nadu. Mysore was renamed as Karnataka. Bombay state was divided into Gujarat and Maharashtra. Central province became Madhya Pradesh. Rajasthan whose integration process had already started, require a stable state. In 1966 Punjab and Haryana states were formed. In November 2000 Uttaranchal now Uttarakhand was separated from Uttar Pradesh. Chhatisgarh has been separated from Madhya Pradesh, and similarly Jharkhand from Bihar. Telangana is created by bifurcating Andhra Pradesh. Same demand is raised to create Bundelkhand and Vidarbha states but these are not organized yet.

Unification of Rajasthan:
Different Stages of Integration of Rajasthan:
Today Rajasthan was known as Rajputana prior to independence of India. There were many princely states in Rajputana. Their rulers administered under the directions and supervision of the British government. After Independence – they were integrated to form Rajasthan. It was decided by the States Department that the princely states having population less than 10 laks or income less than one crore should be merged with the neighboring larger states. The whole process of merger began in 1948 and continued till 1956 as given below. Status of Prime Minister in all the princely states of the country was changed to Chief Minister after India’s independence.

• First step: It was Matsay Sangh, organised in 17-03-1948 by merging Alwar, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur and Karauli. Shobharam was its Prime Minister. Udaibhan Singh of Dhaulpur was the Raj Pramukh. Alwar was the capital of Matsay Sangh.
• Second Step: Sanyukta Rajasthan was formed by merging Banswara, Kota, Bundi, Tonk, Jhalawar, Pratapgarh, Shahpura, Kishangarh and Dungarpur and two chief sheep Kusalgarh and Lava were included on 25.03.1948. Its capital was Kota, Gokul Lai Aasawa was the Prime Minister, Bheem Singh was Raj Pramukh. After three weeks Mewar or Udaipur also merged in it, Udaipur was its capital.
• Third Step: Manikya Lai Verma became Prime Minister (Chief Minister) and Bhoopal Singh of Mewar as Raj Pramukh.
• Fourth Step: Vrihat Rajasthan was formed on 30-03-1949 by merging Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Bikaner. Jaipur was its capital, Heera Lai Shastri was the Chief Minister (Prime Minister). Man Singh, Jaipur was Raj Pramukh. After enforcement of Indian constitution in whole country Prime Ministers of the states were called as Chief Minister.
• Fifth Step: Vrohat Rajasthan was enlarged by merging, Matsay Sangh in it 15-05-1949. Its capital continued to be Jaipur, Hiralal Shastri as the Chief Minister, Mansingh Jaipur as Raj Pramukh. Till now only Sirohi was left which was not merged in Rajasthan.
• Sixth Step: When India’s first Republic day was being celebrated. At that time expect Dilwara and Abu region rest Sirohi become the part of Rajasthan, recognisation state Commission organised by the Indian government ordered to merge region of Ajmer merwada in Rajasthan in 1956. Along sunel and Tappa of Madhya Pradesh, Dilwara and Abu Sirohi tehsils were also made the part of Rajasthan. The Siroohi of Rajasthan was merged with Madhya Pradesh. In this way present Rajasthan’s unification was done on 1st November 1956, but Rajasthan Diwas is celebrated on 30 March on the basis of Vrihat Rajasthan.

RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Chapter 22 National Movement

India is always in favour of freedom. This is the reason that India spread its culture in the world but can’t established Political Dominions (colony). Some of the foreigners came here to plunder its wealth while some came as traders to trade. Slowly they tried to establish their rule over here. But as soon as the people of here felt that efforts are being made to make us slave then at once struggle was started against them. This struggle continued. In this way the process of national movement was going on continuously.

India’s freedom movement was such a process in which people of India felt that there is a fundamental controversy between British rule and Indians. By the result of which Indians always have to face harm. The solution of this controversy could be only possible when British left India and India will be run in the hands of Indians. When British came to India Indians opposed them by different methods. Though sometimes people opposed British and sometimes worked with them but the fact is that every person of India directly or indirectly was being affected by the British rule. He wanted his country to free from their slavery.

Some of the historian’s considered that the movement which occurred in the 19th century by making modern political parties is the freedom movement but in real from the war of 1857 the struggle for freedom was started. Hence some historians called it as ‘First war of the Independence’.

National movement in the later period of the 19th century:
In 19th century Indians had formed many parties. Some belonged to feudals of Bengal, while some of English educated people and other belonged to traders of South or west. All these groups wrote letters of complaints to federal government demanding to decrease the ‘tax’. Indians should enroll in the government jobs. Schools should be opened, Indians should be given equal status in law and order. More seats would be given to Indians in the Legislative Councils and council should work according to them etc.

In the end of December 1885 Allen Octavian Hume took initiative and called a conference of such parties to give legal form to unrest against British. A.O Hume named the new institution Indian National Congress. In this way on 28 December 1885 A.D. Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay. Its first President was made Vyomesh Chandra Bannerjee of Bengal and A.O. Hume became General Secretary.

In the coming year it was cleared regarding the resolutions brought by the Congress that British government gave no attention to these. Even people felt that government was finding new ways to trouble them. This doubt confirmed when in 1890 when the Central India was in the grip of famine, the government continued its policy of collecting revenue from the farmers and at the .:ame time the wheat was being exported from India. There was an epidemic of plague in the entral and the Western India.

There was an unrest among people regarding the inactivity of the government. Beside cholera out fuel in the fire.

Events of National Movement in the 19th and the 20th Centuries:
Many Indians raised their voice against the government. Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote many articles in his news papers ‘Maratha’ and Kesari that gave a big jolt to the British. He gave the slogan of ‘Swaraj’ and awakened the people of Maharashtra by celebrating the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals.

We cannot achieve anything. He inculcated the feeling of Swaraj among masses. The British eyed him with alarm. Chapekar brothers killed Commissioner Plague. This news was published in the newspaper of Tilak. He was charged for violence and treason and awarded severe imprisonment of 18 months. On his arrest the angry people reacted and made him ‘Lok manya’.

After being released from prison he started Home Rule Campaign to prepare common masses for Swaraj. Lucknow pact was reached only with the efforts of Lokmanaya Tilak. He breathed his last in 1920.

National Movement in the Early 20th century:

• In 1905 Lord curzon ordered the partition of the province of Bengal in the name of administrative efficiency. This gave rise to the Swadeshi Movement.
• In 1907 in the Surat session of the Congress a hot discussion was held. It divided congress into two parts-Extremist and the Moderate. The Extremist were led by Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, popularly known as Lal-Bal-Pal.

When no results came through strikes then few youngsters of Bengal decided to decrease the fear of British in people. There must be a revolutionary attack on British. They made small groups and learnt to use arms and ammunition. Some attacked severaly on British, an effort was made to loot government treasury. In December 1911 the partition of Bengal was declared null and void and capital of the country was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.

Different phases of National Movement from 1st World War to 1947:

• First World War broke out in Europe in 1914. The Indian wealth and men were forcibly indulged in this war. All Indian states provided soldiers and wealth to support British in the hope that after war they would be free. On the contrary the British government implemented an Act in 1919, unfavorable to the Indians, known as the Rowlatt Act. It empowered the British government to detain the rival political activists without trial and arrest any individual suspected of sedition without a warrant.
• To oppose the Rowlatt Act, the peaceful meeting was being held in Amritsar (Punjab) at Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April 1919. When General Dyer ordered his soldiers to fire at unarmed crowd killing many of them. General Dyer was awarded for his act of bravery. Later the revolutionary Udham Singh shot General Dyer to death.
• In 1919, the Government of India Act was passed, introducing Dyarchy in India.

The leaders who opposed colonial rule:

• In 1920 Gandhiji started the Non-cooperation Movement which had to be called off following the Chauri-Chaura incident in 1922 after the revolutionaries attacked police station killing many policemen.
• On 3rd Febuary 1928 the Simon Commission of six members (all British) headed by Sir John Simon reached Bombay. The Indian agitated under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai as there was not a single Indian member in this commission.

When the Lala Lajpat Rai was leading the demonstration in Lahore against Simon Commission, the then police officer Sanders charged him with lathis, by which Lajpat Rai had severe head injuries and later he was succumb to his injuries.

To avenge attack on this beloved leader, the young revolutionary, Bhagat Singh and his companions murdered the police officer, Sanders. They exploded a bomb in the premises of the Central Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) On 23rd March, 1931, Bhagat Singh along with Sukhdev and Rajguru were sentenced to death at the age of 24 years. On 27 February 1931 Chandra Shekhar also become martyr being fighting with British. In 1930 started the civil Disobedience movement in the country.

British government put more atrocities on people to curb this movement. People ignored the government rules with peaceful method. Without the permission of government people even cannot make salt, people decided to break salt law under the leadership of Gandhiji. People marched from Gujarat to Dandi to make salt inspite of heavy lathi-charge. On the way without counter attack they marched forward by saying ‘Bharat Mata Ki Jai’ and thus the British law of not allowing the Indians to make salt was violated.

Till then there was a great curiosity arose among the people of the rest of world that what is happening in Hindustan. Many press reporters and film makers came to India. They exposed in front of the world that how government is doing injustice towards people. Now people of the world realised that the demands of Indians is that British should leave India. In 1942 during the Second World War, people raised the slogan British ‘Quit India’. All the leaders were arrested. As this happened in August, 1942, it is also known as the August Revolution or Quit India Movement. It was a national mass movement. Its impact was seen in whole India. Youth took part in it with a great enthusiasm.

Some Revolutionaries of the National Independence Movement:
Martyr Hemu Kalani:
This young martyr of Indian freedom movement took birth on 23 March 1923 A.D in a Sukhkhar family of Sindh. He started going in Prabhat pheries by influencing from Mahatma Gandhi. He inspired people to use Swadeshi and boycott foreign goods.

In 1942 Hemu got information that the British military train loaded with ammunition would pass Rohadi city (Sindh), his native place. He planned to damage the railway track but unluckily was arrested before he could do anything and was sentenced to death. Before hanging he was asked for his last wish then he wished to take birth again on sacred land of Bharat Varsha. By chanting ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ and ‘Bharat Mata Ki Jai’, this young freedom fighter hanged on slang cheerfully.

On 28 May 1883 A.D. Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar took birth in Bhagoor village district Nasik of Maharashtra. His father Damodarpant Sawarkar was a patriot and mother Radha Bai was a religious woman. He went to Pune for his matriculation there he came in contact with Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Vinayak considerd him his Guru, for studying law he went to Bombay. At that time the famous revolutionary Shyamji Krishna Verma arranged scholarship for the higher education for Vinayak in London and he was sent to London for his higher studies. In London he made Shyamji Krishna’s India house as the centre for his activities.

Here, he wrote a revolutionary book ‘Swatantrya Samag’ of 1857. Later it was banned by the British due to his revolutionary activities. He was arrested after keeping sometime in the prison. He was sent to Bombay by ‘Marrigan Ship’. On the way he betrayed the securities and escaped, and reached to the border of France by swimming, but coast guards caught him and handed over to the British. Later he was trial in the court for inspiring patriotism and fear of his courage the British government awarded him two whole life imprisonment and send him to celluler Jail of Andaman and Nicobar. He faced harsh atrocities and punishment called Kala Pani for 11 years. After his return to India he was kept under house arrest in Ratnagiri (Maharashtra). From where he got freedom in 1937, he severely opposed the partition of India. This great freedom fighter took his last breath on 26 January 1966 A.D.

Subhash Chandra Bose:
Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 A.D. He passed the I.C.S. examination but he did not join job. Later he actively took part in India’s freedom movement, He was elected President of the Congress twice. In 1943 he took responsibility of the ‘Azad Hind Fauj’ and fought war for the freedom directly. In 1944 under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose a campaign of Azad Hind Fauj launched and in 1946 form a revolt of navy.

British government came to know that now Indian soldiers also don’t want to work with the government. It is said that on 18 August 1945 A.D. in an aeroplane crash Subhash Chandra Bose died mysteriously which is even today a conflict. After 2 years English divided the country into two parts on 14 August 1947 and on 15 August 1947 got freedom from British.

National Movement and Rajasthan:
In Rajasthan the farmers class was tired of atrocities of Jagirdar and Thikadars. It was felt first time when in Bijoliya farmers movement started against Jagirdars. In Bijoliya farmers have to pay 84 types of taxes. In 1913 under the leadership of Sadhu Sitaram farmers revolted against such terrible system of taxes. In 1916 the farmers led by Vijay Singh Patha and Manikaya Lai Verma refused to do begar and stopped giving taxes. In the beginning every state has its own farmer movement. They started joining freedom movement. In every state Praja Mandal was established.

Praja Mandal were raising demands on farmer problems as well as disorder in the states. Every state demanded for a responsible government. Some of the leaders of Praja Mandal were included in local ministry. In 1942 when Quit India movement was started in the country. Then Praja Mandal demanded British to left relations with the states also. Many leaders were put behind bars. In Dungarpur Praja Mandals raised the problem of Adivasi (tribals). In Pratapgarh under the leadership of Amrit Lai Harijan Seva Samiti was established.

Revolutionary Leaders of Rajasthan:
Arjun Lai Sethi:
He was born in Jaipur in 1880, passed BA from Allahabad University. When the post of Prime Minister of Jaipur was offered to him, he said “Shriman! If Arjun Lai would do job then who will drive away British from India?”. He established a Revolutionary Association in Rajasthan with the help of Kesari Singh Barhath end Gopal Singh Kharwa. Within a short period Vardhaman Vidyalaya located in Jaipur become a great centre of training of revolutionaries.

He was arrested being suspicious of Nizam massacre and Delhi conspiracy. He was put behind the bar. He was kept under house arrest (Nazar band) in Jaipur for 5 years, later he was sent to Vellore jail. There he did fast into death for the misbehaviour of the jail officials. In 1920 when he was released he joined Congress, but due to conflict over policies he separated and for livelihood started teaching children in Dargah of Ajmer. He died on 22 September 1941 A.D. in Ajmer.

Rao Gopal Singh Kharwa:
Rao Gopal Singh Kharwa of Ajmer was a revolutionary of Merwada. He was greatly influenced by Arya Samaj right from the beginning. During the First World War Ras Bihari Bose and Sachin Nath Sanyal prepared a plan in North India for an armed revolution. Rao Gopal Singh joined it, but one of the campanions of revolutionary informed to police that result in failure of the plan. In June 1915 A.D. British government ordered to Gopal Singh to leave Kharwa in 24 hours and go to Tadgarh. He escaped from Tadgarh and was caught in Salemabad. He was sent to Tihar Jail. He was released in 1920 A.D. Later he indulged in creative activities. In March 1956 he died.

Kesari Singh Barhath:
He was born in 1872 A.D. in village Devpura near Shahpura of Bhilwara. Later he went to Maharana of Udaipur. During this he had contact with Ras Bihari Bose, Shyamji Krishna Sharma and other revolutionaries. In 1903 revolutionaries got information of attending Delhi Durbar about Maharana Fateh Singh of Mewar.

It was not like by revolutionaries and they considered it illegal. Then when Maharana was going to attend Delhi darbar Kesari Singh sent 13 shorthas, ‘Chetavani Ra chungtya’ to Maharana. Maharana reached Delhi but did not attend the Darbar.
According to secret report of government. He was charged for treachery, revolt provoking Indian soldiers against British administration and conspiracy, beside murder of sage Pyare Ram Sadhu. He was punished for 20 years, jail and sent to Hazaribagh Central Jail. From where he was released in 1920. His rest of the life was spent in Kota. In 1914 this freedom fighter died.

Pratap Singh Barhath:
Son of Kesari Singh, born in Udaipur on 24 May 1883. He took birth in family which had great feeling for patriotism. Kesari sent him in Vardhaman School of Arjun Sethi. Pratap Singh also involved in revolutionary activities. When he was returning from Hyderabad (sindh) to Bikaner he was arrested by mischievers of the station master on Asha Nanda station near Jodhpur. He was kept in Bareily jail. English officer Charles Cleveland pressurized him to give information about Ras Bihari Bose and other revolutionaries but he did not utter a single word.

Charles Cleveland said “ your mother is sad without you, she flows tears”. Then he replied “you say that my mother cries day and night and she is very sad but I cannot become the cause of tears of hundred mothers”. He was tortured severely due to which he died in jail on 27 May 1918.

Zorawar Singh Barhath:
This famous Revolutionary was younger brother of Kesari Singh. He threw bomb on demonstration of viceroy Lord Hardings in Delhi. Viceroy was saved, but Mahawat was killed and Zorawar Singh become underground. Later most of the time spent in the form of a Vairagi Amar Das in the region of Malwa and Bagad region, but he was never caught by the British.

RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Chapter 21 Indian Administration Under the British Rule

Along the establishment of British administration India was divided into two parts in the view of administration:

• The British India and
• The Princely States.

The British India was divided into:

• Centrally administered states and
• 11 provinces with separate governor for each province, all were accountable to Governor General of India.

After revolt of 1857 rule of East India company was ended and the administration of India came under the direct control of British Crown and the Parliament.

Lord Canning was appointed as the Governor-General of India as well as the first Viceroy of India, to establish a systematic administration in India. The Indian government Act, 1885 was passed by which a new administrative set up started in India.

On the basis of Peel Commission’s report the British government increased the strength of of Europeans than the Indian army personnel in the army. Following the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’, the army regiments were classified on the basis of caste, community and religion. The government policies were so framed that the police, courts and the high ranking officials supported landowners and zamindars.

Following are some Acts passed by the British:
Indian Council Act of 1861:
The main aim of passing this Act was to please the Moderates.
Its main rules were

• Number of ordinary members in the executive council of governor was increased from 4 to 5.
• Governor-General was empowered to make laws and frame rules for the executive.
• Legislative council could now enact laws and make rules for the whole British India.
• Governor-General’s consent was mandatory to make a bill of law.
• Any law passed by the Legislative Council could be declared null and void by the British Crown after consulting the Secretary of India.
• Governor-General was given special rights.
• Governor General was empowered to reject or disapprove or amend any law passed by the provincial governments.

Indian Council Act of 1892:
After the establishment of congress demand for constitution, an amendment was raised due to which this act was passed.
The most important provision of this Act. was to introduce electoral system.

• Electoral system was totally indirect.
• The Elected members were given the status of the nominated members.
• Strength of the members in the central and provincial legislative councils was increased.

Indian Council Act, 1909:

• It was the next step of India’s constitutional development.
• Its credit goes to the Indian Secretary, Morley and Governor – General Lord Minto, and hence it is known as the Morley-Minto Reform Act.
• It provided for the separate electoral constituencies and separate Electorate system for the Muslims. Therefore the Minto and Morley are said to be the propounders (father) of the communal Electorate system. This is how the British adopted the policy of Divide and Rule in India.

The Indian Government Act, 1919:

• The administrative system introduced by this Act, in the provinces is called dual administrative system or Dyarchy.
• Now in Provinces partially responsible government was established.
• By implementing this Act, the British government aimed at supporting the affluent class. Salary of the Indian secretary, which was given from the Indian fund now was decided to give from the find British treasury from this Act.

Subjects of Administration were divided between the centre and the provinces as follows:

• Main subjects of the central list: foreign affairs defence, post, telegram, public loans etc.
• Main subjects of the provincial list: Local self-administration, education, medical, land revenue, grants for famine and agriculture arrangements etc. This act is known as Montague Chelmsford Reform act.

Indian Administration Act of 1935:
By this Act

• Federal government was formed for the first time in India.
• Dyarchy implemented in the Provinces was ended but it was set up in the centre.
• Federal court was formed.
• Burma was segregated from India.
• The Governor General had his control over central ministers.

Central Legislature had two houses:
1. Rajya Sabha and
2. Federal Sabha

• Rajya Sabha (Upper house) was the permanent house having 260 members, 104 from the Indian states and 156 from the British provinces. 1/3rd of the members retired every 3 years and new members were elected in their place.
• Federal Sabha-Also known as Lower house, had 5 years term, but could be dissolved earlier. Its strength was 375 members 125 from the princely states from the rest of 250, 246 from the communal and other classes. Four places were unregional which were given to the trade, industry and labor class.
  In this Act subjects were divided into three lists as Federal list, State list and Concurrent list.
  • Federal list: Army, foreign department, post, telegraph, federal public service, communication, Insurance etc.
  • Provincial list: Education, Land Revenue, Local Self-administration, law and order, public health, agriculture, irrigation, canals, forests, mines, trade, industries, justice, roads, provincial public services etc.
  • Concurrent list: Civil and criminal law, marriage, divorce, adoptions, inheritance, trust, factories, labour welfare etc.

Change in Education and Social set up:
The aim of implementing the english education in the begining was to get Indian employees for the company at less salary, to spread Christianity in India and to secure the Indian co-operation in administration, but it had its reverse effect as the educated youth, later opposed and criticized the British acts and policies logicaly when they criticized Indian religion, customs and traditions.

Charles Wood Despatch 1854, is known as the Magna-Carta of the Indian Education. Under this English was the medium of the higher education and the provincial languages were also promoted. Sir John Sargent, the education advisor to the government of India proposed a plan to set up-Primary schools and upper middle school and to arrange free and compulsory education for girls and boys between 6 to 11 years of age.

Effects of British rule on the Indian Newspapers:
To ban newspapers government formed many laws out of them one was Vernacular press Act of 1878. By this Act district Magistrate got right that he could get sign from any Indian language newspaper on Bond Paper assuring that it would not print any anti government matter. It was so dangerous that it banned on the freedom of newspapers of local language.

Dispute Related to llbert Bill:
During Lord Rippon’s period the llbert Bill was proposed. In this bill it was said to give equal rights and powers to all the judges whether Indian or the British. According to it the Indian judges too could punish the British. The British opposed this bill strongly.

Main Administrative changes in the states of Rajasthan during the British period:

• Prior to India’s independence, Rajasthan had 19 princely states besides the centrally administered Ajmer province. They were administered under the supervision of English (British) Residents living in these states. Slowly many states started adopting few parts of the British judiciary system. In 1839 when Rajmata of Jaipur was dismissed from the post of guardian, then an Administrative council under the supervision of the British agent was formed.
• In the mean time civil and criminal courts were set up.
• The British agent, Thursbee separated the judicial department from the administrative department. In Jaipur this system continued till 1852. Later the Appellate Courts of 4 members (Judges) were constituted, two of them heard appeals and two attended to the criminal cases.
  After some time this council was divided into two parts:
  • Izalass and
  • Mahkama Khaas. It was the supreme court of the state.
• After 1858, Raja, Maharaja, Maharana and Maharawal under the British, became only the nominal rulers. Even they could not behave independently with the nighbouring rulers. They could be forced to travel abroad by the British government. For example Raja of Alwar was sent to England forcibly. They had to even take permission from the British government for their marital relations permission.
• The Guardian council (Abhibhavak Parishad) under the Chairmanship of the political agent, was formed for the ‘Minor prince’. Thus princely states were put under the British control. Such a step was taken by the British in ‘Udaipur in 1861. After British laws were implemented in Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Kota and Bikaner states.
• In Bikaner state judicial system was introduced on the basis of Theory of Separation of powers and in 1922 Supreme court on the lines of High court was set up.
• By 1930 in all the princely states of Rajasthan judicial system according to British Judiciary System was set up. It was declared that all will be treated equally in the eyes of law irrespective of caste, religion, office, dynasty and individual status. All judicial proceedings were done now in writing.
• There was no change in the gram panchayat set up but the apex body of Gram Panchayats unit Parganas were converted to districts governed by the district collectors. District Collector became the sole owner of the district, subordinating by the Nazim, Tehsildar, Judicial, Tehsildar, Girdawar, Patwari etc. Their main function was to collect revenue and to solve farmer’s land related problems. Arrangements of Justice was the job of the district magistrate and peace and order done with the police officer. English Education in Rajasthan was started in Ajmer region. Mayo College was set up in Ajmer to educate the princes.

RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Chapter 20 Impact of British Rule in Indian Economy

India’s economic condition worsened as India became the British dominion, with the coming of East India Company in India.

Economic Condition of 15th and 16th Centuries India:
After the discovery of America the people of Spain severely plundered America in the 15th and 16th century. They brought gold and silver in great amount to their own country. It made Europe prosperous to purchase goods from India. By the middle of 15th century a Portuguese sailor named Vasco-De-Gama discovered sea route to India. Now more and more European traders started coming to India.

They formed trading companies and started trading in the remote areas. Portuguese established sea posts in the Arabian Sea and they took custom tax from each trader crossing from the posts. Those who did not gave the tax were attacked. It held continuously till the English took control over the sea on the basis of their naval power. By the early 18th century English Trading Company had become the biggest trading company which traded with India. Though the company had fight with the Mughals also from Surat port. Mughals defeated the company many times and on apologizing by the company officers they were released.

In 1717 the Mughal emperor Farukhsyar had ordered the company to give Rs. 3000 to the Mughal emperor annualy in exchange of trade with India. Without paying tax consequently the British company drove all European companies and established its supremacy over the trade in India. On the basis of power it forced the Mughal emperor and the Nawab of Bengal to flee.

Impact of the Company on the Indian Industry:
After the victory in the Battle of Plassey (1757), company was empowered. It gave raw material to the artisans at high rates and purchased their manufactured goods at less than 1/4th of the rate. As a result of that during the next 20 years the artisans give up their work. Their income become so low that they were reached to the edge of hunger. By the end of 18th century the Bengal textile industry had been ruined.

People even believed that company has cut the thumbs of the artisans who manufactured malmal sarees in Dhaka. It was famous for these artisans that saree manufactured by them was so fine that it could pass through a ring, but English exploited them so badly that no doubt these poor weavers had to face sufferings and exploitation up to a great extent in the hands of the British. The company exploited the weavers to the extent that they were forced to stop working.

Exploitation of the Indian Economy by the British:
The British adopted the following means to exploit the Indian economy

• Direct Loot: In the name of trade English directly plundered the company’s agents to the farmers, traders etc forcibly, to sold their own goods at five times more than the actual cost, and purchased their goods at 1 /4th of the total cost. Those who did not agree to their agents bargain were beaten with sticks or were arrested. Mir Qasim had objected to this practice through written memorandum to the Governor in 1762.
• Land Revenue: The company officers collected land revenue from the peasants arbitrarily. As a result the farmers gave up farming.
• Tariff: With the intention to ruin the Indian industry England adopted the tariff policy. The imports of British cloths in India were tax free whereas the imports in England of the Indian clothes were heavily taxed.
• Drain of Wealth: The British had been sending to their own country the taxes collected in India and other cash profits to benefit their own people. According to historians if this would not happened then Europe and America would not developed today or in other words destruction of India’s developed economic system held due to drain of wealth.
• Through Laws: In the end of 17th century cheap and quality cloth was imported in England in a great quantity. These cloth was in demand by the people that the producers of England severely feared off. Hence in 1700 and 1712 A.D. in Parliament import of cloths was completely banned.
• Anti-Industrialization Policy: The British capitalists were opposed to industrialization in India. They established only those industries in India for which they found the most suitable geographical conditions, like Jute. Raw material from India was exported to England and their manufactured goods were imported to India. Consequently the Indian industries were ruined as Indian Industrialists could not survive in competition. In the same view Jute Industry was set up in Bengal among the plantation industries-tea, cocoa and Indigo were developed.

Those regions where mineral wealth was present in great amount, industries were not established, instead the mineral wealth was taken to England. This could be done in a easier way so, internal parts of the nation and seaports linked with roads and railways. Effects of industrial revolution in 19th century Europe specially in England industrial revolution started. Machine made goods in England were of quality and cheaper compared to the goods produced in India by the artisans. With the fall in demand, the artisans and craftsman became unemployed. Many handicrafts lost their market in Bengal and other parts of India. This phase has been termed by the historians as De-industrialization or the process of destruction of traditional Indian cottage Industries started.

RBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes